Okwangoku, abaninzi abantu baqaphela uxhulumaniso phakathi kokutshaya nomhlaza wemiphunga . Sekunjalo siseva iimbono, "Umalume wam utshaya iminyaka engama-60 kwaye akazange abe nomdlavuza wamaphaphu." "Umama wam akazange afune ukutshaya kodwa umdlavuza wamaphaphu." Ziziphi iinyani malunga nokubhema i-cigarettes nomdlavuza wamaphaphu, kwaye yintoni inzululwazi emva kwezi zinto? Ingaba yenza umehluko xa uyeka, kwaye unjani umahluko? Kwaye ekubeni uninzi lwabantu abahlakulela umdlavuza wamaphaphu bakuba bangaphambili-kungekhona ababhemayo, ngaba ubani kufuneka awazi?
Izibalo malunga nokubhema kunye ne-Cancer Cancer
Siyazi ukuba ukutshaya ngumngcipheko onamandla womhlaza wemiphunga. Umngcipheko wokwakha umdlavuza wamaphaphu uhambelana ngokuthe ngqo nombolo ye " pack-years " umntu otshaya. I-pack-iminyaka ibalwa ngokuphindaphinda inani leepakethi ze-cigarettes ezibhema imihla ngemihla ngokubhema. , iyona nto ibangela ukuba ukufa kwabantu abachaphazeleka ngumhlaza kumadoda nabasetyhini e-United States.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba abanokutshaya abanako ukudala umhlaza wamaphaphu, nangona ukutshaya ugwayi kuqhubeka kukubangela isifo. Amadoda abomileyo angama-23 amathuba okuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu kunabo abangabhemki, kwaye ababhemayo abasaba ngama-13 amathuba okuba bahlakulele eso sifo kunabalingani babo abangabhemi. Ngokubanzi, phakathi kwama-80 no-90 ekhulwini lamanomdla emiphunga e-US kuthathwa njengokuba kubangelwa ukutshaya.
Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba umhlaza wesifo somphunga awuyena nje umbetha wokutshaya. Ukubhema i-cigarette kubangela ezininzi iintsholongwane kunye nezinye izifo . Ngokubanzi, kucingelwa ukuba ukutshaya kwexesha elide lokuphila kwimizuzu eyi-10 yobomi yokubhema kwaye malunga nesiqingatha sabokubhema ubomi bonke baya kufa ngenxa yezifo ezinxulumene necuba.
Ziyiphi ipesenti yababhema abaza kuphuhlisa i-Lung Cancer?
Umngcipheko wobomi bomdlavuza wamaphaphu kubantu ababhemayo banokuphakama kweepesenti ezili-15 zomntu otshaya ubomi. Ukuyeka nanini na ixesha kunciphisa umngcipheko, kodwa umntu ophelisa uneminyaka engama-50 usenokuba nethuba elingama-5 lokufa ngumdlavuza wamaphaphu.
Ukongeza kwintsebenziswano phakathi komngcipheko womdlavuza wamaphaphu kunye neminyaka yokupaka, ukuqala ukutshaya, kunye nobukho bezinye izinto ezinobungozi zingaphakamisa ingozi. Kweminye imingcipheko, njenge-exposure ye-asbestos, ingozi eyongeziweyo ingaphezulu kwezinto eza kulindeleke ngokufaka nje izinto ezimbini ezibangelwa ingozi.
Umntu owayekade etshaya asemngciphekweni omkhulu kakhulu weChre Cancer
Uninzi lwamanomdla emiphunga (ngaphezu kwama-50 ekhulwini) ngoku ayenzekayo kwabasakuba ngabokutshaya-abantu abaye batshaya kodwa beyeke. Ngokungafani nomngcipheko wesifo senhliziyo, esihlawule ngokukhawuleza xa umntu eshiya ukutshaya, umngcipheko womhlaza wamaphaphu unokuhlala kwaye uhlala ungaphezulu kweyomntu ongabhemi ubomi.
Ukuba ungumntu owayekade utshaya kwaye ufunda okokuqala ngqa, ungadikibali. Abo batshaya ukutshaya banokuthi banciphise umngcipheko wabo kunye nokwandisa amathuba abo okusinda kwesi sifo ukuba bahlakulele (jonga ngezantsi).
Ubudala Ekushiyekeni kwaye Kamva Ingozi yeLung Cancer
Umngcipheko womhlaza wamaphaphu kulabo abafudume ukutshaya baninzi bachaphazelekayo ngunyaka apho umntu ekhange umkhwa. Ukuphela kokuyeka ukutshaya ngokumalunga nomngcipheko wokufa kuhloliswe ngakumbi kunokuba ubuhlobo nomdlavuza wamaphaphu kuphela.
Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, ukutshaya kuthatha iminyaka engama-10 yobomi kude nobomi obungapheliyo, kunye nesiqingatha sabantu abafa kwisifo esichaphazelekayo. Kwabo abayeka phakathi kweminyaka engama-25 no-34, umngcipheko ubuyela ngokuqhelekileyo ukuya kuqhelekileyo. Abo bathula phakathi kweminyaka engama-35 no-44, banokulindela ukuphinda baphinde baphinde bathole kwi-9 yale minyaka eyi-10. Ukuyeka ukutshaya phakathi kweminyaka engama-45 no-54 kuyabuyisa iminyaka emithandathu, kwaye ukuyeka phakathi kwama-55 no-64 kuyabuya iminyaka emine.
Ixesha ukususela ekupheleni kokubhema kunye neengozi yeChre Cancer
Umdlavuza wamaphaphu uvela ngaphi iminyaka okanye emva kwamashumi eminyaka emva kokuyeka?
Eli nani alizange liqinisekiswe kakuhle, kodwa uhlolo lwe-2011 olujongene nabantu abangama-600 olubhekiselele ekuhlinzeni umdlavuza wamaphaphu lungasinika ingcamango. Ngexesha lokuxilongwa, iipesenti ezingama-77 zala bantu babefudume bebhema kunye ne-11 kuphela ekhulwini ababhemayo. Ukuphazamiseka kwaba lulandelayo:
- Ipesenti ezili-14 zazingekho umsi ongaphantsi konyaka
- Iipesenti ezingama-27 zazingabikho umsi-mveliso kwiminyaka eyi-1 ukuya kwe-10
- Amaphesenti angama-21 ayengenaso umsi kwiminyaka eyi-10 ukuya kwe-20
- Iipesenti ezili-16 zazingabikho umsi womnyaka wama-20 ukuya kuma-30
- Iipesenti ezili-11 zazingabikho umsi ongama-30 ukuya kuma-40 iminyaka
- Iipesenti ezili-10 zazingabikho umsi womnyaka wama-40 ukuya kuma-50
Kubonakala kulolu cwaningo ukuba ababhemayo bangasengozini ixesha elide emva kokuyeka. Enyanisweni, ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokuyeka ukutshaya phambi kokuxilongwa komhlaza wemiphunga kule sifundo kwakuneeminyaka eyi-18. Kwakhona, la manani angakuphazamisa ukuba ungumntu owayekade utshaya, kodwa kusekho izinto onokuzenza ukuze unciphise umngcipheko wakho. Qinisekisa ukufunda. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba kunye nokwamkelwa komhlaza wesifo somhlaza wamaphepha, le manani ingatshintsha.
Usenokuba uvile ukuba umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga ubonakala unyuka phakathi kweminyaka emine emva kokuyeka ukutshaya. Esikhundleni somngcipheko okhulayo kule xesha emva kokushiya, kucinga ukuba abantu abaninzi banokuyeka ngenxa yempawu zokuqala zomhlaza wamaphaphu kwaye ukuba ukuyeka kungabangela umdlavuza wamaphaphu kunoko. Emva kweminyaka emihlanu yokuyeka kukho ukuhla okubalulekileyo kwengozi.
Imbali yokuTshaya kunye neNgqumbo yomhlaza
Ukulandela ingxelo ye-Surgeon General ka-1964 malunga nokuTshisa kunye neMpilo, uluntu lwazi ngokubanzi umngcipheko wokutshaya. Ngaloo ngxelo, kwaqikelelwa ukuba abantu ababhemayo babenomngcipheko okhulayo wokuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu xa kuthelekiswa nabangabhemi, kwaye ukubhema kubhengezwa ukuba yimbangela enkulu yomdlavuza wamaphaphu eMelika. Kodwa sikhankanya ukuba unxibelelwano phakathi kokutshaya nomhlaza wamaphaphu ngaphambi kwelo xesha. Inqaku elibizwa ngokuthi "I-Cancer yiCarton" yathatha iphepha le- Reader's Digest ngo-1952, kwaye izifundo zaseJamani zathi zifunyenwe ezifanayo kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambi koko. Uninzi lwezifundo ukususela ngeli xesha lichaze ngokubanzi umbutho.
Nangona umdlavuza wamaphaphu usoloko unathi, kwakungekho ngexesha eliqhelekileyo emhlabeni jikelele. Kuze kube ngo-1492-xa abantu baseYurophu beqala ukudibanisa nabantu abokubhema iteksi-iteksi yafunyanwa kuphela kumaMerika. I-adage ekhathele "yonke into yimbali" ithetha inyaniso ehlabayo, kunye nomhlaza wesifo somhlaza we-lung
Iimpawu zoLugwayilo olususisisombululo
Ngaphambi kokuxubusha iindlela zokubhema itekisi engabangela umdlavuza wamaphaphu, kunceda ukuluhlula ezinye zeekhemikhali ezinobungozi kwiigayibha eziye zachongwa. Kula maninzi amakhemikhali anesigxina somsi wehayi, kukho i-70 carcinogens (iikhemikhali ezicingelwa ukuba zibangele umdlavuza). Ezinye zezi ziquka:
- i-arsenic (efunyenwe kwisetyhe)
- benzene (icandelo leoli ecolekileyo yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza ezinye iikhemikhali)
- cadmium (efumaneka kwiibhetri)
- chromium
- nickel
- i-vinyl chloride (efunyenwe kwiiplastiki kunye nezihlunu ze-cigarette)
- i-polycyclic hydrocarbons aromatic (PAHs)
- N-nitrosamines
- amamin amnandi
- i-formaldehyde (efunyenwe ekugqibeni amanzi)
- acetaldehyde
- acrylonitrile
- i-polonium-210 (i-metalactive heavy metal)
Zininzi izinto ezinokunyusa okanye ukunciphisa i-carcinogenicity yecuba. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamacembe ecuba, ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwezihlunu, izithako zamakhemikhali, kunye nezimo zokutshaya ziyakwazi ukuba nendima ekukhuseleni i-cigaretti ukunyusa umhlaza. Ukongezelela, akunokuba yiyo iikhemikhali ezithile kwixuba, kodwa kunokuba udibanise iikhemikhali ezikhoyo.
Ubuninzi bee-carcinogens kwi-cigarettes zaseJapan ziye zaxiliswa njengesinye sezizathu zokuba amadoda aseJapan angenakukwazi ukuhlakulela umdlavuza wamaphaphu nangona ubhemayo ngaphezulu-into ebizwa ngokuba ngumdlavuza wokuJuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu . Imilinganiselo yokutshaya kwabangewokutshaya umzavuza wamaphaphu e-United States ngowama-40: 1 ngokuphambene nomlinganiselo we-6.3: 1 eJapan. Ukusetyenziswa kwelahleko ezisebenzayo kwizihlunu ze-cigarettes kuJapan kungakhokelela. Ukusebenza kwelahleko iyaziwa ngokusetyenziswa kwayo ekubopheleleni iibhokhwe kwindawo yokuphucula. Kakade ke, izinto ezinjengokutya kunye nokwenza i-genetic zingabangela uxanduva lo kuphazamiseka.
Ii-Cigarettes eziNcinci, iiHlisi kunye neCyrus Cancer
Ukongezwa kwezihlunu kwi-cigarettes kuye kwatshintsha isimo somhlaza wemiphunga kumlinganiselo othile. Kucingelwa ukuba abantu abatshitshisa ugwayi ococekileyo kuwo wonke umphefumlo abanama-20 ukuya kuma-40 ekhulwini abangenakukwazi ukuhlakulela umdlavuza wamaphaphu kunokuba bonke ababhemayo ababhemayo bexesha elingapheliyo. Ngaphandle komngcipheko womhlaza, kunjalo, ukongezwa kwezihlunu kubonakala kutshintshile iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zomhlaza wamaphaphu, kwaye ngoko ke iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zesifo (jonga ngezantsi).
Kanye nokudibaniswa kwezihlunu, iigayibha zafumaneka kunye nomxholo we-tar we-tar. Nangona ukunciphisa intlanzi kunciphisa ukutyhila kwingozi yeekhemikhali ezinobungozi, ugwayi obhalwe ngokuthi "ukukhanya" okanye "ultralight" inobungozi nje ngeentlobo eziqhelekileyo. Ukuze ufumane umlinganiselo ofanayo we-nicotine, abo bashiya i-cigarettes e-tar edla ukutshaya amaninzi kagqabi kwaye bathabathe amaninzi amaninzi, okukhokelela kumngcipheko ofanayo nomhlaza wamaphaphu kungakhathaliseki ukuba umthamo we-tar.
Ukubhema kubangelwa njani umdlavuza weLung? INzululwazi (iindlela zeMeleki) eziPhambili
Ukuze iseli eliqhelekileyo libe ngumhlaza weseli , uluhlu lwezitshintsho kufuneka zenzeke. Kwi-nucleus nganye yeeseli zethu zikhona i-DNA-i-genetic plan-ephethe imiyalelo nganye yeeprotheni ezenziwe yiseli. Ezinye zeeprotheni zixelela iseli ukuba ikhule kwaye yande. Abanye banceda ekulungiseni iDNA. Kanti abanye basebenzela ukususa iiseli ezilimele ukwenzela ukuba zikwazi ukusasazwa (kwinkqubo yokufa kweeselingi ebizwa ngokuba yi-apoptosis). Ukubhema kunokubangela ukuba utshintsho lweeseli zomdlavuza kumangqamuzana ahlukeneyo, kuquka:
Umonakalo ngqo kwi-DNA : Ezinye ze-carcinogens kwimimsi ye-cigarette umonakalo ngqo (kubangele utshintsho kunye nezinye iinguqu) i-DNA yamaseli emiphunga. Ukongeza, ezinye iikhemikhali, ezifana ne-chromium, zinceda ezinye i-carcinogens "zinamathele" kwi-DNA yamaseli emiphunga njengeglue, eyandisa ingozi yomonakalo.
Ukungabi nokulungiswa kwe-DNA: Nangona i-DNA kwiiseli zethu yonakaliswe ngandlela-thile, sinendlela elula yokulungisa iDNA ewonakalisiweyo. Izaziso ezibizwa ngokuba yi- tumor suppressor i- code yegenesti yeeprotheni ezilungisa i-DNA ewonakalisayo okanye zenza ukufa kweeseli ezingaqhelekanga. I-Arsenic kunye ne-nickel zombini ziphazamisa iindlela zokulungisa iDNA ewonakele.
Umzekelo wendlela oku kusebenza ngayo okuye kwaphawulwa ngohlobo lwe-genetic suppressor gene okuthiwa i- p53 gene . Iphafuji ye-p53 ilawula ukwahlula kweselingo ngokugcina iiseli zihlula ngokukhawuleza okanye ngendlela engalawulekiyo. Iikhowudi ze-TP53 zeprotheyini e-p53 ekhokela umvunyi okanye ukupheliswa kweeseli ngeDNA ewonakalisiweyo okanye ephazamisekileyo. Enye yee-carcinogens kwi-smoking smoke, i-benzo (o) i-pyrene, ifumaneka ngokukonakalisa umonakalo we-p53.
Ukuvuvukala: Nanini na iseli lihlula, kukho ithuba lokuba "ingozi" ekukopeni izinto eziphathekayo zeeseli ziya kwenzeka. Xa amaseli kufuneka ahlule ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuzalisa iiseli ezilinakalisiweyo, njengokuba i-airways ibonakaliswe ngumoya wocuba, kukho ithuba elikhulu lokuba enye yale mpazamo kwi-cell division-ishintsho-iya kwenzeka. Kukho ininzi imichiza yengqumbo yomsi owenza ukuvuvukala.
Ukulimala kwi-cilia : I-Cilia ziincinci ezincinci-ezinjengezixhobo ezithintela i-airways. I-cilia ibamba i-toxins kwaye iyayiqhubela phambili iphinde iphume emoyeni njenge-stroke ephezulu. Iibhoksi zentambo yengqumbo, njenge-formaldehyde, inonakalisa i-cilia ngoko-ke ayisebenzisekanga xa isusa i-toxins. Ezinye i-toxins zifakwe kwi-airways ukuze zenze umonakalo wazo.
Umsebenzi we-immune : Amaseli ethu omzimba ayenzelwe ukufumanisa nokutshabalalisa iiseli ezingaqhelekanga ezinjengeeseli zomhlaza. Xa i-immune system ingasebenzi kakuhle, la maseli omhlaza asenokuqala "ukuphepha." Ezinye iibhoksi zentambo yokubhema zingaphazamisa ukusebenza komzimba.
Ukubhema, iiHlisi, kunye neeLung Types of Cancer
Iimpawu zomhlaza wemiphunga ezitholakala kubantu abavuthayo basoloko behluka kwalabo abangabhemi. Amancinci amancinci omnxeba wamangqamuzana , apho i-akhawunti engama-15 ekhulwini yamanomdla emiphunga, athoba phantse kubantu ababhema okanye batsha. Amanqamzana amancinci amancinci amancinci (NSCLC) , ngokuchaseneyo, nangona ebonakala ngokukodwa kubantu abaye batshaya, banokubangelwa ngabangabhemi (ngokukodwa uhlobo lwe-adenocarcinoma).
Umhlaza wesifo somhlaza wamangqamuzana ongekho omncinci (ojongene namanqanaba angamaphesenti angama-85 omdlavuza wamaphaphu) ekugqibeleni aphuhliwe abe yi-lung adenocarcinoma (malunga ne-50 ekhulwini) umhlaza wesifo somhlaza wamaphaphu (malunga neepesenti ezingama-30) kunye nomdlavuza omkhulu wamangqamuzana (malunga neepesenti ezili-10.)
Ngokomlando, abantu abavuthayo babenokwenzeka ukuba banomdlavuza wesifo somdlavuza , kunye nabangabhemi, i- adenocarcinoma . Ngomtshintshi ovela kwi-cigarettes elicutshulweyo, u-adenocarcinomas sele eqhelekileyo kubantu ababeshushu.
Zomibini ezincinci zamanqamu omhlaza wamaphaphu kunye ne-squamous cell cell lung cancers zenzeka ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-airways enkulu-i-bronchi. Ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa kwezihlunu kwi-cigarettes, kucingelwa ukuba ininzi yee-carcinogens ezifakwe kulezi zikhulu zomoya. Ngokudibanisa kwezihlunu, kubonakala ukuba i-carcinogens ixiliswe ngokunyanisekileyo kwimiphunga-indawo apho i-adenocarcinomas ininzi ikhona khona.
I-Genetics, Ukubhema, kunye neChre Cancer
I-Genetics inokudlala indima ekunxibelelaneni phakathi kokutshaya nomhlaza wamaphaphu ngeendlela ezimbalwa. Kukude kucacise ukuba umbutho onjani, kodwa ucingelwa ukuba kunokukho uhlobo oluthile lwezinto zokuzalwa zomzimba ukuba ube ngumlutha we-nicotine kunye nophuhliso lomhlaza wemiphunga.
Ukusuka kwenye indawo, imbali yentsapho (i-genetics) ingasebenzisana kunye nokutshaya kwandisa ingozi. Abantu abaninzi bayaziqhelana ne-BRCA2 gene genetic changes that have become known as one "gene genesis". Siye safunda ukuba umdlavuza wamaphaphu udibene nokuguqulwa kwe-BRCA2 . Abasetyhini abashaya kwaye bathatha i-BRCA2 ye-gene mutation bafake umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza wemiphunga.
Ezinye iifomu zokuSalela kunye neSifo somhlaza
Iicigarettes akuyona yodwa ifomu yecuba ephakamisa ingozi yomhlaza. Iicuba, i-Kreteks kunye ne-Bidis zandisa ingozi.
Bobabini umbhobho kunye nokubhema kwe-cigar kwandisa ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ezi ntlobo zokutshaya zidibene kakhulu kunye nomdlavuza omncinci wamangqamuzana kunye ne-squamous cell carcinoma yemiphunga. Akuqiniseki ukuba kaninzi kangakanani umbhobho wokubhema uholela kumdlavuza wamaphaphu, kodwa ukucinga ukuba abantu ababhemayo bayacinga ukuba banomdla wokuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu uma kuqhathaniswa nabangabhemi be-cigar.
Ngokwahlukileyo, akuqinisekanga ukuba ingaba i- marijuana ingenakwandisa ingozi yomhlaza wamaphaphu . Uninzi lwee-carcinogens ezikhoyo kwingqumbo yengqumbo zikhona kumsi womsi womsi, kodwa izifundo ziye zaxutywa-ezinye zibonisa ukwanda kwaye ezinye zibonisa ukwehla komdlavuza wamaphaphu. Kungenzeka ukuba kukho enye indlela echaphazelekayo, njengokuba umsi womncuba unokuba nemiphumo yokuchasa umdlavuza, ubuncinane ngokubhekiselele kuhlobo lwesifo seengqondo.
Ngokukhawuleza ukwazi ukuba i-hookah ukutshaya ibangela umdlavuza wamaphaphu , kodwa kukho iingxaki ezibalulekileyo. Ukuphononongwa kweengxelo ezenziwe phakathi kuka-1997 no-2014 zifumene ukuba umsi womlilo uqukethe i-27 carcinogens. Amanqanaba ala ma khemikhali ayahluka, nangona kunjalo, abanye banamaqondo aphakamileyo kunye namanye amanqanaba aphantsi kunokuba abo bashushu bomsiyi. I-Benzene, umzekelo, yinye i-carcinogen efumaneka kwiindawo eziphezulu kwi-hookah yomsi kunomsi wesigarethi. I-hooka ibuye ibonise abantu kwi-carcinogen engabonakaliyo kwi-cigarettes-i-charcoal isetyenziswe ukutshisa iteksi kumbhobho. Umsi weHookah uyangxininiswa ngokugqithiseleyo kumthamo omkhulu kunomsi wecuba.
Kuye kwaboniswa ukuba i-e-cigarettes ingonakalisa iiseli zamaphaphu , kodwa njenge-hookah, asikwazi okwenzekayo-ukuba nayiphi na-ukusetshenziswa kuya kuba nomngcipheko womhlaza wamaphaphu. Xa uqwalasela impembelelo ye-e-cigarettes kunye ne-hookah, kubalulekile ukugcina engqondweni ngexesha lokugqibela lomhlaza. Ixesha le- latency lichazwa njengexesha phakathi kokungena kwi-carcinogen kunye nophuhliso lomhlaza kamva. Ngokutshaya, ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokulinda labantu liyiminyaka engama-30.
Ingozi yeCanot and Lung Cancer
Yintoni ikhonkco phakathi kwe-nicotine nomhlaza ? Ngokusebenzisa i-nicotine yokuguqulwa kwamathambo esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kulabo bazama ukuyeka ukutshaya, umbuzo malunga nokuba ingekho okanye i-nicotine yodwa yandisa ingozi yomhlaza ibalulekile.
Nangona i-nicotine icacile ukuba ixanduva lokuxilisa i-cigarettes, kwaye inokuba yingozi, i-nicotine ayikho i-carcinogen yodwa. Uphando lubonisa ukuba kunokudlala indima ekuqalisweni komhlaza, le khemikhali inokusebenza ngokuphindaphindiweyo njengomgqugquzeli ophucula uphuhliso lomhlaza.
Oko akuthethi ukuba i-nicotine ifanelwe ukukhanya okuluhlaza xa kuza kumhlaza. Kwabo sele bahlala nomhlaza, kukho iindlela ezininzi apho i-nicotine ingabi yinto efanelekileyo. Kufunyenwe-kwiigundane-nicotine yenze igalelo ekukhuleni kwe-tumor kwaye isasazeka (i- metastasis ) yamaseli omhlaza wesifo somhlaza wamangqamuzana. Kucatshangelwa ukuba i-nicotine inokuphucula i- angiogenesis- ikhono le-tumor ukwenza imithwalo yegazi. Ukongezelela, i-nicotine inokunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-chemotherapy.
I-Secondhand Umsi kunye neLung Cancer
Umsi wesibini ngumngcipheko womdlavuza wamaphaphu kwaye kucatshangelwa ukuba kubangele u-7300 umhlaza wesifo somhlaza umnyaka ngamnye. Umntu ongabhemi ohlala kunye nobhemayo ( ukutshaya umsila ) unama-20 ukuya kuma-30 ekhulwini amathuba okuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. (Umsizi we-Secondhand uphinde ucingwe ukuba unoxanduva lokufa kwabantu abanama-34,000 ngonyaka.)
Umsi weSidestream , umsi owenziwe ngumjelo otshayo , ubhalele malunga neepesenti ezingama-80 zomsi ongabonakaliyo nabangabhemi, nomsi ogqithiseleyo, umsi ogqatswa ngumntu otshaya, obala iipesenti ezingama-20 ezisele. Sisafunda malunga nendlela le ntlukwano enokubangela ngayo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza wamaphaphu kubabhemayo kunye nabangabonakaliyo ababhemayo.
Umsi wesithathu utshaya- iinqununu kunye negesi ezishiywe emva kokuba ugwayi ucimwe-ziqukethe i-toxins, kodwa asikazi ukuba kunomphumo kumngcipheko womhlaza wamaphaphu.
Ukutshaya Emva kokuxilongwa kwe-Cancer (okanye nayiphi na umdlavuza)
Nangona umntu efunyanwe ngumhlaza wemiphunga, ukuyeka ukutshaya kungenza umehluko. Ukuyeka ukutshaya nomhlaza wamaphaphu kunoku:
- Ukuphucula ithuba lokuba uya kuphila. Uphando olulodwa kwizigulane ezineomhlaza wamaphaphu ophezulu lufumene ukuba ukusinda komphakathi phakathi kwabo bayeke ukuxilongwa kwangeenyanga ezingama-28, ngokungafani neenyanga ezili-18 kwabo baqhubeka bebhema.
- Nciphise umngcipheko wokuphinda umdlavuza wamaphaphu .
- Ukunciphisa umngcipheko weengxaki kunye nokuhlinzwa. Ukubhema kwandisa ingozi yentliziyo kunye neengxaki zokuphefumula emva kokuhlinzwa. Abo bavuthayo nabo banakho amathuba okuphucula izifo ezithatha emva kokusebenza kwaye banokuphulukiswa kwamanxeba amaninzi.
- Ukunciphisa iimpawu ozifumanayo ngomhlaza wemiphunga. Abantu abaqhubeka betshaya emva kokuxilongwa kwimeko yesifo somhlaza kunomlinganiselo ongaphantsi kobuhlungu obukhulu kunezo zikwazi ukubeka ugwayi ngaphandle.
- Ukuphucula impendulo yakho kunyango. Nangona umdlavuza wemiphunga ungakhange uhlolwe ngokukodwa, abantu abanomdlavuza wesihloko nentamo baphendula ngokubhetele ngakumbi kunyango lwe-radiation xa beyeka ukutshaya. Ukongeza, ukutshaya ukutshaya kwehlisa ukusetyenziswa kwamachiza e-chemotherapy, kwaye kunokunciphisa amanqanaba egazi lonyango elijoliswe kuyo iTarceva (erlotinib) esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukunyanga umdlavuza wamaphaphu.
- Ukunciphisa umngcipheko weengxaki ezinxulumene nonyango. Ngokomzekelo, abantu abatshitshisiyo banakho ukuphuhlisa i- radiation pneumonitis njengengxaki yeliyoyirhafi kunelabo abangabambi.
- Ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi. Abantu abaqhubeka bebhema nomhlaza banamaqondo aphantsi aphantsi, abanamava okuphefumula okufutshane, kwaye banokunciphisa izinga lokusebenza ngokumalunga nalabo abashiya.
- Nciphise umngcipheko wokufa kweemeko ngaphandle komdlavuza wemiphunga.
- Nciphise umngcipheko wakho wokuphuhlisa umhlaza wesibini wesiqhelo. Akunjalo kuphela abo sele benomdlavuza ekwenzeni ukwanda komdlavuza wesibini ongathandaniyo, kodwa unyango olusetyenziswa ekuphatheni umhlaza njengokhemotherapy kunye neyeza lonyango lunokwandisa ingozi.
- Ukunciphisa umngcipheko wakho wokubhengeza umsi womsi womntu ongaphantsi kobume abangabhemi.
Hlola ezi zizathu ezi- 10 eziphezulu zokuyeka ukutshaya emva kokuxilongwa komhlaza .
Ukuhlolwa kweCarcer Lung
Njengoko kuphawuliwe kwangaphambili, umdlavuza wamaphaphu uqhelekile kubashushu bokuqala kunokubhema, kodwa oku akusiyo imbangela yokwethusa. Kwalabo bavutha kwixesha elidlulileyo, kukho ukuvavanya ukuvavanya kufumaneka kwangoko kufunyanwa ngumhlaza wemiphunga. Kucingelwa ukuba ukuba wonke umntu ofanelekileyo ukujonga i-screening wavivinywa, izinga lokufa kumdlavuza wamaphaphu lancitshiswa ngama-20 ekhulwini e-United States.
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, kucatshangelwa ukuba ukwenza umbhobho we-x-rays unyaka wonke kunokunceda ukufumana umdlavuza wamaphaphu ekuqaleni, kodwa oku akusayi kucetyiswa. Nangona i-chest x-rays ingayifumana i-cancer yemiphunga, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukuhlolwa komdlavuza wamaphaphu ngesifuba i-ray-ray kuphela ayizange iyancipha izinga lokufa kumdlavuza wamaphaphu; ezi mvavanyo zahluleka ukufumana umdlavuza wamaphaphu ngexesha elifanelekileyo ngokwaneleyo.
Ngokwahlukileyo, uvavanyo lwe-CT yomdlavuza wamaphaphu lufunyenwe ukufumana umdlavuza wamaphaphu kwinqanaba apho ukuphathwa kwesi sifo kunokuphucula ubomi.
Ukucutshungulwa komhlaza wesifo se-CT kunconywa ukuba:
- Abantu abaphakathi kweminyaka engama-55 no-80.
- Abo bafumana imbali ubuncinane ubuneminyaka engama-30 yokupaka (umnyaka wepakethi ubalwa ngokuphindaphinda inani leminyaka yokutshaya ixesha leepakethi ze-cigarettes zibhema imihla ngemihla.Umzekelo, ukuba umntu utshaya iipakethi ezimbini ngosuku iminyaka baya kuba nomlando wepakethi we-30 wokutshaya.)
- Abo baqhubeka beshiya okanye bayeke ukuyeka kwiminyaka eyi-15 edlulileyo.
- Abo bantu banempilo enempilo yokuba banokuphelelwa ngunyango ukuba kufunyenwe umhlaza.
Ukufumana okulungileyo okungalindelekanga kukuba abantu abanomdlavuza wamaphaphu banakho ukuyeka ukutshaya.
I-Stigma ye-Cancer Cancer
Ekubeni ukutshaya kunxulumene neninzi yamanomdla emiphunga, kukho inhlamba ehambisana nomhlaza wemiphunga . Isihlamba esithi ngandlela-thile abantu baye babangela isifo sabo kwaye "bafanelwe" ukuba nomhlaza. Esi sikhala sinomonakalo kwaye sibi. Asijongane nabantu abagqithiseleyo okanye abahlala besondeza ukuba banomdla kwizifo abazikhulayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni imbangela yomhlaza, okanye nayiphi na imeko yolu bandela, abantu abanenkinga yesifo esingapheli badinga ukunakekelwa kwethu ngokungenasimo kunye nenkxaso.
'Ababhemayo' ngokubhekiselele kwiNgqungquthela yokuLungela i-Lung
Kusenokwenzeka ukuba uvile umntu ekuthethwa ngaye ngaphambili ukuba "unomdlavuza ongabhemi". Kukho ulwahluko olubalulekileyo phakathi komdlavuza wamaphaphu kubantu abangabhemi kunye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu kubantu ababhema kwimbono yezokwelapha. Umdlavuza wamangcwaba kubantu abaye bavutha bavame ukuba nesifo esibi kakhulu kwisigaba ngasinye sesifo kwaye kaninzi kunokwenzeka ukuba "kunokuguqulwa kwezinto ezijoliswe kuyo" ezinokunyangwa ngezilwanyana ezijoliswe kuzo. Oko kwathiwa, imishanguzo ye-immunotherapy inokuba yinto esebenzayo ngakumbi phakathi kwabo batshayile kunokuba bangabhemi.
Ngokuchasene nale ntsingiselo yezokwelapha, nangona kunjalo, ukwenza umehluko phakathi komdlavuza kunye nabangapheliyo umhlaza wamaphaphu kuphela kwongeza kwisithoso sesi sifo. Kubalulekile ukuba sikhuthaze abantu abanomdlavuza wamaphaphu kungakhathaliseki ukuba bafanele ukutshaya ukuzazisa kunye nokwandisa inkxaso yezophando ezinokuphucula iziphumo zabo nabani na isifo.
Izibonelelo zokuyeka
Ngokucacileyo, umhlaza wamaphaphu ukwandisa umngcipheko wokutshaya, kwaye nangona emva kokuxilongwa kwesi sifo, ukutshaya kuyingozi. Ukuba ubhema kwaye ufuna uncedo lokuyeka, xela nodokotela wakho. Thatha isikhashana ukujonga ezi zi-10 iingcebiso zokulawula ukuxothwa kwe-nicotine, njengokuba umlutha we-nicotine yinkalo enzima kakhulu yokuyeka. Qinisekisa ukuba uhlolisise inqaku elilandelayo elibonelela ngolwazi oluvela kwiingcebiso ezikhuthazayo kwizixhobo zokuphumelela:
- Unyuke ibhokisi yeBeki yokuTsha.
Ukunciphisa Ingozi Yomdlavuza Weengculaza Njengomntu Omdala (okanye Okwangoku)
Kwabo ababenokutshaya, kuya kuba nzima ukuqonda ukuba usengozini. Ungenzani?
Isinyathelo sokuqala kukuthetha nodokotela wakho malunga nokuhlola i-CT. Ngaba udibana neendlela zokuhlola, okanye ngaba zikhona ezinye izizathu kufuneka uhlolwe ngazo? Xa i-cancer cancer yemiphunga itholakala kwinqanaba lokuqala, iyakhathazeka ngakumbi kunezona ezifunyenwe kwizigaba ezilandelayo.
Ukongezelela, cinga ngemingcipheko yakho yomdlavuza wemiphunga . Awukwazi ukubuyela emva kwaye uyeke ukutshaya ebuncinci, kodwa kukho izinto onokuzenza. Ngokomzekelo, ekubeni ukugqithiswa kwe-radon ekhaya kuyona yesibini ebangela umdlavuza wemiphunga, qiniseka ukujonga izinga le-radon ekhaya lakho.
Yaye ukhumbule ukuba ukunciphisa ingozi yakho akuthethi ukuba ulandele uluhlu olude lwezinto zokuphepha. Ukunciphisa umngcipheko unokuba mnandi. Ukuzivocavoca nje njengokulula nje ngegadi ngeveki sele kufunyenwe umngcipheko kwaye wongezelela ezinye zezinto eziphezulu zokunciphisa umngcipheko womdlavuza wamaphaphu ekudleni kwakho kunokuba kube mnandi.
ILizwi
Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, kucacile ukuba ukutshaya kubangela umdlavuza wamaphaphu kunye nokuba nabasakuba ngabokutsha basemngciphekweni. Kanti akukaze kuphele ukuyeka ukutshaya okanye ukuphucula indlela yokuphila ngezinye iindlela. Enyanisweni, abantu abaninzi abaye bawukhangela umkhwa bafumanisa ukuba abavakalelwa kuphela, kodwa bazive bekhuthazwa ukuphucula impilo yabo ngezinye iindlela.
Njengengxelo yokugqibela, ukuba uyayazi umntu onomdlavuza wamaphaphu, ukunciphisa intshutshiso yesi sifo sinokuqala ngomnye wethu. Akunandaba nokuba umntu utshayile okanye cha. Abantu abanomdlavuza wamaphaphu badinga inkxaso yethu. Unyango lwesi sifo luya kuba ngcono kwaye ixesha lokuphila liphucula. Xa sinokuthi sikwazi ukukhupha ihlazo, ekuhambeni kwethu singaya ekutshintsheni isimo sengqondo kubani nabani na omele avelele loo mazwi ahlabayo-ntliziyo: "Unomdlavuza wamaphaphu."
iklasi = "ql-cite"> Imithombo:
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iklasi = "ql-cite"> I-National Cancer Institute. Iingxowa zeCigarette ukuSuba nokuNcedo lwezeMpilo zokuLahla. Updated 12/02/14. iklasi = "ql-cite"> http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/cation-fact-heet
iklasi = "ql-cite"> iThala leNgcaciso yeMathala kaZwelonke. Iinkcukacha kwiSayensi. Iingxelo zeGqirha Jikelele. Ngo-1964 Ingxelo ngoTshwala kunye neMpilo. kwiklasi = "ql-cite"> https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/Views/Exhibit/narrative/smoking.html
kwiklasi = "ql-cite"> Phinda HI. (2010). Imigaqo kunye nokusebenza komhlaza wemiphunga: I-text reference esemthethweni ye-IASLC. Philadelphia: IWolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Iiklasi = "ql-cite"> I-Winkler V, Ng N, Tesfaye F, Becher H. iklasi = "ql-cite"> Ukuqikelela ukubulawa komhlaza we-Lung Death of Class Prevalence Data class = "ql-cite">. kwiklasi = "ql-cite"> I-Lung Cancer class = "ql-cite">. 2011; 74 (2): 170-7.