Ukuba uye wakuva i-pack-years-year, umzekelo, ekuqaliseni ukuba okanye awuhlangabezani nemigqaliselo yesifo somhlaza wemiphunga (jonga ngezantsi), unokuzibuza ukuba lithetha ukuthini. Makhe sijonge kwingcaciso, kwaye kutheni, eli xesha libaluleke kakhulu.
Inkcazo
Igama elithi "iminyaka yepakethi" ngumlinganiselo wokuba umntu utshayile kangakanani. Ekubeni umdlavuza wamaphaphu uhambelana ngokuthe ngqo nombolo ye-cigarettes ukubhema, ukusebenzisa iminyaka yepakethe kunokunceda amayeza athathele ukuba ngabaphi abantu abanomngcipheko omkhulu wokuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu .
Kodwa akuyona nje umhlaza wamaphaphu, kodwa kunye nenani lepakethi-iminyaka umntu etshayile luncedo ekuhloleni ingozi yesifo senhliziyo, ezinye izifo zemiphunga, kunye neengozi ezinxulumene nezinye izifo kunye neentsholongwane ezibangelwa ukutshaya.
Omnye umnyaka wokupaka ukutshaya kuthetha ukuba umntu uphese ipakethi enye (i-cigarettes ezingama-20) imihla ngemihla ngomnyaka omnye.
Ukusebenzisa iminyaka yepakethi kunceda oogqirha kuphela ukubala umngcipheko wokuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu kodwa umngcipheko wezinye iimeko ezinxulumene nokutshaya. Inani lepakethi leminyaka linceda gqitha njengenqanaba lemigomo yenombolo yegayibha etshayiweyo xa ukhangela izifundo zokutshaya kunye nezifo.
Inani leminyaka yeepakethi libhema kwaye ingozi yesifo ingaba nemida ethile. Ngokomzekelo, uphando oluthile lubonisa ukuba abasetyhini banomdla kakhulu kwii- carcinogen kwiidigarettes kuba abafazi babonakala behlakulela umdlavuza wamaphaphu emva kweminyaka embalwa yokutya ukubhema kunamadoda.
Ukubala iPake-Iminyaka
Makhe sijonge ngeminye imizekelo ukuze ukwazi ukubala inani leminyaka yepakethi oyitshizayo.
Ukuba i imela inani leepakethi ze-cigarettes ezibhema imihla ngemihla, kwaye uT imele inani leminyaka yokutshaya, ngoko i-PY ilingana ne-pack-years. Ukulingana kubonakala ngathi:
N x T = PY
Ngoku masenze amanani ambalwa:
UJill ubhema ipakethi ye-cigarettes yimihla ngemihla engama-20. Unomlando weminyaka ye-pack ye-20 yokutshaya. Ukuphindaphindwa kweN (1 pack) amaxesha 20 (iminyaka etshaya) ilingana neminyaka eyi-20 yepakethi.
UFrank wavutha iipakethi ezimbini ze-cigarettes imihla ngemihla engama-30. Ukuphinda i-N (iipakethi ezimbini) nge-N (iminyaka engama-30,) UFrank unembali engama-60 yokupaka umnyaka
U-Eleanor wayebhema i-cigarettes ezili-10 (1/2 ipakethi) ngosuku ngeminyaka engama-30. Ukupapashwa kwama-N (0.5 iipakethi ngosuku) ngu-T (iminyaka engama-30,) u-Eleanor unomlando we-pack of year-year of smoking.
Ingozi yomhlaza weLung
Ngokuqhelekileyo, iminyaka ephakamileyo yepakethi usitshiyile, inkulu amathuba okufumana umhlaza. Xa inani leminyaka yepakethi lifakwa kwigrafu, kukho ulwalamano olunxulumene phakathi kweminyaka yepakethi nomhlaza. Inani leminyaka yepakethi lithetha ngaphezulu malunga nomngcipheko kunokuba ubude bexesha osibhembileyo.
Oko kwathiwa, ubudlelwane obuphakathi kweminyaka yepakethi yokutshaya kunye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu buninzi, kwaye abantu ngabanye "abayithobeli" imigaqo. Umdlavuza womlenze uvela kubantu ababhemayo kwaye eqinisweni, umhlaza wamaphaphu angabikho abatshitshisiyo ngowona-7 okhokelela ekufeni kwabantu baseMelika. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ininzi yethu siyazi ngomntu owayesigxina kakhulu kwaye akazange abe nomdlavuza wamaphaphu
Iminyaka-yePakethi, abaTshayayo baseMandulo, kunye nomngcipheko weNgqungquthela yomhlaza
Ukusebenzisa ukubalwa kweminyaka yeepakethi kubalulekile kulabo abaye batshiza kodwa ngoku bayeka. Ngokungafani nesifo senhliziyo, umngcipheko wesifo somhlaza wamaphaphu uqhubeka ixesha elide emva kokuba umntu eshiya ukutshaya kwaye akayi kubuya ejwayelekile.
Abo bavuthayo bayaqhubeka besengozini yomdlavuza wamaphaphu emva kweeminyaka emininzi emva kokuyeka. Ngamanye amagama, ukuba unembali ye-pack pack ye-40 yepakethi, kodwa ushiye iminyaka eyi-12 edlulileyo, usengcupheni. Unokufanelekela ukuhlolwa komhlaza wamaphaphu kwaye kufuneka uqiniseke ukuba uyazi iimpawu zokuqala zomhlaza wemiphunga .
Lo mngcipheko wengozi ulula ukuwuqonda ukuba ukhangele inani labantu abaxilongwa namhlanje abangabhemayo.
Phantse iipesenti ezingama-80 zabantu abasandul 'ukuxilongwa ukuba bangabhemi, bathetha ukuba abazange bavume, okanye ukuba bayeke kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ukususela kwimizuzu engama-10 ukuya kwe-20 e-cancer yamaphaphu eyenzeka kubantu abangakhange bavume, inani elikhulu labantu abanomdlavuza wesifo samaphaphu namhlanje basakuba ngabokutshaya.
Ukuyeka ukutshaya kunciphisa umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga, kodwa ukunciphisa umngcipheko wehla kuhla kakhulu kunokuba kunciphise isifo senhliziyo.
Ingozi Yeentliziyo
Inani lepakethi-iminyaka umntu obhemayo aluhambelani nje ngomhlaza wemiphunga kodwa nesifo senhliziyo. Enyanisweni, isifo senhliziyo sibangele ipesenteji enkulu yokufa kubantu ababhemayo, kwaye umsi wesibini unokukhokelela kwisifo senhliziyo kunomdlavuza wamaphaphu.
Ezinye izifo
Ukuba utshaya ngexesha elidlulileyo, unokuba unomdla ekufundeni malunga neentlobo zamanqwelana ezinxulumene nokutshaya kunye nezinye izimo zonyango ezidibeneyo nokutshaya .
Ukuhlolwa kweCarcer Lung
Kungekudala, oogqirha baye bafunda inani leminyaka yepakethi yokubhema ukuze baqaphele ukuba ngubani omele ahlolwe umhlaza wemiphunga . Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba abantu abanomlando we-pack of year 30 wokutshaya, baphakathi kweminyaka yobudala engama-55 no-80, kwaye baqhubeka bevutha okanye bayeke ukuhamba kwimizuzu eyi-15 edluleyo, abaviwa be-CT yomhlaza wokuhlola. Izifundo ezisebenzisa le migaqo-nkqubo zifumene ukuba izinga lokufa kumdlavuza wamaphaphu linokunqunyulwa ngama-20 ekhulwini labantu abajongene nale miqobo iya kuhlolwa.
Izifo zeMatriki
Iifomula sele zifumaneka apho i-pack-years isetyenziswe ukuqikelela umngcipheko wokuphucula imeko ezifana nomhlaza wemiphunga kunye neCOPD. Kwinqanaba labantu, aba balawuli bangasinika ulwazi olufanelekileyo malunga nomngcipheko, kodwa kukho imida emininzi xa bejonga ixabiso labantu ngabanye. Kukho izinto ezinobungozi bomdlavuza wamaphaphu,) okanye umhlaza womphunga,) ezingabonakaliyo kulezi zibalo, kwaye umngcipheko womntu unokuba lukhulu okanye lukhulu kunokuba lubekwe kwangaphambili usebenzisa le mvavanyo yedwa.
Imida
Nangona inani leminyaka yepakethi umntu etshaye ngayo ithuluzi eluncedo ekuqaliseni umngcipheko, akunakunxaxha. Kukho ukuphikisana ukuba ubude bokubhema bunokuba yinto ebalulekileyo yokuqwalasela, ingakumbi ekuqaliseni ingozi yomhlaza wamaphaphu. Ubudala bokuqala ukubhema bunokudlala indima ebalulekileyo, umzekelo, abantu ababini abanomngcipheko ofanayo ofanayo ngokusekelwe kwiminyaka yepakethi, lowo oqale ukutshaya ngexesha elidala angase abe ngumngcipheko omkhulu.
ILizwi
Ekubeni ukhangela inkcazo yeminyaka yepakethi, unokuziva uxhalabele ngembali yakho yokutshaya (okanye yelungu lentsapho okanye umhlobo.) Silapha ukuze sikuxelele ukuba nangona uphebe ngexesha elidlulayo kukho izinto ongayenza ukuze uphucule kakuhle impilo yakho. Ukuba utshayile ngexesha elidlulileyo, qiniseka ukuba ubuyekeze imigaqo yokujonga umhlaza wemiphunga. Ukuba utshaya, akukaze kwenzeke ukuyeka ukuyeka. Kwaye kukho izinto onokuzenza ukuze unciphise umngcipheko wakho womhlaza womphunga. Ngengcamango ekunciphiseni umngcipheko wakho, ungadla i- superfoods ezinokunciphisa ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu ngokusekelwe kuphando olunzulu lwesayensi.
> Imithombo:
> Blackmon, S., neS S. Feinglass. Iingcebiso ze-United States zokuPhusela iiNkcazo zeMisebenzi yokuPhenywa komhlaza wamaphaphu. Iiklinikhi zeeTraphic Surgery . 2015. 25 (2): 199-203.
> Fucito, L., Czabafy, S., Hendricks, P. et al. Iinkonzo zokuyeka ukubhema nokukhangela umdlavuza wamaphaphu: Isikhokelo sonyango esivela kuMbutho weNyango yoTywala nokuSebenza kunye noMbutho woPhando ngeNicotine noTuba. Cancer . 2016. 122 (8): 1150-9.
> Guaraldi, G. et al. I-Lung ne-Heart Heart Illness Better Predicted by Pake-Iminyaka ngaphezu kweNkcazo yoTywala okanye ixesha lokuCima ukuTshaka kwi-HIV. PLoS One . 2015. 10 (12): e0143700.
> Peto, J. Ukuba iimiphumo zokubhema kufuneka zilinganiswe kwiminyaka yokupaka: iimfundiso ezingalunganga 4. IBritish Journal of Cancer . 2012. 107 (3): 406-407.