Umhlaza wemiphunga

Ingqwalasela yeCancer Cancer

Umdlavuza womlenze yiyona nto ibangela umdla wokufa komhlaza emhlabeni wonke, kunye nezigidi ezi-1.8 iziganeko ezintsha ezifunyaniswa ngonyaka.

EUnited States, umdlavuza wamaphaphu ngumdlavuza obulalayo kakhulu kwabasetyhini, ngokugqithisa umdlavuza webele ngexesha lika-1987 njengesizathu esibangeleyo sokufa komdlavuza. Kwakhona ngumdlavuza obulalayo kumadoda , ubulala amadoda angaphezulu kunomdlavuza wesifo seprotate, umdlavuza womdlavuza, kunye nomhlaza wekolon. Ngokubanzi, iipesenti ezingama-27 zokufa komhlaza e-US zibangelwa ngumhlaza wemiphunga.

> Ukujonga ngokubanzi imigangatho yomdlavuza wamaphaphu.

Ngaphambi kokuba nabani na abalahla la manani ngenxa yokubhema, kubalulekile ukubonisa ukuba nangona ukutshaya kuvinjelwe namhlanje, siya kuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Umdlavuza womlenze ongasoze waphawula ngowesihlandlo sesithandathu esibangela ukuba ukufa komhlaza ku-United States. Enyanisweni, kugxininiswa kokuyeka ukutshaya njengendlela yokunyanga umdlavuza wamaphaphu, kwandlela-thile, kuye kwambisa uphando malunga nezinye izizathu.

• Lawa awona ma-10 amaninzi angamaKhansela abulalayo

• Ziziphi iindidi eziphezulu zengculaza ye-Lung?

Yintoni I-Cancer?

Umdlavuza womlenze uvela kwiimfucu zemiphunga okanye iiseli ezidibanisa i-airways (i-bronchi). Ezi iiseli ziqala kwaye zibukeka njengengqamuzana yomhlaza wamaphaphu ngaphantsi kwe-microscope, ngaphandle kweenguqu ezenzeka kwinkqubo yokuba nomhlaza.

Ukuba umhlaza wamaphaphu usasazeka kwezinye iindawo zomzimba, iiseli zisengomhlaza wesifo somhlaza. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umhlaza wamaphaphu usasazeka kwingqondo, iiseli ezithathwe kwi-metastasis (ukukhula) engqondweni ziza kubonakala njengengqamuzana yomhlaza wesifo samaphaphu ngaphantsi kwe-microscope. Ngokwahlukileyo, ezinye izicubu ziqala kwezinye iindawo zomzimba kwaye zisasazeka (imetastasize) kwimiphunga.

Oku kubhekiselwa njengomhlaza wesi-metastatic kwimiphunga kunye nomdlavuza ongaphazamisi. Umzekelo uza kuba ngumhlaza wesifuba oza kusasa kumaphaphu. Oku akuyi kuthiwa ngumhlaza wamaphaphu, kodwa kunoko "umdlavuza webele wesifuba kumaphaphu."

I-Anatomy yeLung Cancer

Umdlavuza womlenze ungenzeka naphi na emiphakeni. Ilungelo lomphunga lenziwe ngamathambo amathathu kunye nomphunga wesobunxele, i-lobes ezimbini.

Xa sithatha umoya wokuphefumula umoya, ungena empumleni nasemlonyeni, udlule nge-trachea (i-windpipe) uze ungene kwi-system bronchus. Emva koko uhamba nge-bronchus ukuya kwi-right or left lung. Ngesinye i-bronchi, umoya uhamba ngeenqwelwana ezincinci ze-bronchioles kwaye zifike kwi- alveoli -tiny air bags kwiimiphunga apho kushintshaniswa i-carbon dioxide kunye ne-oxygen. Ama-Capillaries (encinci yemithambo yegazi) azungeze i-alveoli, efumana i-oksijini ukuze ayithwale kuwo wonke umzimba. I-Cancer iyakwenzeka naphina kwindawo yokuphefumula ukusuka kwi-bronchi enkulu ukuya kwi-alveoli.

Uphi I-Cancer yeMlenze Eyona Ininzi?

Ngelishwa, umdlavuza wamaphaphu uqhelekileyo kwihlabathi. Ngokubanzi, amazwe anomdlavuza womhlaba wonke aquka iHungary, iSerbia neKorea. Ukujonga umhlaza wamaphaphu kwabasetyhini, nangona kunjalo, iziganeko eziphezulu zifunyenwe eDenmark, zilandelwa ngokufutshane neChanada kwaye ngoko-United States.

Ngubani Ofumana I-Cancer Cancer?

Umyinge weminyaka yomhlaza wemiphunga uneminyaka engama-70, kwaye i-80 ekhulwini labantu abahlakulela umdlavuza wamaphaphu baye bamtshaya, kodwa:

Umdlavuza womlenze uvela kubasetyhini - Abasetyhini baninzi banokufa ngenxa yomdlavuza wamaphaphu kunomdlavuza wesifuba, kwaye iziganeko zomdlavuza wamaphaphu kwabesetyhini sele zifunyanwe kunye namadoda. Ngo-2016 kuqikelelwa ukuba amadoda angama-85,920 kunye nabesifazane abangama-72,160 baya kufa ngomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Xa kuthelekiswa, abafazi abangama-40,450 baya kufa ngenxa yomhlaza wesisu.

Umdlavuza womlenze uvela kubantu abangabhemi - kwaye nangona umdlavuza wamaphaphu kumadoda atshayile uyancipha, umhlaza wemiphunga kubantu abangabhemi uyanda. Kulinganiselwa ukuba ama-20 ekhulwini kwabasetyhini abahlakulela umdlavuza wamaphaphu e-US abazange bavume, kwaye loo nani inyukela kuma-50 ekhulwini kwihlabathi.

Umdlavuza womlenze uvela kubantu abadala - Kuqikelelwa ukuba i-13,4 ekhulwini yamanomdla emaphaphu ayenzeka kubantu abadala abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-40. Nangona le nombolo ibonakala ibancinci, xa kuthelekiswa neziganeko zomhlaza wemiphunga ngokubanzi, akunjalo. Ukubala oku, abantu abangama-21 000 abaselula baya kufa ngomdlavuza wamaphaphu kulo nyaka (kwakhona ukuthelekisa oku ku-40,450 ngomhlaza wesifuba wabantu besifazane bonke ubudala.) Ngaphezu koko, abasetyhini banakho amathuba kunokuba amadoda ahlakulele umdlavuza wamaphaphu esemncinci, kwaye Umdlavuza wamaphaphu kubantu abadala abasanda kukhula.

Iintlobo zeCermy Cancer

Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zomhlaza wamaphaphu:

• Umdlavuza ongasetyenzana wesifo se-lung umdla kakhulu, uxanduva lwe-80 ukuya kuma-85 ekhulwini lamanomdlavuza. Olu hlobo lomhlaza womphunga oqhelekileyo lufumaneka kubangabinobumba, abafazi nabaselula.
• Umdlavuza omncinci wamaseli omnxeba unomthwalo wemali malunga neepesenti ezili-15 zamanomdla emaphaphu. Ezi khansela zamaphaphu zihlala zinobudlova kwaye zingenakufunyanwa zide zisasazeka (ngakumbi ingqondo). Ngokuqhelekileyo basabela ngokufanelekileyo kwi-chemotherapy kodwa banesifo esibi.

• Iyiphi Imilinganiselo yokuPhumela kwiSigaba ngasinye seCarcer Lung?

• Iinsholongwane zeCanscer ngokubhekiselele kwiiseli eziqhelekileyo: Zihluke njani?

Umhlaza wesifo se-cell ummangali ungaphantsi kwezinto ezintathu:

• I-adenocarcinoma ye-Lung - I- adenocarcinoma ye- Lung ijongene nesiqingatha se-non-encinci ye-cancer yamaphaphu emiphunga kwaye okwangoku iyona hlobo eqhelekileyo yomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Kwakhona luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lomdlavuza wamaphaphu ofumaneka kubasetyhini, abantu abadala kunye nabantu abangabambi.
• I-Squamous cell carcinoma yemiphunga - Umhlaza wesifo somhlaza wamagciwane wesifo somdlavuza wawuyinto eqhelekileyo yomdlavuza wamaphaphu, kodwa iziganeko zayo ziye zancipha kwiminyaka yamuva. Ingxenye yengcinga kukuba ukongezwa kwezihlunu kwiigayibhi kwenzile ukutshintsha. Amagciwane e-Squamous cell sele atholakala kwindawo okanye kufuphi ne-airways enkulu-kwindawo yokuqala ekhutshwa ngumsi wesigarethi. I-adenocarcinomas ye-lung, ngokuphambene, idla ngokufumaneka ngokujulile kwimiphunga, apho umsi wesigarethi ococekileyo uhlala khona.
• Umhlaza wesifo somhlaza wamaphaphu - I-cell cell ezininzi zemiphunga zivame ukukhula kwimimandla engaphandle yemiphunga. Ezi zivame ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kweemathumba ezixhaphazayo ngokukhawuleza.

Ezinye, iintlobo ezingaphantsi komdlavuza womphunga ziquka izicubu ze-carcinoid kunye nezicubu ze-neuroendocrine.

Iimpawu kunye neMpawu zoLutsha lweLung

Ukuba nolwazi malunga neempawu zokuqala kunye neempawu zomhlaza wemiphunga kufuneka ukuba wonke umntu ngezizathu ezibini:

• Akukho mvavanyo yokuhlola ukufunyanwa kuwo wonke umntu, ngoko ke kuphela indlela abantu abaninzi abanokufumana ngayo le khansela-xa bafumana unyango kakhulu-bayayazi impawu. Uphando olutshanje lusitshela ukuba uninzi lwabantu baseUnited States abaqhelanga nale mpawu.
• Ngenxa yokuba umdlavuza wamaphaphu uqhelekile. Njengoko kuphawuliwe kwangaphambili, umdlavuza wamaphaphu yiyona nto ibangela ukufa kubantu bobabini nabasetyhini kunye nabani na abaneemiphunga zisengozini.

Ngokubanzi, iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

• Ukuphefumla okufutshane kunye nomsebenzi
• ukukhwehlela okuqhubekayo
• ukukhwehlela igazi
• ukulahleka kwesisindo esingachazwanga
• iintlungu zesifuba

Ingqalelo kukuba iintlobo zomhlaza wemiphunga zitshintshile ngaphezu kweminyaka, kwaye kunye noko, iimpawu eziqhelekileyo. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, umdlavuza wamaphaphu onjenge-squamous cell carcinoma kunye nomhlaza wesifo somnxeba omncinci wawuqhelekileyo. Ezi zifo zomdlavuza zivame ukukhula kufuphi ne-airways enkulu yamaphaphu kwaye zibangele iimpawu ekuqaleni-ngokuqhelekileyo ukukhwehlela nokukhwehlela igazi. Ngoku, imiphunga ye-adenocarcinoma, isisu esivame ukukhula kwimimandla engaphandle yemiphunga ixhaphakile. Ezi zifo zomshushu zivame ukukhula ixesha elide ngaphambi kokubangela iimpawu, ezibandakanya ukuphefumula okufutshane, ukulahleka kwesisindo, kunye nokungahlali kakuhle.

Ukuxilongwa kunye nokuThengisa

Ukuhlanganiswa kwezifundo zokucinga, kuquka i-CT, i-MRI, kunye ne-PET yokuhlola ingasetyenziselwa ukuxilonga umhlaza wemiphunga. Ukongezelela, i-biopsy imiphunga iyadingeka ukuze kuchongwe uhlobo lomhlaza wemiphunga.

Ukucwangcisa ngokucophelela-ukucinga indlela umda womhlaza wemiphunga-kubaluleke ngayo ekudaleni i-regimen yonyango. Umdlavuza ongasetyenzana wesifo somhlaza uphuhlulwe ube ngamaqanaba amahlanu: isigaba 0 ukuya kwisigaba IV. Umdlavuza omncinci wamangqamuzana omnxeba uphuhlisiwe ube ngamanyathelo amabini kuphela: isigaba esilinganiselwe kunye nesigaba esiphezulu.

Iingxaki zeLung Cancer

Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukutshaya yimbangela ebalulekileyo yomdlavuza wamaphaphu, kodwa ukuphawula amanqaku angasentla, kukho ezinye ezibangela umdlavuza wemiphunga .

Ukugqithiswa kweRadon kwikhaya yimbangela yesibini ebangela umdlavuza wamaphaphu kunye nesona sizathu esivakalayo kubantu abangabhemi. Naliphi ikhaya eUnited States (okanye naphi na kwihlabathi malunga naloo nto) linokubeka ingozi, kwaye indlela yodwa yokwazi ukukwenza uvavanyo lwe-radon. I-Radon yintsimbi engenabalabala, engenakubalabalayo eyenza ukubola okuqhelekileyo kwe-uranium emhlabathini phantsi kwamakhaya ethu. Kuqikelelwa ukuba abantu abangama-27 000 ababulawa ngumdlavuza wamaphaphini be-lungoni benziwa minyaka yonke kwi-US kuphela kwaye iipesenti ezili-15 zee-cancer emhlabeni jikelele zidibene ne-radion exposure.

Enye i-7,000 yomdlavuza wemiphunga yamaphaphu ivela unyaka ngamnye ngenxa yokutshaya komsi. Ezinye izizathu kunye nezizathu ezikhoyo zibandakanya ukungabikho komsebenzi, ukungcola komoya, umsi womsi, nokupheka ngomoya ophuculweyo. Kungekudala sele kufunyenwe ukuba i-papillomavirus yabantu (i-HPV) -gugu echaphazela umdlavuza wesibeletho-inxulumene neminye imdlavuza yamaphaphu, nangona ayinayo yonke into yokuba le nto inokuba yinto ebangelwayo.

Ingqungquthela Yengculaza Iqala Njani?

Umdlavuza womlenze uqala iminyaka emininzi phambi kokuba ubangele iimpawu kwaye ufumaneke. Amaseli emiphakeni angaba selula lomhlaza emva kokuhamba kweengqungquthela zenguqu ezibaguqula zibe yintsholongwane. Ukuguqulwa kwe-Gene-okanye utshintsho kwi-DNA yeeseli-inokufumana ilifa (njengelungelo lokufumana ifa ) okanye lifunyenwe (lonakaliswe njengokuba kubangelwa ukuphuma kwimizimba yegazi (izinto ezibangelwa ngumhlaza) kwimeko. izizathu zokufumana okufanayo ngomhlaza wemiphunga: Abantu abaninzi banomdlavuza wamaphaphu nangona abazange bavume, kwaye abanye abantu bashiya ubomi bawo bonke baze bangaze bahlakulele umhlaza wamaphaphu.

Umdlavuza womlenze uqala-i-tumor ivela-xa ubuninzi bomhlaza wamaseli abuya kufa ngendlela; iiseli ezihlukanayo kwaye zanda ukulawula. Iiseli zethu eziqhelekileyo zilawulwa ngoluhlu lwee-check and balance.

I-Cancer Cancer iyaKhula njani kwaye isasaze

Enye yeentlukwano phakathi kweesifo somhlaza kunye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu, njengoko kuphawuliwe, kukuba iiseli zomhlaza wamaphaphu zinokukwazi ukuphuka kunye nokusabalalisa kwezinye iindawo zomzimba. Oku kwasasazeka, eneneni, yimbangela yecala lokufa komhlaza. Enye yeentlukwano phakathi kweeseli zomhlaza kunye neeseli eziqhelekileyo kukuba amangqamuzana omhlaza awanakho "ukuqina." Iiseli eziqhelekileyo zivelisa izinto ezibangela ukuba bahlale kunye. Ngaphandle kwesi sigxina, amangqamuzana omhlaza womphunga angahamba kwaye akhule kwezinye iindawo, aze ahlasele izakhiwo eziseduze.

Kukho iindlela ezine eziphambili apho umdlavuza wamaphaphu usasazeka khona . Iyakwazi "ukuhlasela" izicubu zendawo. Ngokungafani nezicubu ezinobungozi ezinokuthi zitshintshe izicubu ezikufuphi, i-cancer ingena emathangeni afutshane. Esi sizathu sokuba igama elithi "umhlaza," ovela kwigama le-crab; Umhlaza unokuthumela izandiso ezinjenge-crab kwiimveliso ezikufutshane.

Amaseli omhlaza womlenze angaphula kwaye asasaze ngegazi okanye inkqubo ye-lymph ukuya kwiindawo ezikude. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kwafunyaniswa ukuba umhlaza wamaphaphu unokuhamba kwaye usasaze nge-airways kwimiphaphu.

Ingaba Ingqumbo Yengculaza Ihlala Iphela?

Nangona kunqabile kakhulu, umdlavuza wamaphaphu, ngezinye iimeko, uhamba nje. Lo mzekelo ubhekiselwa ekubeni ukuxolelwa ngokukhawuleza komhlaza. Abaphengululi bayaphonononga ekufumaneni oku kufunyaniswa indlela amajoni ethu omzimba asetyenziswa ngayo ukususa amaseli omhlaza, kunye nokunyangwa kwezilwanyana ngokusekelwe kulo mgaqo.

Ukuhlolwa kweCarcer Lung

Kuze kube kutshanje, asizange sibe novavanyo lokuhlola ukuhlolwa komhlaza wamaphaphu, kodwa oko kuye kwatshintshile. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-x-rays yesifuba ayilona uvavanyo olufanelekileyo lokuhlola ukuhlolwa kwezicwangciso njengoko ezi zinto zihluleka ukuthatha umdlavuza wamaphaphu kwisigaba sokuqala ukwenzela ukuba kuphuculwe ukusinda. Umdlavuza womlenze I-CT ukuhlolwa ngoku ikhuthazwa kubantu aba:

• ziphakathi kweminyaka engama-55 no-80
• ukutshaya ubuncinane ubuncinane kwiminyaka eyi-30 yepakethi (umnyaka wepakethi ubalwa ngokuphindaphinda inani leepakethi ze-cigarettes zibhema imihla ngemihla inani leminyaka libhema)
• qhubeka utshaya okanye uyeka kwiminyaka eyi-15 edluleyo

Kubantu abanomngcipheko, njengembali yentsapho yomdlavuza wamaphaphu, imbali yeCOPD, okanye ezinye izinto ezinobungozi bomdlavuza wamaphaphu, ukucutshungulwa kwakhona kunokuqwalaselwa. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ukuba wonke umntu ofanelekileyo wokuhlola ukufumana izi mvavanyo, izinga lokufa komdlavuza wamaphaphu lingahle linciphise ngama-20 ekhulwini.

Uphi I-Cancer Cancer Spread?

Iindawo eziqhelekileyo zomhlaza wesifo somdlavuza ziquka ubuchopho, amathambo, isibindi, kunye neengqungquthela ze-adrenal. Ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza womphunga-umzekelo, umhlaza wesifo somhlaza wamaphaphu-uvame ukuxilongwa emva kokuba umhlaza sele usasazeka. Umdlavuza womlenze uyingqayizivele nokuba ungasasaza amathambo esandla kunye neenyawo.

Unyango lwe-Cancer

Izinyango zokwelapha umhlaza wamaphaphu ziye zaphucula kakhulu kwiminyaka yamuva. Ezi ziquka:

• Ugqirha - Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zokuhlinzwa komhlaza wamaphaphu onokwenziwa, ngokuxhomekeka kubukhulu kunye nendawo yesikhumba.
• Ulwaphulo lwe-radiation - Ulwaphulo lwe- radiation lunokunikwa njengesigqirha sokuhlinzwa, ukunciphisa intlungu okanye ukuvinjelwa kwamanzi ngenxa yomhlaza, okanye kwizinga eliphezulu kwiindawo ezikuloo ndawo ukuzama ukuphilisa umdlavuza (i-stereotactic body radiotherapy.).
• I-Chemotherapy - I-Chemotherapy isoloko isebenzisa inhlanganisela yamachiza ukuphatha umhlaza wamaphaphu.
• Iimpawu zokwelapha ezijoliswe kuyo - Wonke umntu onomdlavuza wamaphaphu kufuneka abe neprofayile yee-molecular (ukuhlolwa kofuzo) ekwenzeni izicubu zabo. Izidakamizwa zonyango ezijoliswe ngoku zifumanekayo kubantu abathwala izicubu kunye nezinguqu ezininzi zokuguquka kwemvelo kuquka ukuguquka kwe-EGFR, ukulungiswa kwe-ALK kunye nokulungiswa kweROS1. Qhagamshelana ne-oncologist yakho uludwe oluhlaziyiweyo lweenguqulelo.
• Immunotherapy - Ngo-2015, izidakamizwa ezimbini ze-immunotherapy zavunywa ukuba zonyango lomhlaza wemiphunga. Kwezinye iimeko, ezi ziyobisi ziye zaphumela ekusindeni kwexesha elide nangenxa yezo zigaba eziphambili zomhlaza wamaphaphu.

Uhlobo olutsha olunomdla wokukhathazwa ngumhlaza lubizwa ngokuba ngumnyameko. Ukunyamekela ngokunyamekela kuyinkathalo eyenzelwe ukujongana neembalo ezipheleleyo zeemfuno zonyango kubantu abanomdlavuza, kubandakanya ukuxhaswa ngokomzimba, ngokomzwelo nangokomoya. Ngokungafani nokunyamekelwa kwabantwana base-hospice, ukunakekelwa ngenyameko kunokusetyenziswa kunoma ubani, nokuba unomdlavuza onokucatshiswa. Iziphumo zokuqala zifumene ukuba, ngaphezu kokuphucula umgangatho wobomi kubantu, le nkathalo inokuphucula nokuphila.

Ezinye iintlobo zonyango ezifana nokukhwa kwamanzi ziza kunceda abantu bajamelane neempawu eziza nomhlaza kunye nomhlaza wonyango. Ezi zonyango zokudibanisa ziyafumaneka kwiindawo ezininzi zomhlaza.

Ukuba sele Ufumene I-Cancer Lung

Ukuba usanda kuthiwa unomdlavuza wamaphaphu, mhlawumbi unokwesaba kakhulu kwaye awuyi kuncipha. Ukufunda ngokusemandleni akho ngomhlaza wakho kunokukunceda uzive ngakumbi ekulawuleni unyango lwakho, kwaye kukunceda udlale indima ebalulekileyo ekunyamekeleni kwakho. Phando wakho ngomhlaza. Fumana kubahlobo kunye nosapho uze ubavumele ukuba bancede ngezinto onokuzithumela zona. Funda indlela yokuzithethelela njengesigulane somhlaza .

Unokuziva uzimele xa ujamelana noko kungekho mntu kwiqela lakho labathandekayo abanokuyiqonda. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kumaqela okuxhasa umdlavuza kunye noluntu kunokukuvumela ukuba udibanise nabanye abahamba ngendlela efanayo. La maqela yindlela efanelekileyo yokuhlala ihlaziywa kuphando olutsha malunga nomhlaza wamaphaphu.

Thatha isikhashana ukuzithoba, uze uxolele ukuba uziva ungaphandle kweentlobo. Akukho mntu uyazi ukuba baya kuziva njani ade bafumaneke. Iimvakalelo ozifumanayo zinokuthi zixhomekeke ekudakaleni kwintlungu, ukuxhalabisa-ngamanye amaxesha kwimizuzu embalwa nje. Khangela ezi nyathelo zokuqala xa usandululwazi .

Ukuba Umthande Wakho Unomdlavuza Weengculaza

Ukuba ungumthandi wakho kunokuba wena ufumene unomdlavuza wamaphaphu, ngamanye amaxesha kunokuba nzima kunzima ukuhlangabezana nayo. Ngaphezulu kwe-diagnostic, unokuziva ungancedi ngokupheleleyo ukuba ungenzani. Ngethuba elifanayo lokuba unenkxalabo kunye nokudakumba, iimvakalelo zakho ezithandekayo zidideka kwaye zidideke. Hlola ezi ngcamango malunga " xa umthandayo enomdlavuza wamaphaphu " apho abantu abahlala nesi sifo babelana ngayo oko bafuna ukuba abo bathandekayo bazi.

ILizwi

Ubuso bomhlaza wemiphunga buyaguquka. Kwiminyaka emininzi, abantu abaphila nomdlavuza wamaphaphu baye babhekana nokujamelana nomdlavuza wesifo somswakama "isifo sobhema" kodwa inkolelo yokuba iyingozi ngokufanayo. Esi sikhala sitshintsha njengoko uluntu luyaqonda ngakumbi ukuba nabani na abaneemiphunga bangakwazi ukufumana umhlaza wamaphaphu. Inkcazo yokusinda iyatshintsha ngokunjalo, njengoko uluntu lufunda ngemishanguzo emitsha kunye neyona ndlela ivunyiwe. Ukongezelela kwimiqathango emitsha yonyango evunyiweyo kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo yodwa, kukho iipilisi ezingaphezu kwe-100 ezifundiswa kwizilingo zesifo somhlaza wemiphunga.

Sisenendlela yokuhamba, kodwa abantu abaninzi basinda-kwaye banomdla-ngelixa behlala nesi sifo. Kukho ithemba elininzi.

_Imithombo:

_{American Cancer Society. Iingqinisiso zeCans and Figures 2016. http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/cancerfactsfigures2016/}

_{I-American Lung Association. Iphepha leMhlaza yeLung Cancer. http://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/lung-cancer/learn-about-lung-cancer/lung-cancer-actact-heet.html}

_{Dlula J, uCarbone D, uJohnson D. et al. Iimigaqo kunye nokuSebenza kweCarcer Lung . 4 Ed. UWilliams noWilkins: ngo-2010.}