Kuphi na umhlaba umdlavuza wamaphaphu uqhelekileyo? Thatha ukuqwalasela kumazwe aphezulu angama-10 ngaphambi kokuba uqhube phambili, kodwa kuqala uzibuze: "Kutheni oku kubalulekile?"
Ukuqwashisa umhlaba ngokuqinisekileyo kuyisinye sezizathu zokujonga umhlaza wamaphaphu emhlabeni jikelele. Ziziphi iimfuno ezinkulu?
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Uphi I-Cancer yeMlenze Eyona Ininzi?Kodwa esinye isizathu esibalulekileyo sokubuza lo mbuzo kukuba kuphakamisa imibuzo ephakamileyo. Siyazi ukuba ukutshaya kubangela umdlavuza, kodwa umlinganiselo wokutshaya nomdlavuza wamaphaphu awuhambi ngokuhamba ngesandla. Ngoba? Kutheni kukho umehluko phakathi kwamazwe anesilinganiselo esiphezulu somhlaza wamaphaphu ngokubanzi, kunye nesantya somdlavuza wamaphaphu kwabasetyhini?
Iimbangela zomdlavuza wamaphaphu nazo zibizwa ngomhlaba kulo mbuzo. Ehlabathini lonke, iipesenti ezingama-80 zamanqamu emaphaphu kumadoda kuthiwa zibhema, kodwa kuphela iipesenti ezingama-50 zamanqamu emiphunga emabhinqa ahlobene nokutshaya. Ziziphi izimbangela zomhlaza wamaphaphu kwenye i-50 ekhulwini yabasetyhini, kwaye ingakwazi ukwazi oku, kunye nemilinganiselo yokukhusela apho kuyimfuneko, yenza umehluko kwabasetyhini e-United States kunye? Emva kwakho konke, imbangela ebangela ukufa komdlavuza e-US kumfazi ngumhlaza wemiphunga, kungekhona umhlaza wesifuba. Enyanisweni, baninzi abafazi abangabhiyiyo (abatshongo nabokutshaya) abafa e-US ngamnye ngonyaka ukusuka kumdlavuza wamaphaphu, kunabesifazane-abangabhemi kunye nabokutshaya-abafa ngenxa yomhlaza wesibele.
Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ngelixa sibona ukulingana ngokubanzi okanye nokuba wehla kwinani elipheleleyo labantu abanomdlavuza wamaphaphu e-US, iziganeko zeqela elinye ziyanda: ezo zincinci, abafazi abangafuni ukutshaya. Ngaba singayibona ihlabathi lisinceda siphendule lo mbuzo?
Nangona ukwazi ukubhekela icuba kungenako kwaye kwenze impembelelo enkulu ekhaya nangaphezu kwamachibi, ukujongwa emhlabeni jikelele kusikhumbuza ukuba umsebenzi wethu wokuthintela nokufumanisa kwangaphambili, ukungathethi ngonyango olungcono, awukwenziwanga.
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Inombolo 1 - Hungary (iDenmark yabaseTyhini)IHungary inezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lomdlavuza emhlabeni wonke, ngelixa iDenmark inezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lomdlavuza wamaphaphu kwabasetyhini. IHungary ilandela umendo wamazwe amaninzi aseMpuma Yurophu (ngaphandle kweRomania) apho umhlaza wesifo somdlavuza usanda kwanda.
IHungary ngumzekelo apho ukutshaya nomdlavuza wamaphaphu kuhambelana. Njengoko iHungary inezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lomdlavuza wamaphaphu ehlabathini, libuye libe nelinye lamazinga aphezulu okutshaya emhlabeni jikelele.
Kodwa nangona xa ukutshaya kubangela isizathu somhlaza wemiphunga, njengaseHungary, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ezinye izizathu ezinokwenzeka. Ukunyuka kwe-Asbestos yinto enobungozi obungakumbi kwiHungary, okungekho kuphela kumdlavuza wamaphaphu kodwa ukuphuhliswa kwe- mesothelioma enyantya , enomdlavuza oqala kwi- mesothelium , isikhankaso esenza imiphunga.
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Inombolo 2 - iSerbia (eKhanada yabaseTyhini)ISerbia inomlinganiselo wesibini ophezulu wesifo somhlaza emaphasini emhlabeni kwaye lizwe elihlala linye lamazinga aphezulu okutshaya emhlabeni jikelele.
Oku akumangalisi kunikwe into esiyifumayo ngomhlaza wamaphaphu kunye nokutshaya ukususela kuma-50 ekhulwini lamadoda (kunye nama-30 ekhulwini kwabasetyhini) kweli lizwe. Kukho ezinye izinto ezingaphaya kokutshaya, nangona kunjalo, ezinokuthi zibe negalelo kule nqanaba.
Ezinye izifundo zifumene ukuba ukunyusa umzimba kunciphisa umngcipheko womhlaza wamaphaphu, kwaye uphando olutshanje lufumanise ukuba kuphela ipesenti ezili-10 zamadoda aseSerbia ezenza umsebenzi oqhelekileyo. KwiSerbia, ama-50 ekhulwini amadoda aphezulu, ngelixa ukutya okunempilo kunokunciphisa ingozi yomhlaza wamaphaphu. Ukutya okuphakamileyo kwi-lutein (isipinashi, i-broccoli) kunye ne-lycopene (utamatisi kunye neetatustiksi) kubonakala kunciphisa umngcipheko womhlaza wamaphaphu ngelixa ukutya okunamafutha amaninzi kukuphakamisa umngcipheko. Izifundo ziye zafumanisa ukuba ukutya okuphezulu kwezinye iintlobo zotywala kunokuvelisa ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu , kwaye ama-40 ekhulwini amadoda aseSerbia asebenzisa utshwala imihla ngemihla kwisifundo esinye.
Enye into ekufuneka ifakwe ingqalelo yintlawulo yokufa komdlavuza wamaphaphu xa sele ifunyenwe. Ngeemeko zoqoqosho eSerbia kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukunakekelwa kwezonyango kunokuba kungalingani nakwamanye amazwe.
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Inombolo 3 - Korea (i-United States yabaseTyhini)I-Korea (iDemocratic Republic of Korea) inomlinganiselo wesithathu ophezulu wesifo somdlavuza emhlabeni. Kukho unxibelelwano olucacileyo phakathi komhlaza wamaphaphu kunye nokutshaya eKorea, nangona abantu abaninzi bekumangaliswe ukuva amazinga aphezulu emdlavuza wamaphaphu kwamanye amabhinqa aseAsia kunye nabesifazane abathi baseYurophu, nangona izinga eliphantsi lokutshaya. Kucingelwa ukuba ukungcoliseka komoya wangaphakathi kwitofu kunye namafutha okupheka kungabikho kwingozi enkulu yomdlavuza wamaphaphu kwamanye amazwe aseAsia. Umsi wesibini ubonakala ngathi ungumngcipheko omkhulu wemhlaza womphunga eKorea, nakwamanye amazwe jikelele.
IMpuma yeMpuma evela eKorea ibonakala into eyenziwe njengomdlavuza wepopayi waseJapane . Kutheni amadoda aseMerika enomdlavuza wamaphaphu nangona abantu baseJapan bebhema ngaphezulu (ngokwemyinge?) Kukho imibono emininzi, nangona akukho mntu uyazi ukuba kutheni oku kuyiyo. Kungenzeka ukuba kukho ezimbalwa izingozi zomdlavuza (okwenza umdlavuza) kwizibambo zaseJapan kunezibhebhe zaseMelika. Okanye mhlawumbi umbane okanye ukutya kubolekisa amadoda aseJapan ukuba anganyangekanga kwimiphumo yengqumbo yomsi. Kungakhathaliseki isizathu, oku kusikhumbuzo esihle ukuba umdlavuza (zonke ii-cancer) ziqhelekileyo zizifo ezininzi, oku kuthetha ukuba izinto ezininzi zisebenza kunye okanye zikhusele umdlavuza.
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Inombolo 4 - iMacedonia (Korea yabaseTyhini)I-FYR Makedoni ine-4 ephezulu yesifo somhlaza kumaphaphu emhlabeni.
Ukongeza kwiqela elininzi labashushu eMakedoniya (malunga ne-40 ekhulwini labantu), ubudala obudala ekuqalekeni kokutshaya (xa umntu eqala ukutshaya) uthathwa njengengozi ebalulekileyo kweli lizwe.
Uphando lubonisa ukuba ngaphezu kweenombolo zecuba, kwaye ubude bokuba umntu utshaya, ubudala obuqala ukutshaya buya kuphakamisa ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Oku kunengqiqo kuba abo baqala ukutshaya beselula banokukwenza njalo ngexesha lokukhula kwamapopu kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezayo. Ucwaningo lwe-Genetic luye lwaxhasa le ngqungquthela, ngobungqina bexesha elide lokuguqula umzimba kwi-DNA eqhubekayo kubantu ababhemayo abaqala umkhuba wabo ngaphambili.
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Inombolo 5 - iNew Calendonia (eHungary yabaseTyhini)Ukongezelela kokutshaya, ukuchayeka emsebenzini kwizinto ezifana ne-asbestos kwimbangela ebalulekileyo yomdlavuza wamaphaphu eNew Caledonia. EUnited States, ukuchazwa komsebenzi ngokucwangciswa komsebenzi kucatshangelwa ukuba kube negalelo kuma-13 ukuya kwe-29 ekhulwini lamanomdla emiphunga, kwaye oku kuyahlukahluka kwihlabathi jikelele.
Izifundo ziye zafumana amadoda aseNew Caledonia asebenza ngebhasi kunye nabashayeli bamaloli (ukukhishwa kweedelesi) kunye nalabo abonakaliswe kwimveliso yokucoca, utyilisi olungenasimo, kunye nothuli lomhlaba banomngcipheko wokwanda komdlavuza wamaphaphu.
I-Caledonia eNtsha, njengeHungary, inesimo esiphezulu se-mesothelioma esicengayo, esiye sadibaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwe-asbestos emdaka.
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Inombolo 6 - iMontenegro (eNetherlands yabaseTyhini)I-Montenegro ine-6 ephezulu yesifo somhlaza wamaphaphu kwihlabathi kwaye ibuye ibe neyona yezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokutshaya emhlabeni jikelele.
Izifundo ezijongene nomdlavuza wamaphaphu eMontenegro zigqamisa ubudlelwane obucacileyo phakathi kokutshaya nomhlaza wemiphunga. Ukususela ngo-1976 ukuya ku-2000, izinga lokubhema kweli lizwe landa ngamaphesenti angama-98. Ngethuba eli lixesha, iziganeko zomdlavuza wamaphaphu emadodeni ziphantse ziphindwe kabili, kwaye kwabesetyhini baphantse bathathu.
Ukongeza, iindidi zomhlaza wamaphaphu eziqhelekileyo ziye zatshintsha eMontenegro. Ukususela ngo-1997 ukuya ku-2001, ukwanda okwenziwe kwiziganeko ezincinci ze-carcinoma kwaphawulwa kwindoda kunye nabasetyhini, ngelixa iziganeko ze-cell cell non-small cell lung. Nangona ukutshaya kunokuba negalelo kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lomhlaza womphunga, lugxininiswe kakhulu kunye nomdlavuza omncinci wamangqamuzana omhlaza , nomdlavuza wamaphaphu ofunyanwa ekungabikho ukutshaya, kaninzi umdlavuza wesifo samangqamuzana .
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Inani le-7 - iDenmark (i-Iceland yeBasetyhini)IDenmark ine-7 ephezulu yesifo somdlavuza emhlabeni. Ingxenye yale yinyani ephakamileyo yomhlaza wamaphaphu, kodwa iDenmark ineenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokugcinwa kwerekhodi, okwenza ukwazi ukuhlola umdlavuza kweli lizwe lichaneke ngakumbi.
IDenmark ibona umzekelo omhle wokuba ukubhema ukugcina abantu kungasindisa ubomi. Isiganeko somhlaza wamaphaphu sifike kakhulu kwiDenmark ngo-1985 kwaye ngoku siwela kumadoda (nangona iqhubeka iphakama kwabasetyhini.)
Ukongezelela kokutshaya, kukho ubudlelwane obalulekileyo phakathi kokungcola komoya nomhlaza womphunga eDenmark. Ukwanda kwendawo engcoliseko yomoya, kunye neendlela zokuhamba kwendlela, ziye zadibana nomngcipheko, kanti ukunyanzeliswa kwezithuthi ezitratweni ezikufuphi kunye ne-nitrogen oxides ukuxilongwa akubonakali kuhambelana nomngcipheko.
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Inombolo 8 - i-United States yaseMelika (iIreland yaBafazi)I-United States inomdla wesifo se-8 esiphezulu somdlavuza emhlabeni wonke, nomdlavuza wemiphunga kumadoda nabasetyhini ibangela phambili yokufa komdlavuza.
Ngokuqaphela ukutshaya, iziganeko zomhlaza wamaphaphu sele ziqala ukunciphisa emadodeni kwaye zihlawulela kubafazi.
Ukuhlolwa kwesifo somhlaza kubantu abasemgangathweni kuye kwavunywa, kwaye kucatshangelwa ukuba ukuphonononga kunganciphisa ukufa (izinga lokufa) lomhlaza womphunga ngamaphesenti angama-20 e-United States.
Nje ngezinye iindawo zomhlaba, kukho izinto ezinobungozi obungapheli ukutshaya, kwaye nabani na abaneemiphunga basengozini. Ukuba awuzange uphuze, oko kuyamangalisa, kodwa qiniseka ukuba ukhangele izibangela zomdlavuza wamaphaphu kwabangabhemi ukuba ubone ukuba unokunciphisa umngcipheko wakho.
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Inani 9 - IPoland (iNorway kwaBafazi)IPoland ine-9 ephezulu yesifo semhlaza yomdlavuza emhlabeni, izinga elixhomekeke ngokutshaya. Ngo-1990 kwacatshulwa ukuba ama-40 ekhulwini amadoda asePoland awafa kwangaphambili ngenxa yesifo esichaphazelekayo. Izinga lokubhema liye lahla ukusuka kuloo xesha.
Umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga kumabhinqa asePoland uhlukile kancinci, kunye nembali yentsapho yomdlavuza wamaphaphu edlala indima kwimeko. Kwabesetyhini basePoland, abanomdla wesiqhelo sokuqala nomhlaza womphunga udibene nomngcipheko ophezulu kakhulu wokuphuhlisa eso sifo.
Kwakhona kubonakala ukuba abafazi basePoland (kunye mhlawumbi nezinye iindawo zehlabathi) banokungena kwii-carcinogens kwi-smoking smoke ngaphezu koonyana. Abasetyhini basePoland bavame ukuhlakulela umdlavuza wamaphaphu emncinci kunamadoda nasemva kokutshaya kwegayibha kunye neminyaka embalwa yokutshaya. Abasetyhini kweli lizwe nabo banakho amathuba okuba bangaphila bomi.
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Inani le-10 - iCanada (i-United Kingdom yabaseTyhini)I-Canada ine-10 ephezulu yesifo semhlaza yomdlavuza emhlabeni, kwaye njenge-United States ngumzekelo wendlela ulwaphulo lwe-tobacco lunokugcina ngayo ubomi. Kodwa umdlavuza wamaphaphu usisona sihlandlo esibangela ukufa komdlavuza kumadoda kunye nabasetyhini baseCanada.
Ngolwazi oludibanisa umdlavuza wamaphaphu kunye nokutshaya nokutshaya umgudu wokuyeka ukutshaya, umdlavuza wemiphunga wamaphaphu waqala ukulinganisa ngawo-1980. Iminyaka embalwa phambi kweUnited States kule nkqubela, izinga lomdlavuza wamaphaphu labasetyhini alunyukanga ukususela ngo-2006.
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