Kukho iintlobo ezininzi phakathi kweeseli zomhlaza kunye neeseli eziqhelekileyo. Ezinye zeentlukwano ziyaziwayo, kanti ezinye zifumaniswe nje kwaye ziqondwa kakuhle. Unokuba nomdla kwindlela amangqamuzana omhlaza ahluke ngayo xa ulwa nomdla wakho okanye owamthandayo. Kubaphandi, ukuqonda indlela amangqamuzana omhlaza asebenza ngayo ngokwahlukileyo kwiiseli eziqhelekileyo zibeka isiseko sokwenza unyango olulungiswe ukukhupha umzimba weeseli zomhlaza ngaphandle kokulimaza iiseli eziqhelekileyo.
Isiqephu sokuqala saleluhlu sixoxa ngokungafani kokuqala phakathi kwamaseli omhlaza kunye neeseli ezinempilo. Kwabo abanomdla kwezinye zeengxaki ezahlula kunzima, isahlulo sesibini saloluhlu lubuchwephesha.
Inkcazo emfutshane yeeprotheni emzimbeni olawula ukukhula kweeseli nayo inokunceda ekuqondeni iiseli zomhlaza. I- DNA yethu ithatha iigleji eziyimveliso yeeprotheni eziveliswa emzimbeni. Ezinye zeeprotheni zizinto zokukhula, iikhemikhali ezithi iiseli zihlukane kwaye zikhule. Ezinye iiprotheni zisebenzela ukunqanda ukukhula. Ukutshintshiselwa kwamagciwane athile (umzekelo, abo babangelwa ngumsi wecuba, umbane, i-ultraviolet radiation kunye nezinye i-carcinogens) kunokubangela ukuveliswa okungavamile kwamaprotheni. Zininzi zinokuveliswa, okanye akunakwaneleyo, nokuba ngaba iiprotheni aziqhelekanga kwaye zisebenza ngokuhlukileyo.
I-Cancer isifo esiyinkimbinkimbi, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ukudibanisa kwezi zinto ezingafanelekiyo ezikhokelela kwiselfini somhlaza, kunokuba kungatshintshi enye okanye iprotheyini engaqhelekanga.
Iisetyana zeCancer ngokubhekiselele kwiiseli eziqhelekileyo
Ngezantsi ezinye zeemeko ezinkulu phakathi kweeseli eziqhelekileyo kunye namaseli esifo somhlaza, ngokubhekiselele kwindlela izidumbu ezihlambalayo zikhula ngayo kwaye ziphendule ngokwahlukileyo kwiindawo ezikuyo kunezicubu ezinobungozi.
- Ukukhula -Amaseli omzimba ayayeka ukukhula (ukuvelisa) xa kukho iiseli ezaneleyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba iiseli ziveliswa ukulungisa ukusikwa kwesikhumba, iiseli ezintsha azivelanga xa kukho iiseli ezaneleyo ukuzalisa umgodi; xa umsebenzi wokulungisa usenziwa. Ngokwahlukileyo, iiseli zomhlaza aziyeka ukukhula xa kukho izisele ezaneleyo. Ukukhula okuqhubekayo kubangelwa ukuba kuqhutywe isisu (iqela lomhlaza weseli). Imfuyo nganye emzimbeni ithwala iprogram eneeprotheyini ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye zeeprotheni zizinto zokukhula, iikhemikhali ezithi iiseli zikhule kwaye zahlule. Ukuba i-gene idibanisa enye yeeprotheni inamathele kwindawo "kwi" ngokuguqulwa (i-oncogene) -i-protein eyenziwa ngokukhula. Ukuphendula, iiseli ziyaqhubeka zikhula.
- Ukunxibelelana- Iiseli zamanqwanqwa azisebenzisana nezinye iiseli njengeeseli eziqhelekileyo. Iiseli eziqhelekileyo ziphendula kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswe kwezinye iiseli eziseduze ezithi, ngokukodwa, "ufikelele umda wakho." Xa iiseli eziqhelekileyo "ziva" ezi zibonakalisi ziyayeka ukukhula. Iiseli ze-Cancer aziphenduli kule miqondiso.
- Ukulungiswa kwamaseli kunye nokufa kweeseli -Ii-cells ezingaqhelekanga zilungiswe okanye zife (ziphantsi kwe-apoptosis) xa zonakaliswe okanye zidala. Iiseli ze-Cancer ayilungiswanga okanye ayifuni i-apoptosis. Ngokomzekelo, iprotheni enye ebizwa ngokuba yi-p53 inomsebenzi wokuhlola ukuze ubone ukuba iseli limele kakhulu ukulungiswa kwaye ukuba kunjalo, cebisa iseli ukuba libulale. Ukuba le protein i-p53 ayiqhelekanga okanye ingasebenzi (umzekelo, ukusuka kwinguqu kwi- gene ye-p53 ,) iiseli ezindala okanye ezilimele zivunyelwe ukuvelisa. Uhlobo lwe-p53 luhlobo olulodwa lwe- genetic suppressor gene olukhokelela kwiiprotheni ezinqanda ukukhula kweeseli.
- Ukuqina -Ii-cells eziqhelekileyo zithumela izinto ezenza zihlangane ndawonye kwiqela. Iiseli ze-Cancer zihluleka ukwenza ezi zinto, kwaye "ziyahamba" kwiindawo ezikufuphi, okanye ngegazi okanye kwinkqubo ye-lymph channels ukuya kwiindawo ezikude emzimbeni.
- Ikhono lokuMetastasize (Spread) -Ii-cells eziqhelekileyo zihlala kwindawo yomzimba apho zingabakho. Ngokomzekelo, amangqamuzana emiphunga ahlala emiphakeni. Iiseli zomhlaza, ngenxa yokuba zingenayo iamolekyu yokubambezela eyenza ukunyamekela, ziyakwazi ukuhamba nge-bloodstream kunye ne-lymphatic system ukuya kwezinye iindawo zomzimba- zinako ukulungelelanisa . Xa befika kummandla omtsha (njengemilenze, imiphunga, isibindi, okanye amathambo) baqala ukukhula, kaninzi benza izicubu zisuswe kude kwi-tumor yokuqala. (Funda kabanzi malunga nomdlavuza .)
- Ukubonakala -Ukuthumela i-microscope, iiseli eziqhelekileyo kunye neeseli zomhlaza zingabonakala zihluke. Ngokungafani neeseli eziqhelekileyo, iiseli zomhlaza zihlala zibonisa ukuhluka ngokubanzi kwiseli yesinye-ezinye zikhulu kunesiqhelo kwaye ezinye zincinci kunezona ziqhelekileyo. Ukongezelela, iiseli zomhlaza zisoloko zinesimo esingavumelekanga, zombini iseli, kunye nucleus ("ubuchopho" beeseli.) I-nucleus ibonakala inkulu kwaye ibumnyama kuneeseli eziqhelekileyo. Isizathu sobumnyama kukuba i-nucleus yeeseli zomhlaza iqukethe i-DNA engaphezulu. Ngokusondeleyo, iiseli zomhlaza ziba nenani elingaqhelekanga lama-chromosomes ehlelwe ngendlela ehleleke ngayo.
- Isantya sokukhula -Izisele eziqhelekileyo zizityalo kwaye ziyeke xa kukho iiseli ezaneleyo. Iiseli zeCanscer zizalisa ngokukhawuleza phambi kokuba iiseli zithole ithuba lokukhula.
- Ukukhula -Ii-cells eziqhelekileyo zivuthiwe. Iiseli zeCcercer, kuba zikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye zahlula phambi kokuba iiseli zikhule ngokugcwele, zihlale zingapheli. Oogqirha basebenzise igama elingenakuchaphazelekayo ukuchaza iiseli ezifayo (ngokuchaseneyo ukuba zichazwe ukuchaza ezinye iiseli ezivuthiwe.) Enye indlela yokuchaza oku kukujonga iiseli zomhlaza njengeseli "ezingakhula" kwaye zizenzeke kwiiseli ezindala. Iqondo lokulinganisa kweeseli lihambelana ne "bakala" lomhlaza . Amanomhlaza ahlonywe kwizinga ukusuka ku-1 kuya ku-3 kunye ne-3 yinto enobudlova.
- Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-immune system- Xa iiseli eziqhelekileyo zonakaliswe, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela (ngokusebenzisa iiseli ezibizwa ngokuba yi-lymphocytes) sibonakalisa kwaye sisuse. Iiseli zomhlaza ziyakwazi ukugwema (inkohliso) isistim somzimba esanele ngokwaneleyo ukuba sikhule sibe ngumkhuhlane mhlawumbi ngokusinda ekufumaneni okanye ngokufihla imichiza ekhubaza iiseli zomzimba eziza kummandla. Amanye amachiza e-immunotherapy amasha athetha le nxalenye yesifo somhlaza.
- Ukusebenza -Ii-cell eziselungileyo zenza umsebenzi oye zenzelwe ukwenza, kanti iiseli zomhlaza zingasebenzi. Ngokomzekelo, iiseli zamhlophe zegazi ezimhlophe zinceda ukulwa nezifo. Kwi- leukemia , inani lamaseli egazi amhlophe linokuphakama kakhulu, kodwa ekubeni amaseli egazi ezimhlophe abulalayo asebenzayo njengoko ayenayo, abantu banokubeka ingozi kwintsholongwane kunye nebala eliphezulu lamhlophe yegazi. Kuyafana okufanayo nezinto ezivelisiweyo. Ngokomzekelo, iiseli eziqhelekileyo ze-thyroid zivelisa i-hormone ye-thyroid. Iiseli ze-thyroid ( umdlavuza we-thyroid ) zingenakuvelisa i-hormone ye-thyroid. Kule meko, umzimba ungasweleki i-hormone ye-thyroid ( hypothyroidism ) nangona inani elinyukayo leetyroid.
- Ukunikezelwa kwegazi - i- Angiogenesis yinkqubo eyenza iiselingi zitsalane imivenge yegazi ukuze zikhule kwaye zondle izicubu. Iiseli eziqhelekileyo ziqhuba inkqubo ebizwa nge-angiogenesis kuphela njengenxalenye yokukhula kunye nokuphuhliswa okuqhelekileyo kwaye xa kuthe kwafuneka izicubu ezintsha ukulungisa izicubu ezinobungozi. Iiseli zomhlaza zingaphantsi kwe-angiogenesis nangona ukukhula akudingekile. Olunye uhlobo lonyango lomhlaza lubandakanya ukusebenzisa i-angiogenesis inhibitors-imithi evimba i-angiogenesis emzimbeni ngenzame yokugcina izicubu zikhule.
Ulwahlulo olungakumbi phakathi kweeCells kunye neeCells eziqhelekileyo
Olu luhlu luqulethe olunye ulwahlulo phakathi kweeseli ezinempilo kunye namaseli omhlaza. Kwabo banqwenela ukuweqa ezi ngongoma zobugcisa, nceda weqa ukuya kwisiqendu esilandelayo esibhalwe phantsi shwa nkathela ulwahluko.
- Abaxhasi bokukhula okukhulayo -Ii-cells eziqhelekileyo zilawulwa ngokukhula (i-tumor). Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zegciwane elixhasayo kwizakhi zegciwane ezikhokelela kwiiprotheni ezikhubaza ukukhula. Olunye uhlobo luxelela iiseli ukuba zinciphise kwaye ziyeke ukuhlula. Olunye uhlobo lujongene nokulungisa utshintsho kwiiseli ezilimele. Udidi lwesithathu luphethe i-apoptosis ekhankanywe ngasentla. Iinguqulelo ezibangelwa naluphi na kwezi zithintelo zokugonywa kweengcambu ezingenakwenziwa ukuvumela ukuba iiseli zomhlaza zikhule zingakhange zihlolwe.
- Ukumenywa -Ii-cells eziqhelekileyo ziphulaphula iimpawu ezisuka kumaseli angumakhelwane kwaye ziyeke ukukhula xa zidibanisa kwizicubu eziseduze (into ebizwa ngokuba yi-contact inhibition). Ubunzima be-Benign (obungengomdlavuza) une-capsule ene-fibrous. Basenokungqubuzana nxamnye nezicubu ezikufuphi kodwa abafelanga / badibanise nezinye iiscupu. Iiseli ze-Cancer, ngokuchaseneyo, azihloneli imida kwaye zihlasele izicubu. Oku kubangela ukuba kuqhotyoshelwe iminwe efana neminwe edlalwa kwii-radiologic scans zezicubu zomhlaza. Igama lomhlaza, eqinisweni, livela kwi-latin elithi crab esetyenziselwa ukuchaza ukuhlasela kwe-crab efana ne-cancers ukuya kuma-tissue asondeleyo.
- Umthombo wamandla -Ii-cell ezininzi zifumana amandla amaninzi (ngendlela ye-molecule ebizwa nge-ATP) ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba ngumjikelo we-Krebs, kunye nomlinganiselo omncinane wamandla abo ngokusebenzisa inkqubo eyahlukileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-glycolysis. Njengoko iiseli eziqhelekileyo zivelisa amandla amaninzi phambi kwe-oksijeni, iseli zomhlaza zivelisa amandla amaninzi ekungabikho komoya. Le ngongoma emva kwe-hyperbaric yonyango ye-oksijeni eye yasetyenziswa ngokuhlola (ngeziphumo ezidumazayo ngoku) kwabanye abantu abanomdlavuza.
- Ukufa / Ukungapheli -Ii-cells eziqhelekileyo ziyafa, oko kukuthi, zinexesha lokuphila. Amaseli awayeklanyelwe ukuhlala ngonaphakade, kwaye njengabantu abakho, iiseli zikhula. Abaphandi baqala ukukhangela into ebizwa ngokuba yi- telomeres , izakhiwo ezibambe i-DNA ndawonye ekupheleni kwama-chromosomes, ngenxa yendima yabo emdlalweni. Enye yemingcele ekukhuleni kwiiseli eziqhelekileyo ubude beetelomeres. Njalo xa isahlulo sahlula, ii-telomeres ziba mfutshane. Xa i-telomeres ibe mfutshane kakhulu, iseli ayikwazi ukwahlula kwaye iseli iyafa. Iiseli ze-Cancer ziye zenza indlela yokuvuselela i-telomeres ukuze baqhubeke behlula. I-enzyme ebizwa ngokuba yi-telomerase isebenza ukwandisa i-telomeres ukwenzela ukuba iseli ikwazi ukwahlula ngonaphakade-ngokuqinisekileyo ibe yinto engafi.
- Amandla 'okufihla' -Abantu abaninzi bayazibuza ukuba kutheni umhlaza ungaphinda ubuyele kwiminyaka, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha emva kokuba kubonakala ngathi awukho (ngokukodwa ngeesisu ezifana ne-esrogen receptor positive cancer cancer). Ngokuqhelekileyo, kucingelwa ukuba kukho ubukhulu bomzimba wamaseli omhlaza, kunye neeseli (amangqamuzana omhlaza wesifo) ezinokukwazi ukumelana nokunyanga kunye nokulala. Le ndawo yenzelwe uphando, kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu.
- Ukungazinzi kwe-Genomic - Iiseli ezingekho phantsi kwe-DNA eziqhelekileyo kunye nenani eliqhelekileyo lama-chromosomes. Iiseli ze-Cancer zihlala zifumana inani elingaqhelekanga lama-chromosomes kwaye i-DNA iya kuba yinto engavamile njengoko ikhula ezininzi. Ezinye zezi ziguqulwa ngumqhubi, oku kuthetha ukuba ziqhuba ukuguqulwa kweseli ukuba ibe nomhlaza. Uninzi lweenguqulelo zinguqulelo zabagibeli, oku kuthetha ukuba abanalo msebenzi othe ngqo ngomhlaza weseli. Kwezinye iidrari, ukugqiba ukuba yiziphi iinguqu zogqirha ezikhoyo ( ukuxilisa i-molecule okanye ukuhlolwa kofuzo ) kuvumela oogqirha ukuba basebenzise imithi ejoliswe ngqo ekujoliseni ukukhula komhlaza. Ukuphuhliswa kwezilwanyana ezijoliswe kuyo njenge-EGFR inhibitors kwii-cancer kunye ne- EGFR iinguqulelo yenye yeenkalo ezikhula ngokukhawuleza kunye nenkqubela phambili yokwelashwa komhlaza.
Iinguqu ezininzi zifunekayo kwiSeli ukuba zibe neengxaki
Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, kukho iintlobo ezininzi phakathi kweeseli eziqhelekileyo kunye namaseli omhlaza. Kwakhona okuphawulekayo kukuba inani le "checkpoints" elifuneka ukuba lidlulelwe iseli ukuba libe ngumhlaza.
- Isisele kufuneka sibe neemeko zokukhula ezikhuthaza ukuba zikhule nangona ukukhula akudingekile.
- I-intanethi kufuneka ikhuphe iiprotheni ezithumela iiseli ukuba ziyeke ukukhula zize zife xa zingaqhelekanga.
- Iseli kufuneka ikhusele iimpawu ezisuka kwezinye iiseli,
- Iiseli kufuneka zilahlekelwe "ukuzinza" eziqhelekileyo
Konke kukho konke, kunzima ukuba iseli eliqhelekileyo libe ngumhlaza, okubonakala kukumangalisa ngokucinga ukuba omnye kumadoda amabini kunye nomnye kwabafazi abathathu baya kuba nomdlavuza ebomini babo. Ingcaciso kukuba emzimbeni oqhelekileyo, iiseli zeebhiliyoni ezintathu zihlukana ngalunye suku. "Izingozi" ekuveliseni iiseli ezibangelwa i-heredity okanye i- carcinogens kwimimandla ngexesha lezo zigaba zingenza iseli esilandelayo, esilandelayo, ingaba yintsholongwane yomhlaza.
Benign vs. Malignant Tumors
Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kumaseli esifo somhlaza kunye neeseli eziqhelekileyo ezenza izibilini ezinobungozi okanye ezibi. Ukongezelela, kukho iindlela zokuthi izicubu ezinomdlavuza okanye amaseli aqhelekileyo aziphathe emzimbeni. Ezinye zale ngxabano eyongezelelweyo ziphawulwe kweli nqaku malunga nokuhlukana phakathi kwezichumbo ezinobungozi .
I-Concept ye-Cancer Stem Cells
Emva kokuxoxa ngale mibahluko emininzi phakathi kweeseli zomhlaza kunye neeseli eziqhelekileyo, unokuzibuza ukuba kukho ukungafani phakathi kweeseli zomhlaza. Ukuze kubekho ulawulo oluphezulu lweeseli zeomhlaza-ezinye zibe nemisebenzi eyahlukileyo kunabanye-sisiseko seengxoxo ezibhekisele kwiiseli ezinomdlavuza ezichazwe ngentla.
Asiyiqondi indlela amangqamuzana omhlaza angabonakala efihla iminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka aze aphinde avele. Abanye bacinga ukuba "oomatshini" ekulawulweni kwimizimba yesifo somhlaza ebizwa ngokuba yintsholongwane yesifo somhlaza ingakwazi ukumelana nokunyanga kwaye unakho ukulala ngokulala xa ezinye iiseli zomhlaza zesondo zipheliswa yonyango ezifana ne-chemotherapy. Nangona ngoku siphatha zonke iiseli zomhlaza kwisisu njengento efanayo, mhlawumbi ukuba unyango oluzayo luya kuthathelwa ingqalelo kwimiba eyahlukileyo kwimizimba yesifo somhlaza.
Ngaphantsi kweeNtlukwano phakathi kwamaCells aqhelekileyo kunye neeCells Cancer
Abantu abaninzi banokukhungatheka, bazibuza ukuba kutheni singasifumana indlela yokumisa zonke ii-cancer kumathrekhi abo. Ukuqonda ezininzi utshintsho kwi-cell ehamba phantsi kwinkqubo yokuba ngumhlaza wesifo unokukunceda ukuchazela ubunzima obunzima. Akukho nanyathelo elinye, kodwa kuninzi, okwangoku ijongiswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ukongeza kule nto, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba umdlavuza awusinye isifo, kodwa kunokuba izikhulu zezifo ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye kunye namanqindi amabini anesifo esifanayo ngokuphathelele uhlobo kunye nesigaba, anokuziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Ukuba kukho abantu abangama-200 abanomxholo ofanayo kunye nesigaba somhlaza emagumbini, babeza kuba nama-cancer ahlukeneyo angama-200 avela kumbono wee molecular.
Kunceda, nangona kunjalo, ukwazi ukuba njengoko sifunda ngakumbi malunga nokwenza umhlaza weseli ngumhlaza wesifo, sifumana ingqiqo engakumbi malunga nendlela yokumisa eso sisele ekuveliseni, mhlawumbi nokwenza ukuba utshintsho libe yintsholongwane yomdlavuza yokuqala indawo. Inkqubela phambili sele isenziwa kule nqanaba, njengoko kuphuhliswa unyango olujoliswe kulolu calulo phakathi kweeseli zomhlaza kunye neeseli eziqhelekileyo ngendlela yazo. Kwaye uphando malunga ne-immunotherapy luyinto enomdla, njengoko sifumana iindlela zokuvuselela "iindlela zethu zokuzivikela" ukuze senze oko sele bekwazi ukukwenza. Fumana amangqamuzana omhlaza kwaye uwaphelise. Ukujonga iindlela iindlela amangqamuzana omhlaza azenza ngayo "kunye" kunye nokufihla kuye kwaphumela ekubeni unyango olungcono, kwaye ngokungaqhelekanga, ulungelelanise ukuphelisa, kubantu abathile abanezikhumba ezinamandla kakhulu.
> Imithombo:
> DeBaradinis, R. et al. I-biology yomhlaza: ukukhushulwa kweeselfamilyfelming cell fuel growth and proliferation. Cell Metabolism . 2008. 7 (1): 11-20.
> INational Cancer Institute. I-SEER Training Module. I-Cell Biology yeCarcer. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/disease/cancer/biology/
> INational Cancer Institute. Yintoni iCancer? Ukuhlaziywa 02/09/15. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-cancercer
> Nio, K., Yamashita, T., noS S. Kaneko. I-Conformation Concept of Liver Cancer Stem Cells. I-Cancer Cancer . 2017. 16 (1): 4.