Ingathatha iminyaka emininzi phakathi kokungcola kunye nophuhliso lomhlaza kamva. Usenokuva malunga nabantu abachazwa kwi-asbestos kunye nokuphuhlisa i-mesothelioma iminyaka emininzi kamva. Icala lifana nelo liza kutshaya umsila kunye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Kuthetha ukuthini ukuba kukho ixesha elidlulileyo lexesha elibizwa ngokuba ngumzuzu we-latency phakathi kokungcola kwesobisi esibangela umdlavuza kunye nemiqondiso yokuqala yomhlaza.
Kutheni ixesha lokubaluleka libalulekile kwaye lenza njani ukuba kubonakale kunzima izizathu zomhlaza? Yintoni oku kuthetha ntoni kubantu abaye bavezwa kwiikhemikhali ezinobuthi, njengabasebenzi abandakanyekayo ekuhlanguleni nasekuphulukeni emva kweentlekele zeWorld Trade Center?
Ixesha leLatter for Development Cancer: Inkcazo
Ixesha lokugqibela lomhlaza lichazwa njengengakanani yexesha elidlulayo phakathi kokuqala kokungena kwi-carcinogen (isifo esibangela umdlavuza) kunye nokuxilongwa komhlaza. Umzekelo, mhlawumbi uqhelana nokubhema ugwayi njengomngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga . Ixesha le-latency, kule ngxaki, liya kuchazwa njengokuba ubude bexesha phakathi kokuqala ukutshaya, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwangoko kunye nokuxilongwa komhlaza wemiphunga.
Ixesha le-latency lingahlukahluka ngokuxhomekeke kunomdla othile obangela umdlavuza kwaye uvavanyo lomhlaza othile okanye umdlavuza.
Ixesha lingaba mfutshane, njengokungabonakali kwizinto ezivuthayo kwi-Hiroshima naseNagasaki kunye nophuhliso lwe-leukemia, okanye mhlawumbi lide, njengexesha eliqhelekileyo phakathi kokungena kwi-asbestos kunye nokuphuhliswa kwe-mesothelioma kamva. I-Cancer ingaxhomekeka kumanqanaba aphakamileyo amaxesha aphezulu okubhenca okanye amazinga aphantsi aphantsi.
Yintoni i-carcinogen?
Ku luncedo xa uthetha ngexesha lokumisa ukuqala ukuphonononga kuqala inkcazo yamagciwane . I-carcinogens zizinto ezikuyo kwimeko esicinga ukuba ziphakame umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza.
Ezi zinto zingabandakanya ukukhanya kwemitha, iikhemikhali, ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, kunye ne -virus-causing causing viruses . Imizekelo enokuyifumana nayo ibandakanya i-asbestos, i- radon , umsi wocuba kunye ne-arsenic.
I-carcinogenicity ayiyona into esenzululwazi-asiyazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ukuchayeka kuya kubangela umdlavuza. I-International Association for Research on Cancer izahlula i-carcinogens ngokusekelwe kwimeko yokuba bangabangela umdlavuza. Izigaba ziquka:
- Iqela 1 - I-carcinogen kubantu
- Iqela 2A - mhlawumbi i-carcinogen kubantu
- Iqela 2B - Kungenzeka i-carcinogen kubantu
- Iqela le-3 - Alukwahluleka ngokubhekiselele kwi-carcinogenicity in the people
- Iqela 4 - Mhlawumbi ayiyi-carcinogen kubantu.
Kwakubaluleke kakhulu ukubonisa ukuba umdlavuza usoloko unesifo "se-multipletifactoral" esiphumela ngenxa yesigxina sokuguqulwa kwamangqamuzana kwiiseli, kungekhona njengesiphumo soguqulelo olulodwa (kukho ezinye iimeko ezingakumbi, ikakhulukazi ngeengxaki zomhlaza wegazi ). Ngamanye amazwi, amaninzi amaninzi amanqaku asebenza kunye ukuze avelise okanye aphephe umhlaza.
Oku kwathiwa, nangona enye yeeseli zethu iqala ukutshintshwa kwezinto, ininzi yale maseli ayiqhubeki ukuba isifo somhlaza. Isistim somzimba sethu sixhotyiswe kakuhle ngeeseli ezilahla iiseli ezingaqhelekanga kunye nezonakaliswe, kodwa iiseli zomhlaza zihlukile .
Umzekelo we-multipletifactorial causation of cancer ingaba ngabasetyhini abavuthayo kunye ne-BRCA2 ye-gene mutation. I-BRCA2 i- gene infressor gene . Unokuba uqhelane nale "gene genetic breast" ngenxa yokwaziswa okuphakanyiswe ngu-Angelina Jolie. Okungaziwa kakuhle kukuba abafazi abathwala ukuguquka kwe-BRCA2 banomngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza wamaphaphu xa betshaya.
Kwezinye iimeko, ukutyhila kwii-carcinogens kunokungaphezulu kwongeziweyo. Ngokomzekelo, umngcipheko womhlaza wamaphaphu kunye ne-mesothelioma kubantu abambini abonakaliswe kwi-asbestos kunye nomsi mkhulu kunokuba uthe wanezela lo mngcipheko kunye.
Ukubaluleka kwexesha lokugqibela
Kukho izizathu ezininzi zokubangela ukuba kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ixesha lokugqibela lomhlaza. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo ubonakaliswe kwintsebenziswano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwecuba kunye nomhlaza wemiphunga. Abantu banokuziva becala iminyaka emininzi-ngexesha le-latency-ngaphambi kokuba kucace ukuba kukho ubudlelwane phakathi kokutshaya kunye neentlobo ezininzi zomhlaza .
Ingcamango yexesha le-latency inokukunceda ukucacisa ukuba kutheni singaqinisekanga ngengozi yokubonakalisa abantu ababandakanyekayo kwiimvavanyo ezicoca emva kwe-911.
Omnye umzekelo wokubaluleka kwexesha le-latency kuvela kwiingxoxo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwefowuni kunye nomhlaza wengqondo. Kuye kwaxutyushwa ngabanye abantu ukuba ukuba ukusetshenziswa kwefowuni ngumngcipheko womhlaza wengqondo kufuneka sibone ukwanda okwenziwe kwezi zicubu. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele, nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukutshaya ucuba kwaqala kwaye kwavela ngokufanayo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwefowuni, sisenokuzibuza ukuba ukutshaya ingabangela umhlaza. Kucacile ukuba ukutshaya kubangelwa ngumhlaza, kodwa ngenxa yexesha lokugqibela kweeminyaka, asizange senze uvavanyo olucacileyo lomngcipheko kwisalathiso. Ngamanye amazwi, i-jury isasemngciphekweni ngqo phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwefowuni kunye nomhlaza.
Ukuqonda ixesha lokugcina ixesha kunokunceda uchaze esinye sezizathu zokuba kutheni kunzima ukufunda isifo somdlavuza. Ukuba sasiqala isifundo namhlanje sibheke into ethile, asinakho iziphumo kwiminyaka emashumi. Umzekelo, ubuncinane ubuneminyaka engama-40 ukuba ixesha le-latency le-carcinogen liyiminyaka engama-40. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, uphando oluninzi (uphando oluthile) lujonga emva kwexesha. Ekubeni ezi zifundo zingakhange zicatshangelwe ngaphambi kwexesha (zifana nezifundo ezizayo) zidla ngokuphindaphindiweyo imibuzo engaphenduliweyo.
Izinto ezinokuthi zithinte ixesha lokugqibela
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezichaphazela zombini amathuba okuba i-carcinogen ingabangela ukuphuhliswa komhlaza kunye nexesha (ixesha lokugqibela) phakathi kokungcola kunye nokuxilongwa komhlaza. Ezinye zezi ziquka:
- Umthamo okanye ubunzulu bokubhenca.
- Ubungakanani bokubhenca.
- Ixabiso elithile (ezinye iindawo ezibonakalayo zinokubangela umdlavuza ngaphezu kwabanye).
- Uhlobo lomhlaza obangelwa kukuvela.
- Ubudala kwi-exposure. Ngamanye amanqaku ebomini, umzimba unomdla kakhulu kwii-carcinogens kunezinye (oku kunokuba lula ukuyiqonda xa kuthelekiswa nezifo ezithile.) Ngokomzekelo, ukusuleleka nge-cytomegalovirus kunokubangela iziphene ezinzima zokuzalwa xa udibana nokuqala kokukhulelwa, kodwa kuphela i-syndrome elula kunye nokukhathala kwelinye ixesha). Ngomdlavuza, ukunyanzeliswa kwemisebe ye-ioni e-utero kunokwenzeka ukuba kubangele umhlaza kunokugqithisa ngexesha lokuphila. Ukongeza, izinto ezinexesha elide le-latency zinokuthi zibangele umhlaza xa ukuvezwa kwenzeka kwangoko kubomi ngenxa yokuba abantu bahlala ixesha elide ukwenzela ukuba umhlaza uphuhlise.
- Ngesini. Amadoda nabasetyhini banokuhluka kwiimeko zabo zokungena. Ngokomzekelo, bacingwa ngabanye (kodwa kungabanye) ukuba abafazi banakho ukuhlakulela umdlavuza wamaphaphu kunye nomlinganiselo ofanayo wokutshatyalaliswa kwecuba. Kubafazi, i-estrogen inokudlala indima ekuphuculweni komhlaza wamaphaphu.
- Ukuthathwa kwe-Genetic susceptibility. Umzekelo ocacileyo wefuthe lomfuzo ekuphuculweni komhlaza kubonakala kubantu abane-Down syndrome, abanokunyuka okwenzekayo ekuphuhliseni i-leukemia. Kukho eminye imizekelo. Enyanisweni, nangona ungaziqhelanisa nokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet njengento ebangela ukuba i-melanoma, ngoku icinga ukuba i-55 ekhulwini ye-melanomas inomzimba.
- Eminye ingozi yomhlaza
- Ezinye iimeko zonyango. Ukuchithwa kwe-immunosuppression (isistim e-immune system), nokuba kungenxa yeemeko zonyango, i-chemotherapy, okanye ezinye iziyobisi ezikhuselayo, ziphakamisa amathuba okuba ne-carcinogen ekhokelela ekuphuhlisweni komhlaza.
AbaSebenzi beCandelo loRhwebo kunye neNkundla yokuThuthukisa abasebenzi kunye neCarcer
Usenokuba uvile ukuba abantu ababancedayo ekuncedeni nasekuhlanguleni emva kwe-911 banomngcipheko ophezulu wokuba nomhlaza. Ngoku siva abantu beva ukuba ngaba abachaphazelekayo kwimigudu ecocekileyo banomngcipheko ophezulu womhlaza wemiphunga. Ngeli xesha, asikwazi nje. Esinye isizathu sokuba lo mngcipheko awucacile kukuba ngenxa yexesha lokugqibela. Nangona i-cancer ehlobene negazi efana ne-myeloma kunye ne-Hodgkin lymphoma inokuthi ibe nexesha elifutshane elikufutshane, loo mizimba enesifo esinomdlavuza wamaphaphu isoloko
Ngokusekelwe kwizifundo ukuya kutsho, kubonakala ngathi yingozi yengozi yomdla phakathi kwaba bantu. Uvavanyo olulodwa kuphela lwenkqubo engamawaka abasebenza ngomlilo kunye nabasebenzi bokuhlangula befumanisa ukuba iminyaka engama-7 emva kwentlekele, bekukho i-19 ekhulwini kwengozi enkulu yomhlaza kuzo zonke iindawo.
Amanqamana abonakala ngathi anyukile ngoku aquka umhlaza wesibeletho, umdlavuza we-thyroid, i-myeloma, kunye ne-non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ezinye ze-carcinogens ezibonwe ngothuli kunye neengxuwa ziquka i-asbestos, i-silika, i-benzene, kunye ne-polycyclic i-hydrocarboni enamakha. Kukho ukukhathazeka ukuba umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga uza kuba mkhulu kwixesha elizayo, kwaye ukuqonda umxholo wexesha lokubamba ixesha kunokuncedisa ukuba kutheni singazi ngakumbi ngeli xesha.
Umzekelo weentlukwano kwixesha lexesha elide kunye neCarogog esisodwa
Ixesha le-latency lingahlukahluka kakhulu ngee-carcinogens ezahlukeneyo, kodwa nangona i-carcinogen enye inokuthi kubekho ukuhluka kwixesha lokugqibela kunye nohlobo lweekhenya ezivela. Ucwaningo lwango-2017 lubhekiselele kwiisondo zamanqwelana kubantu abano-leukemia. Siyazi ukuba i-chemotherapy-ngelixa ngezinye izihlandlo ikwazi ukuphilisa le ngqumbo-ingaba yingozi ye-carcinogen ebangela ezinye i-cancer eziphantsi komgca.
Eqhutyelwa eArgentina, isifundo salandele abantu abane-leukemia okanye i-lymphomas eziqingqiweyo ukucacisa zombini iziganeko zeekliniki zesibini (iintsholongwane ezibangelwa unyango lomhlaza) kunye nexesha eliqhelekileyo lokulinda phakathi kokunyanga kwe-leukemia okanye i-lymphoma kunye nophuhliso lomhlaza wesibini. Phantse iipesenti enye yabasindileyo baba nomhlaza wesibili. Ixesha le-latency lalibe mfutshane kakhulu kwiikliniki ezinxulumene negazi ezisekondari kunezo zicubu ezinamandla. Ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokulinda i-hematologic (i-blood-related) i-cancer ye-leukemia kunye ne-lymphomas yayineenyanga ezingama-51 kodwa zahluka kwiinyanga ezili-10 ukuya kwe-110. Ixesha lokugqibela lokumisa kwiimvumi eziqinileyo laliyiinyanga ezili-110, kodwa ngeli xesha lide ukusuka kwi-25 ukuya kwi-236 iinyanga.
Indlela yokuSebenzisa le Mfundiso yokuNciphisa ingozi yeCarcer
Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, kukho izinto ezininzi esizibonakalisa kuyo yonke imihla enokubangela umdlavuza. Oku akuthethi ukuba kunomdla weqhinga lomhlaza, okanye ukuba iinkampani zikhulula i-carcinogens ukwenza imali kwiiyeza zamachiza e-chemotherapy phantsi komgca. Asinakho izibonelelo, ukufaka imali, okanye ixesha lokufunda i-carcinogenicity kunye nexesha elifanelekileyo lokuhamba kweekhemikhali ezisetyenziselwa ukurhweba.
Kuze kubekho uvavanyo oluye lwavavanywa malunga nobude bexesha elide, asikwazi ukuba yintoni inokuthi ingozi ibe yintoni. Nangona le ngcamango inokukhokelela abanye ukuba baphephe iimveliso ezintsha kunye nentloko ezintabeni, ukuqonda okuqhelekileyo kunye nokulumkisa kubakho konke okufunekayo ukuze uzigcine ukhuselekile.
Khusela ulusu kunye nemiphunga yakho. Ukuba umkhiqizo uncoma ukuba ugqoke iiglavu (ngokushicilela kakuhle) gqoka iiglavu. Siyazi ukuba ezininzi iikhemikhali zinokungena kwikhumba lethu. Ukuba umveliso uncoma ukusebenzisa i-ventilation efanelekileyo, iifestile ezivulekileyo okanye uvule umxhasi wokukhathala. Thatha ixesha lokufunda amaphepha okukhusela kwedatha kuwo onke amachiza osebenza nawo.
Ukuba uziva uxhalabile, khumbula kwakhona ukuba ezininzi iisomhlaza zibangelwa kukudibanisa kwezinto, kwaye unako ukulawula ezininzi ezininzi .
> Imithombo:
> I-American Cancer Society. Eyaziwayo kunye neNgenakwenzekayo yeCarogogos. Updated 11/03/16.
> Amacandelo okuLawula nokuLawula izifo. Ubuncinane beLatency kunye neNdidi okanye iiCandelo zeCancer . Ukuhlaziywa ngoMeyi 1, 2013.
> Felice, M., Rossi, J., Alonso, C. et al. I-Second Neoplasms Abantwana Elandela unyango lwe-Leukemia echaphazelekayo kunye / okanye i-Lymphoma: Iminyaka eyi-29 yamava kwiziko elilodwa kwiArgentina. Umbhalo we-Pediatric Hematology / Oncology . 2017. 39 (8): e406-e412.
> Li, J., Cone, J., Kahn, A. et al. Umbutho Phakathi kweZiko loRhwebo lweWorld Exvement and Risk Overseer. JAMA . 2012. 308 (23): 2479-2488.
> Veham, V., Verma, M., no S. Mahbir. Ubomi bokuqala-ntlupheko kwii-agent ezithathelwanayo kunye nophuhliso lomhlaza kamva. Ngonyango lweMhlaza . 2015. 4 (12): 1908-22.