Akukho nxalenye yomzimba inomthelela othe ngqo kuwo onke amalungu njengentliziyo. Yintliziyo yomsebenzi ukupompa igazi, kunye ne-oxygen yokunika ubomi kunye nezondlo, kuzo zonke izicubu zomzimba. Ukuba le mpompo iyawa, izitho ezibalulekileyo ezinjengeengqondo kunye neentso zihlupheke. Yaye ukuba intliziyo iyayeka ukusebenza ngokufa ngokukodwa kwimizuzu. Ubomi ngokwawo buxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwentliziyo.
Yilokho eyenza isifo senhliziyo sibe yinto ebalulekileyo.
Isifo senhliziyo siza kwiintlobo ezininzi. Esinye isifo senhliziyo sichaphazela isisu senhliziyo, ezinye zichaphazela iinjenge zentliziyo, ezinye zichaphazela inkqubo yombane, kwaye ezinye zichaphazela i-aronary arteries. Ezi ntlobo zesifo zentliziyo zinokuchaphazela intliziyo ngeendlela ezininzi.
Kodwa ingxaki enkulu kuyo zonke iintlobo zesifo senhliziyo kukuba, ngandlela-thile, bangaphazamisa isenzo esibalulekileyo sokupompa intliziyo.
Nanku uphando lweentliziyo zesifo kwiindlela ezininzi. Ngokulandela izixhumanisi kweli khasi, unokuya ngokujulile njengoko ufuna ukufunda ngeentlobo eziphambili zesifo senhliziyo. Olu phando luhlukaniswe ngamathathu aphezulu:
- Icandelo 1 - Indlela Intliziyo Isebenza ngayo - I-primer emfutshane kwi-anatomy kunye nomsebenzi wentliziyo.
- Icandelo 2 - Iintsholongwane zentliziyo ekujuleni- Ingqungquthela kwiindlela eziphambili zesifo senhliziyo, eninzi enxulumene nokufikelela ngokubanzi.
- Icandelo 3 - Indlela yokukhusela izifo zentliziyo - Yintoni onokuyenza ukunceda ukukhusela isifo senhliziyo.
ICANDELO 1 - Intliziyo eqhelekileyo
Inhliziyo iyimpompo enamandla kwaye engenamandla. Iqukethe amakamelo enama-muscular anesivumelwano sokuphalaza igazi nge-vascular system kunye nohlu lweentsimbi ezenza igazi lihambele ngokufanelekileyo, nangendlela efanelekileyo.
Funda malunga neekamelo zentliziyo kunye neepavini .
Kutheni intliziyo iqhubeka ibetha? Kwaye njani "uyazi" xa, kwaye ngokukhawuleza, ukubetha? Impendulo yile: Intliziyo inombane olawulayo ozilawulayo owenza isantya senhliziyo, kwaye idibanisa ukubetha okulandelelana kwamagumbi ahlukeneyo enhliziyo. Funda malunga nenkqubo yamandla kagesi .
Ukwenza yonke le misipha isebenza ngekhefu, intliziyo idinga ukunikezelwa okukhulu kunye nokuqhubekayo kwegazi eline-oxygen. Imithambo ye-coronary iinqwelo ezihambisa legazi kwi-heart muscle. Kubaluleke kakhulu kwiintliziyo kunye nobomi. Funda malunga neerterotic coronary .
ISAHLUKO 2 - Izifo zentliziyo ekujuleni
Umsebenzi oqhelekileyo wenhliziyo kunye nenkqubo ye-vascular ingaphazamiseka yimimandla eyahlukileyo. Kule nzululwazi, siza kwahlula iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesifo senhliziyo kwiinqanaba ezininzi ezininzi: izifo ze-coronary disease kunye nokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo, ukuhluleka kwentliziyo, isifo se-valve senhliziyo, i-arrhythmias cardiac, kunye neengxaki ze-vascular.
I-Coronary Artery Disease and Attacks Heart
I-Coronary artery disease (CAD) ixhaphake kakhulu kwimimandla yaseNtshona kwaye iyona nto ibangela ukufa nokukhubazeka. Kwi-CAD, ifomathi ye- atherosclerotic plaques kwinqanaba leetriyari ze-coronary.
Nanku umboniso omfutshane we-coronary artery disease .
Iipalati zeerononti zenza iimbini ezimbini eziphambili zeengxaki. Okokuqala, ukuba iiplani ziba zikhulu ngokwaneleyo, zingaqala ukuphazamisa ukuphuma kwegazi kwimibhobho. Ngexesha lexesha xa intliziyo ye-muscle ibonelelwa ngumthambo owonakalisiweyo kufuna iimpembelelo ezininzi zegazi (ezinjengexesha loxinzelelo okanye ukuzivocavoca), i-muscular ingaba yi-ischemic, okanye i-oksijini-ilambile. I-Iskemia yenza i-heart muscle isebenze kangangoko, kwaye inokuvelisa uhlobo oluphazamisayo lwesifuba olubizwa ngokuba yi- angina . Oogqirha badla ngokucetyisa i- catheterizations yamagciwane kubantu abaye bakrokrela i-CAD, ngokukodwa ukuba bajonge le mihlaba ephazamisayo.
Ukuba ifunyenwe, iiplati zihlala ziphathwa nge- angioplasty kunye ne- stenting . Nangona kunjalo, ubungqina obukhoyo bubonisa ukuba abaninzi abantu abanamacwecwe "abalulekileyo" banokukwenza ngokunjalo ukuba baphathwa ngamachiza kunye neenguqu zokuphila. Nantsi inkcazelo engakumbi malunga nokunyangwa kwesifo somgulo .
Okwesibini, iiponti ze-coronary plaques ziyaxhomekeka ngokukhawuleza. I-plaque ephuliweyo ivame ukuvuselela indlela yokucima igazi , ukuvelisa i-clot engabangela ukukhutshwa ngokukhawuleza kwi-artery. Ukuphazamiseka ngokukhawuleza kwintsimbi ye-coronary eyabangelwa i-plaque ephukile iyaziwa njenge -acon coronary syndrome (ACS) . I-ACS ihlala ixakeka kwizonyango.
Ukuba ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa i-plaque ephuliweyo ikhethiweyo kuphela okanye ihamba ixesha elide, inokuvelisa iziqephu ze- angina engaqinisekanga . Ukuba ukuphazamiseka kuyingcipheko kodwa kunzima kakhulu, kunokuvelisa uhlobo lweentlungu zentliziyo ezaziwa njenge-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction ( NSTEMI ). (Intsholongwane yentliziyo ifunyaniswa ukuba ubuncinane ubuninzi beentliziyo ezinikwe ngumzobo owonakileyo uyafa.) Ukuba isithintelo sizalisekile, sinokuvelisa uhlobo olubi kakhulu lwe-intliziyo ehlaselwa njenge-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction ( STEMI ) . Nantsi ingqwalaselo ejulile yokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo .
Zonke iifom ze-ACS zifuna unyango olukhawulezileyo ukuphelisa umqobo kwi-artery coronary, kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo kwi-heart muscle. Xa isiqhelo esiphezulu siphathwe, unyango lwexesha elide-zombini kunye namayeza kunye nokunyamekela kokuphila-kubalulekile ukunciphisa ubunzima bokuba neziqulatho ezininzi ze-ACS. Funda malunga nokuphatha i-heart attack attack . Funda ngokunyangwa kwexesha elide emva kwe-ACS .
Ngenxa yokuba i-ACS inokuvelisa umonakalo wentliziyo okanye isigxina, kwaye kuba unyango olukhawulezayo lunokuthintela iziphumo eziyingozi, kubalulekile ukuqaphela iimpawu, kwaye usebenze ngokukhawuleza ukuba ucinga ukuba unesifo senhliziyo. Funda malunga neempawu ze-ACS kunye nokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo , kwaye kufuneka wenze ntoni ukuba ucinga ukuba unokuhlaselwa yintliziyo .
Ukumelwa yintliziyo
Ukungaphumeleli kwintliziyo kuyisiphumo esiqhelekileyo sokuphela kweentlobo ezininzi zeentliziyo zesifo. Ukungaphumeleli kwentliziyo, umonakalo wentliziyo yefomu enye okanye enye ishiya intliziyo ingakwazi ukwenza yonke imisebenzi ekufuneka izalise iimfuno zomzimba. Iimpawu ezininzi zingabangela; Isixa esithile sokukhubazeka siqhelekile, njengoko kusweleka ukufa. Nangona kunjalo, unyango lwenkohlakalo yintliziyo luye lwahamba ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka emva nje, kwaye abaninzi abantu abanokukhubazeka kwentliziyo sele banako ukuhlala kakuhle iminyaka emininzi.
Iimpawu ezibalaseleyo zentliziyo yokuhluleka yi- dyspnea , lula ukunyaniseka, kunye neempawu ze-arrhythmias zentliziyo (ukusuka kwintlanzi ukuya ekufeni ngokukhawuleza), kodwa ezinye iimpawu zenzeka kwakhona. Funda malunga neempawu zesifo senhliziyo . Kwabantu abaninzi abanokuphelelwa yintliziyo, i-dyspnea yiyona nto ibalulekileyo kakhulu. Aba bantu badla ngokuba banesifo senhliziyo .
Kukho "iintlobo" ezininzi zeentliziyo ezingaphumeleli. Izona zibalaseleyo zezi zinto zincinci i-cardiomyopathy, i-hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, kunye ne-diastolic ye-heart failure.
Ifomu eqhelekileyo yokusilela intliziyo iyancipha i-cardiomyopathy , ebonakaliswa ngokuphuhliswa okuvelele kwe-ventricle ekhohlo. Isizathu sokuxilisa i-cardiomyopathy eqhelekileyo kukuba yinto ekupheleni kwesiqhelo sezinto ezininzi, iintlobo ezininzi zesifo senhliziyo. Funda malunga nezizathu ze-cardiomyopathy . Unyango lwe-cardiomyopathy edibeneyo luye lwaqhubeka ngokugqithiseleyo kwiminyaka yamuva nje, kwaye unyango olunobundlobongela abantu abaneli meko namhlanje bahlala ixesha elide, kunye neempawu ezimbalwa, kunokuba bekungekade kudlulileyo. Funda ngokunyanga kwe-cardiomyopathy .
I-cardiomyopathy ye-hypertrophic is a disorder disease of heart that produces a thickening (hypertrophy) yentliziyo. Inokuvelisa iintlobo ezininzi zeengxaki zentliziyo, kuquka ukuhluleka kwentliziyo. Ubunzima be-hypertrophic cardiomyopathy buhluka ngokubanzi ukusuka kumntu ukuya kumntu kwaye luhlobene nokuhlukahluka kohlobo lwezinto eziphilayo (ezizinto ezininzi) ezizivelisayo. Unyango lwayo lunokuba lunzima kakhulu, kwaye abaninzi abantu abaneengqondo ezinokuxhatshazwayo kufuneka balandelwe rhoqo nge-cardiologist. Umbuzo oqhelekileyo ovela kubantu abaselula abanalo mqathango kukuba ngaba kufuneka bavunyelwe ukuba bahlanganyele kwimidlalo, kuba ukufa ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokunyamezela kuyinto ebalulekileyo kwezinye. Funda malunga nokusetyenziswa kweengcebiso kunye ne-hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .
Kwi- diastolic yokuhluleka kwentliziyo , ngelixa i-heart muscle ukupompa igazi ihlala iqhelekileyo, i-heart muscle iba "nzima" (imeko ebizwa ngokuba yi-diastolic dysfunction). Olu lukhuni luphakamisa uxinzelelo lweentliziyo, olukhokelela ekudibaniselweni kwemiphunga kunye ne-dyspnea, enokuthi ibe nzima kakhulu. Ukuhluleka kwentliziyo ye-Diastolic iphathwa unyango . Inxalenye yale nyango yonyango ukulawula ngokugqithiseleyo ingcinezelo yesifo seswekile kunye nesifo sikashukela, ukuba ngaba ezi ngxaki zikhoyo.
Izifo zeVilve Heart
Iintsimbi ezine zentliziyo (tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, kunye ne-aortic) zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwintliziyo yomsebenzi. Baqinisekisa ukuba xa intliziyo ibetha, igazi lihamba ngokukhululekile ngegumbi le-heart and flows in the right direction.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, isifo se-valve senhliziyo sivelisa ezimbini iintlobo zeengxaki. Ingaba i-valve iyavuthwa ngokukhawuleza, ephazamisa ukuhamba kwegazi (imeko ebizwa ngokuba yi- stenosis ); okanye i-valve iya kuvuza, ivumela igazi ukuba liqhume ngendlela engafanelekanga xa izivumelwano zentliziyo ye-muscle (imeko ebizwa ngokuthi i- regurgitation ). Kwimeko nayiphi na imeko, ukuba isifo se-valvular siba nzima ngokwaneleyo ukusilela intliziyo kunokubangela, kunye nayo yonke imiphumo yayo-i-dyspnea, ubuthathaka kunye ne-edema. Ukongezelela, isifo se-valvular sivame ukuvelisa i-arrhythmias ye-cardiac, ngakumbi i-fibrillation ye-atrial.
Isifo se-valve senhliziyo sinobangela obuninzi. Nangona kungabangela ukusulela kwi- endocarditis yokusuleleka okanye isifo senhliziyo , i-valvular isifo senhliziyo esivame ukubangelwa ukunyuka kwenhliziyo (okanye ukulungiswa kwenhliziyo ), i-calcium idibanise kwiimvenge ezenzeka ngokuguga, kunye neengxaki zomzimba zomzimba.
Naliphi na iinevine zentliziyo zinokuhlakulela okanye i-stenosis okanye i-regurgitation. I-stenosis ye-pulmonary iyona nto ibhekene nengxaki yesifo senhliziyo. Phakathi kwabantu abadala, iindidi eziqhelekileyo zezifo zentliziyo ye-valve yi- aortic stenosis , i- aortic yokuphindaphinda , i- mitral stenosis kunye ne- mitral regurgitation . Ingxaki yesifo senqwelo-ntliziyo esivame ukufunyanwa ngabantu abadala i- mitral valve prolapse (MVP) , kodwa uninzi lwabantu abafunyaniswa ukuba ne-MVP banomzimba omnene kakhulu ongeke ube neengxaki ezinzulu zenhliziyo.
Nantsi ingqwalasela yeentliziyo ze-valves, izizathu zayo kunye nonyango .
I-Cardiac Arrhythmias
Iinqununu ze-cardiac ziphazamiseka kwinkqubo yombane wenhliziyo. Inkqubo yombane yentliziyo inoxanduva lokubeka izinga lentliziyo (ukukhawuleza kwentliziyo), kunye nokulungelelanisa ukuchithwa okulandelelanisiweyo kwintliziyo yesifo kwi-atria nakwi-ventricles.
Iziphazamiso zesistim sombane wenhliziyo zivame ukuvelisa iqondo lentliziyo elincinci kakhulu (i-bradycardias), okanye iqondo lentliziyo ekhawuleza kakhulu (i- tachycardias ). Ngama-arrhythmias aphucayo okanye aphelile, ukulandelana ngokuqhelekileyo kwentambo ye-muscle contraction kungaphazamiseka.
Ngelixa abantu abaninzi abaneempawu zentliziyo bengenayo impawu, naluphi uhlobo lwe-arrhythmia linakho ukuvelisa iipilpitations , ubuthathaka okanye ukukhanya . Ezinye i-arrhythmias ze-cardiac zingenza iimpawu ezinobungozi ezinjenge syncope , kwaye ezinye zivelise ukufa ngokukhawuleza. Nabani na onempawu ezibonisa ukuba intliziyo ye-arrhythmia kufuneka ibe nokuvavanya ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-arrhythmia ikhoyo, kwaye ukuba kunjalo, i-arrhythmia. Funda malunga nokufumanisa i-arrhythmias yenyama .
I bradycardias: Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziqhelekileyo zezi-arhythmias ezivelisa i-bradycardia. Iyokuqala yintlupheko ye-node ye-sinus (isakhiwo entliziyweni evela entliziyweni yesiqhelo sombane). Oku kubizwa ngokuthi sinus bradycardia . Abantu abafumana iimpawu ezibangelwa yi-sinus bradycardia kaninzi kuthiwa banesifo se sinus syndrome . Uhlobo lwesibini lwe-bradycardia luyibhloko yenhliziyo , imeko edlalwa ngamanye amaxesha kunye ne- block block block . Ukuba i bradycardia iyaqhubeka kwaye ivelisa iimpawu okanye isongela ukwenza ngakumbi, unyango olungcono kakhulu ukufaka i- pacemaker .
I-tachycardias: I- Tachycardias inokuvela emagumbini aseburhulumenteni entliziyo (i -tachycardias engaphezulu, okanye i-SVT ) okanye kwi-ventricles (i- ventricular tachycardia okanye i- fibrillation ye-ventricular ).
I-SVTs yintsapho enkulu yama-arrhythmias kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neyeza ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo zivelisa iimpawu ezininzi, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo azizisongela ubomi. I-SVT eyaziwayo kakhulu kunye neyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba i-fibrillation ye-atrial , eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kuba iyandisa umngcipheko we-stroke. Ezinye iintlobo eziqhelekileyo ze-SVT ziquka i- AV-nodal reentrant tachycardia , i- Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome , kunye ne- sinus tachycardia engalunganga .
I-tricycardia ye-ventricular, kunye ne-fibrillation eyimvelo, iyona nto ibangela kakhulu ukubanjwa kwentliziyo kunye nokufa ngokukhawuleza. Ngokuqhelekileyo indlela efanelekileyo yokuphatha la ma-arrhythmias kukuchonga abantu abasengozini kwaye bathathe amanyathelo okunciphisa umngcipheko wokufa ngokukhawuleza kunye neyeza unyango (ukuba kunokwenzeka), okanye ukufaka i- defibrillator enokutsha .
Izibambo zangaphambili: Ukongeza kwii-arrhythmias ezivelisa i-bradycardia okanye i-tachycardia, abantu abaninzi baya kuba namaxesha athile okuba neentliziyo ezinqabileyo, ezivela kwi-atria (i- atrial complexes-PACs ) okanye kwi-ventricles (i- ventricular complexes-PVCs ). Ezi i-arrhythmias zivame ukuvelisa iipilpitations, kodwa ngezinye izinto ezingaqhelekanga ziminye imiphumo embalwa.
Iingxaki zeVascular
Ngelixa ezininzi, ezininzi iinkqubo zesifo zingathintela imithana yegazi, igama elithi "isifo senhliziyo" ngokuqhelekileyo siquka iingxaki ze-vascular ezinxulumene ne-atherosclerosis, uxinzelelo lwegazi okanye isifo senhliziyo.
I-atherosclerosis kunye nomfutho wegazi ophezulu akuvelanga nje ukuvelisa izifo zengxowankulu, kodwa nesifo se- arteriyo yesiphelo esingasichaphazela phantse nayiphi na enye into emzimbeni. Izibetho kunye nokuhlaselwa kwe-ischemic (TIAs) eziqhelekileyo zidla ngenxa yesifo se-vasrosclerotic vascular. I-aortic aneurysm , eyona nto ixhaphake kakhulu kubantu ababhemayo, ingaba yinkinga ebhubhisayo engabangela ukuphazamiseka nokufa ngokukhawuleza. Uxinzelelo lwe-hypertension ngumngcipheko omkhulu kumngcipheko we- aortic .
I-pulmonary hypertension , uxinzelelo oluphezulu kwi-pulmonary artery, lidla ngokubangelwa zizifo zentliziyo, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo zigalela kwisifo senhliziyo. Ukongezelela, i-pulmonary hypertension inokufaka isandla ekuphuhliseni i- pulmonary embolus , leyo leyo, eyayiba nzima ngakumbi ukunyusa ingozi ye-pulmonary.
ICANDELO 3 - Ukukhusela iSifo seNtliziyo
Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zezifo zentliziyo zikhuseleke kakhulu, ukuba siza kuthobela ingqalelo kwimiba yethu yengozi yomzimba, kwaye sithathe amanyathelo okunciphisa.
Kubalulekile ukuthabatha ingozi yakho. Ngokufanelekileyo, ufanele usebenze nogqirha wakho ukwenza uvavanyo olusemthethweni lobuncipheko. Kodwa unokwenza uvavanyo oluchanekileyo lobungozi ngokwakho . Ukuba umngcipheko wakho uphantsi, mncoma! Qhubeka ukhumbula engqondweni into omele uyenze (kwaye ungenzi) ukugcina loo ndlela . Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba ingozi yakho yomzimba iphakanyisiwe kakhulu, unomsebenzi wokukwenza. Nantsi indlela omele ujongane ngayo nengozi ephezulu yesifo senhliziyo .
Nazi ezinye iinkcukacha ezifanelekileyo malunga neyona nto ibalulekileyo yengozi yomzimba:
I-lip lipids: I- Cholesterol kunye ne- triglyceride igazi lamanqanaba zidibene kakhulu nomngcipheko wegazi. Izikhokelo zangoku ekuphatheni i-lipids zegazi zigxininise ukubaluleka kokuphucula indlela yokuphila, kunye nokusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo kwezidakamizwa ze- statin .
Ukubhema: Ukubhema iteksi ingaba yingozi enkulu yokufa kwasekuqaleni, kuba ivelisa izifo zesifo se-car premature kwaye yandisa kakhulu umngcipheko womhlaza. Ukutshaya kuyingozi kakhulu intliziyo kwaye kwandisa kokubili ixesha elide kunye nexesha elifutshane lengozi yomzimba .
Uxinzelelo lwengqondo: Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwegazi , umbulali ongenalucalulo, ngokubanzi alubangeli iimpawu de kube yenze umonakalo entliziyweni, engqondweni, ezintso okanye kwenye into ebalulekileyo yomzimba. Kubalulekile ukuba wonke umntu abe neengcinezelo zegazi ahlolwe rhoqo, kwaye ukuba i-hypertension ifumaneka, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uphathwa kakuhle .
Ukunyanya ubukhulu: Ukugqithisa okanye ukugqithisa kakubi intliziyo kunye ne-cardiovascular system.
Ukutya okunempilo: Nangona iqondo lokutya okunomsoco liye laphazamiseka kwiminyaka yamuva ( iiyayi zilungile? Amafutha anelisiweyo ayengabi mabi njengoko sasicinga?), Ngokubanzi, iingcali ziyavumelana malunga nokutya okunentliziyo fanele zibukeke.
Ukuzivocavoca: Indlela yokuphila yendawo yokulala iyingozi kwi-cardiovascular system; Ukufumana umthambo omningi kulungile entliziyweni .
Isifo sikashukela: Isifo sikashukela sinomngcipheko omkhulu kwisifo senhliziyo , kwaye ukuba unesifo sikashukela kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba wenza konke onokukwazi ukukugcina phantsi kokulawula kakuhle.
Ukuxinezeleka: Ngokuqinisekileyo uxinzelelo ludlala indima entliziyweni yempilo , kodwa inokumangalisa ukuba uyaziphi uhlobo loxinzelelo oluchaphazelekayo kunye nokuba kutheni kuthintela. Unokuxininisa indlela yakho eya entliziyweni.
ILizwi
Abantu abazifundisayo baze bathathe inxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo zekliniki banamathuba okufumana iziphumo ezingcono kakhulu zonyango. Oku kuyinyaniso phantse nayiphi na ingxaki yonyango; yinyani ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba unengxaki yentliziyo.
Zininzi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesifo senhliziyo, kwaye zonke zibangele izizathu ezahlukeneyo, izibonda, kunye neyeza. Ukuba unesifo senhliziyo, unokuhlala ubomi obuninzi kunye nobomi xa ufunda konke unokukwazi malunga nenkinga yakho yesifo. Ngaloo lwazi, uya kukwazi ukusebenzisana ngakumbi kunye nogqirha wakho ukwenza uhlobo lokuhlola kwengqondo kunye nokufumana iintlobo zonyango olulungele wena.
> Imithombo:
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