Ingqwalasela yeeNtsholongwane Zentliziyo
Ukuhlaselwa kwentliziyo (okanye i-myocardial infarction) yimeko enzima kakhulu apho inxalenye yesifo senhliziyo ifa, ngokuqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuba igazi layo liphazamiseka. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuhlaselwa intliziyo xa i- atherosclerotic plaque yaphuka ngokukhawuleza kwi- artery corridary (i-artery ehambisa igazi entliziyweni yentliziyo), ebangela ukuba kubekho ukukhuseleka ngokuthe tye kwi-artery.
Ukuhlaselwa kwentliziyo kunokuba nemiphumo emibi.
Ngokuqhelekileyo (kodwa kungekho rhoqo) ivelisa iimpawu ezinzima, ngakumbi intlungu yesifuba, i- dyspnea (ukuphefumula okufutshane), okanye umonakalo ozayo. Ukuba umonakalo womzimba we-muscle ukhululekile ngokwaneleyo ukusilela kwintliziyo kunokukhula, mhlawumbi kunye nokuhlasela kwentliziyo ngokwawo, okanye kamva. Ukuhlasela kwentliziyo kudla ukuvelisa ukungazinzi kombane entliziyweni, oku kungaholela ekufeni ngokukhawuleza kwi- fibrillation ye-ventricular .
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Uluhlu lokuhlola: Ukuhlala uphilile emva kokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo
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Unjani ukukhubazeka kweHemodynamic?
Kwimeko efanelekileyo kakhulu-into enokuthi xa usebenza ngokukhawuleza xa ufumana iimpawu zesifo senhliziyo, kwaye oogqirha bakho baqaphela ngokukhawuleza ingxaki kwaye baphula ngokukhawuleza unyango olulungileyo-ukuhlaselwa kwentliziyo kukubi . Kubonisa ukuba unesifo esingapheliyo ( isifo se-coronary disease, okanye i-CAD ) esele senze umonakalo othile entliziyweni yakho kwaye sinokuyenza umonakalo omkhulu ngaphandle kokuba uthathe amanyathelo amanyathelo. Kwimeko engaphantsi kweyona ndlela, ukuhlaselwa kwintliziyo kunokuvelisa ukukhubazeka okukhulu kunye nokufa kwangaphambili. Ngandlela-thile, i-infyoction ye-myocardial yisiganeko esibalulekileyo ebomini bomntu.
Ukuba unesifo senhliziyo, okanye ukuba umngcipheko wokuba nomnye uphakanyisiwe , kukho into eninzi ofuna ukuyifumana. Ngokuqonda izizathu, iimpawu, amanyathelo okukhusela, kunye nokunyangwa kweentliziyo, kunye nokusebenza ngokusondeleyo kunye nogqirha wakho, unokukwazi ukuphucula amathuba okuphila ubomi obude kwimpilo enhle.
Yintoni Ebangele Ukuhlasela Kweentliziyo?
> Ukujonga ngokukhawuleza kwi-plaque build-up kwiimithambo ezibangelwa kukuhlaselwa kwintliziyo.
Ininzi ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuhlaselwa kwentliziyo kubangelwa ukugqithwa kanzima kwipayipi kwintsimbi ye-coronary. Ukuqhekeka kwe-plaque kubangela indlela yokucima ngaphakathi kwimizila kunye neifom zegazi. I-clot yegazi ibimbela i-artery ubuncinane ubuncinane. Ukuba ukukhutshwa ngokukhawuleza kunzima ngokwaneleyo, isisu senhliziyo esinikezwa ngulo mzobo siqala ukufa-kwaye kuhlasela intliziyo.
Umbuzo wokuba kutheni ama-plaque aphule, kwaye yiziphi iiplathi ezinokuthi ziqhekeke, yindawo yophando lwezokwelapha olusebenzayo. Ngethuba ngamanye amaxesha i-plaque iya kuphazamiseka emva kwesiganeko esithi "sishukumisayo" isiganeko (njengobunzima obunzima ngokomzimba okanye ukuxinezeleka kwengqondo), ukugqithwa kwepastiki kubonakala kungabikho isizathu esicacileyo, ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kungekho naziphi izinto ezibangela ukuba zivele.
Ukongezelela, akucaci ukuba oogqirha beplates abakhulu bakhathazeka malunga (uhlobo oluthatyathwe emva kwentambo yesifo senhliziyo "njengamaqhekeza aphawulekayo") athambekele ngakumbi ekugqibeleni kunokuba amancinci, amacwecwe amaninzi angenacala. Inyaniso kukuba, nabani na abane-CAD kufuneka bathathwe njengengozini yokuhlaselwa yintliziyo-nokuba ingaba iiplati zabo zibhalwa ngokuthi "zibalulekileyo" kwaye kufuneka ziphathwe ngokufanelekileyo.
'Iintlobo' zeeNtshontsho Zentliziyo
I-plaque ye-coronary artery empeleni inokuvelisa ubuncinane iimeko ezintathu zeklinikhi ezahlukeneyo, zonke zidibene ndawonye phantsi kwegama elibi le-coronary syndrome, okanye i-ACS . Iimpawu zohlobo lweentlobo ezintathu ze-ACS zihlala zifana, kwaye zonke ezintathu zithathwa njengongxamiseko lwezonyango. Nangona kunjalo, ezimbini kuphela ezibhekwa njengentliziyo.
Uhlobo lokuqala lwe-ACS lubizwa ngokuba yi-angina engaqinisekanga. Kwi-angina engaqinisekanga, i-clot yegazi ephuma ekuqhekekeni kwe-plaque ayikho enkulu ngokwaneleyo (okanye ayihlali ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo) ukuvelisa umonakalo ongunaphakade kwi-heart muscle-ngoko-angina engaqinisekanga.
Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kokhathazeka ngonyawo angina engaqinisekiyo kulandelwa rhoqo kwixesha elizayo malunga nokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo. Funda nge-angina engaqinisekanga .
Uhlobo olulandelayo lwe-ACS lubizwa ngokuba yi-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Eli gama livela ekubeni inxalenye ye "ST segment" ye- electrocardiogram (ECG) ibonakala iphakanyisiwe kule ndlela, ifom ephezulu kakhulu ye-ACS. Nge-STEMI, i-clot yegazi inkulu kwaye inzima, ngoko ke inxalenye enkulu yemisipha yenhliziyo ehlinzekwe ngumzobo owonakalisiweyo uya kufa ngaphandle kokunyanga ngokukhawuleza. Funda nge STEMI .
Uhlobo lwesithathu lwama-ACS aluyi-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (i-NSTEMI), enokucingelwa njengemeko ephakathi kwe-angina engaqinisekanga kunye ne-STEMI. Apha, ukucinywa kwe-artery coronary kuphela, kodwa kusenkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuvelisa ubuncinane umonakalo entliziyweni. Funda nge NSTEMI.
Zombini i-STEMI kunye ne-NSTEMI, ngaphandle kokunyanga okwaneleyo, kuya kuvelisa umonakalo ongunaphakade kwi-heart muscle, ngoko ke zombini le ntlobo ze-ACS zibhekwa njengentliziyo.
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Isizathu sokuba Ufanele uthathe i-Aspirin Ukuba Unesifo senhliziyo
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IiNzuzo zeePardiac Rehab Programme
Kubalulekile ukuba oogqirha bahlule phakathi kwezi ntlobo ezimbini zokuhlaselwa intliziyo kuba unyango olunzima luyahluka phakathi kwabo.
Iimpawu zokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo
Uphawu lweklasi yeentliziyo zentlungu yesifuba, leyo inokugqithisela emlonyeni okanye ngengalo, kwaye leyo inokuthi ihambe kunye nokujuluka, kunye nesimo sokwesaba okukhulu okanye ukusa.
Nangona kunjalo, abantu abaninzi abanesifo senhliziyo abanazo iimpawu zakudala. Basenokuba nentlungu yesifuba-okanye nayiphina intlungu. Baya kuchaza iimpawu zabo njengengcinezelo, okanye i-nondescript engathandekiyo- "yinto ehlekisayo." Kwaye iimpawu ezingenakukwazi ukufika kwisifuba, kodwa kunokuba zibuyele emva, emahlombe, entanyeni, kwiingalo, okanye emgodini wesisu.
Abantu abaneziphene ezinobungozi be-myocardial banokuba neentlanzi ezinokuzulazula okanye ukuhlanza, okanye ukuphefumula okufutshane. Okanye, banokuthi babe nezinto abazichazayo ngokuthi "ukugubha komlilo" kwaye akukho nto enye.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, iimpawu zesifo senhliziyo zingumntu onjalo kangangokuthi kulula ukuwahlula. Kulula ukulinda ukuba ubone ukuba bahamba bebodwa. Kwaye maxesha amaninzi, akwenzayo. Aba bantu bayiza kuthiwa bafumaneke kamva, xa ekugqibeleni bebona ugqirha, njengokuba bebizwa ngokuthi " ukuhlaselwa kwentliziyo ."
Inkathazo kukuba zonke iintliziyo zihlaselwa-nangona zithe cwaka-zivelisa umonakalo ongunaphakade kwintliziyo yesisindo, ngokuqhelekileyo umonakalo obangela ukukhubazeka, okanye ukunciphisa ixesha lokuphila ngokubaluleka. Ukunciphisa umonakalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba kunokuhlaselwa intliziyo yesifo, kwaye ufumane uncedo lwezonyango ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa i-heart muscle isabonakala.
Iziphumo zentliziyo yokuhlasela
Iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo. Ukongezelela ukuvelisa iintlobo zeempawu esiye sathetha ngazo, ukuhlaselwa kweentliziyo ezinzima kunokubangela iingxaki ezinzima. Ukuba inani lemisipha yenhliziyo elichaphazelekayo yintsimbi ye-coronary evaliweyo ivulekile, umntu onesifo senhliziyo unokufumana ukuhluleka kwentliziyo. Ukuhluleka kwentliziyo kunokuvelisa ukuphefumula okufutshane, uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphantsi, uxinzelelo olunzulu okanye i- syncope , kunye nokuhluleka kwamalungu amaninzi. Ngaphandle kokuba ukuhamba kwegazi kungabuyiselwa kwisifo senhliziyo esichaphazelekayo ngokukhawuleza, olu hlobo lwe-heart failure insukcaso lubangela ukufa.
Ukongezelela, ngexesha lokuhlaselwa kwintliziyo enzima intliziyo yesifo esingafiyo ingaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yombane, kwaye iyancipha kwi-fibrillation ye-ventricular. Ngoko umngcipheko wokufa ngokukhawuleza phakathi kweeyure ezimbalwa zokuqala zesifo senhliziyo ukhuphuke. Nangona kunjalo, i-fibrillation ye-ventricular iyakuthi iphathwe ngempumelelo (nge-defibrillation) xa kwenzeka xa umntu enonyango. Esi sisinye isizathu sokuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ungazami "ukukhwela" naziphi na iimpawu ezingabonisa ukuhlaselwa kwentliziyo.
Iziphumo ezizayo. Nangona emva kwesigaba esichukumisayo sesifo senhliziyo siphelile, kusekho iinkxalabo ezininzi ezifuneka ziqwalaselwe.
Okokuqala, umonakalo owenziwe kwintliziyo yesifuba unokushiya intliziyo iyancipha, kwaye ukungaphumeleli kwintliziyo kunokugqitywa ekugqibeleni. Okwesibini, ngokuxhomekeke kwisixa somonakalo osisigxina owenziwe kwisifo senhliziyo, umngcipheko wokufa ngokukhawuleza unokuphakanyiswa ngokusisigxina. Okwesithathu, inyaniso yokuba isifo senhliziyo senzeke kwindawo ephezulu kakhulu yokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo.
Yintoni oku kuthetha ukuba unyango lwe-intlonelo yesifo alupheli xa isiganeko esiphezulu siphelile. Ukunyanga okuqhubekayo okujoliswe ekukhuseleni okanye ekunciphiseni zonke ezi zintathu zale "miphumo emfutshane" iziphumo zibalulekileyo.
I-Attack Attack Diagnation?
Ukuchonga ukuhlaselwa kwentliziyo kaninzi kunzima kakhulu-kubanga nje ukuba iimpawu zomntu zizonyango zonyango oluqaphile kuloo nto. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umntu ofumana iimpawu abacinga ukuba unokunxulumana nentliziyo yabo, ngenxa yokucinga, unganciphisa iimpawu xa befika kwigumbi elingxamisekileyo. Le ndlela engalunganga. Ngokukhawuleza abasebenzi bezonyango bayaqatshelwa ngethuba le-infyoction ye-myocardial, ngokukhawuleza baya kwenza okanye balawule ukuba ukuxilongwa.
Khumbula ukuba, xa kuziwa ekuhlaselweni kwentliziyo, yonke iminithi ibalwa. Ngoko ukuba unobungakanani obunokukhathazeka ukuba iimpawu zakho zivela entliziyweni yakho, kufuneka utsho, "Ndicinga ukuba ndihlaselwa yintliziyo." Oku kuya kubangela ukuba ibhola iqhume ngokukhawuleza.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukurekhoda i-ECG (leyo ingabonisa utshintsho lwesimo senhliziyo) nokuthumela ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukulinganisa i- enzyme ye-cardiac (eya kubona ukuba umonakalo kwiiseli zentliziyo iyenzeka) iya kuqinisekisa okanye ukuchasisa ukuxilongwa kokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo ngokukhawuleza . Ngokukhawuleza ukuxilongwa kwenzelwa, kuya kuthathwa amanyathelo afanelekileyo okumisa umonakalo.
Unyango: Iiyure zokuQala eziPhambili
Ukuhlaselwa kwintliziyo ephazamisayo kuyingozi yonyango. Isidumbu senhliziyo sisifa, kwaye unyango olukhawulezileyo lubaluleke kakhulu. Imizuzu ingenza umehluko phakathi kokukhubazeka okupheleleyo kunye nokukhubazeka okusisigxina okanye ukufa. Kungenxa yoko akukho mntu ufanele akhatyathele nayiphina impawu ephazamisayo, engachaziyo eyenzeka naphi na phezulu kwelinqeni.
Xa umntu ephantsi kwonyango lwempilo kwaye i-infyoction ye-myocardial eqhubekayo iye yafunyaniswa, unyango luqala ngokukhawuleza. Olu lugqirha olunzulu luhlala luquka iindlela ezimbini ezifanayo: ukuzinza nokuhlaziywa.
"Ukuzinza" kubandakanya ukulahla iimpawu ezinzima, ukuxininisa uxinzelelo kwintliziyo yesistim, ukuxhasa uxinzelelo lwegazi (ukuba kuyimfuneko), ukuthatha amanyathelo okuzinzisa i-plaque ephahliweyo, kwaye umise ukubunjwa kwamacandelo egazi kwintsimbi ewonakele. Oku kwenziwa ngokulawula i- nitroglycerin , i-oksijeni, i-morphine, i- beta blockers , i- statin , i- aspirin , kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezinxamnye ne-Plavix .
Nangona kunjalo, isisitshixo sangempela kwisiphumo esihle kukuhlaziya isisu senhliziyo esiswelekileyo-oko kukuthi, ukubuyisela ukuhamba kwegazi kwi-artery yeconary blocked-kunye nokwenza ngokukhawuleza. Unobungozi obuninzi benhliziyo obungapheliyo lunokukhutshwa ukuba i-artery ingavulwa kwakhona ngaphakathi kweeyure ezine. Kwaye ubuncinane umonakalo ongapheliyo unokuthintelwa ukuba umzobo uvule kwiiyure ezisibhozo ukuya kwi-12. Kucacile ukuba ixesha libaluleke kakhulu.
Nge-STEMI (uhlobo lokuhlaselwa kwintliziyo apho umthambo we-coronary uvalwe ngokupheleleyo), i-revascularization ifezekile, ngokukhethekileyo, ngokusebenzisa i-invive- angioplasty kunye ne- stenting . Ngamanye amaxesha le ndlela ayinakwenzeka okanye ayingozi kakhulu, kwimeko apho unyango lwe-thrombolytic ("i-clot-busting" drug) isetyenziselwa ukutshabalalisa i-clot nokubuyisela ukuhamba kwegazi.
Nge-NSTEMI (uhlobo lokuhlaselwa kwintliziyo apho umbhobho we-coronary uvinjelwe kuphela), unyango lwe-thrombolytic luboniswe ukuba lwenze ingozi ngaphezu kokulungileyo, kwaye kufuneka kugwenywe. Ngamanye amaxesha abantu abane-NSTEMI banokuphathwa ngamanyathelo okuzinza yodwa (ephendulela ngendlela efanayo ngendlela engatshintshekanga ngayo). Nangona kunjalo, ininzi i-cardiologists ikholelwa ukuba ukugquma kuyasebenza kakhulu ekulondolozeni isifo senhliziyo kunye ne-NSTEMI, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kuyindlela ekhethiweyo ye-STEMI ne-NSTEMI.
Injongo jikelele phakathi kweeyure ezimbalwa zokuqala kukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuhamba kwegazi kubuyiselwa kwisifo senhliziyo esengozini, ukuthatha amanyathelo okuthintela ukuvuselelwa ngokukhawuleza kwegazi, kunye nokunciphisa umthwalo womsebenzi wentliziyo ene-overtaxed. Kwiimeko ezininzi-ingakumbi ukuba unyango luqaliswe ngokukhawuleza-abantu abanokuhlaselwa yintliziyo ngokukhawuleza bazinzile kwiiyure ezingama-24.
Emva koSuku lokuQala: Usuke usinda kwi-Heart Attack-Ngoku?
Emva kokuba usuphumelele ngokuphumelelayo isigaba esichukumisayo sokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo-iiyure ezingama-24 zokuqala okanye-ke ixesha lakho kunye noogqirha bakho ukuba baqalise unyango olujoliswe ekuthintela imiphumo emithathu yokugqibela yesifo senhliziyo: ukungaphumeleli kwentliziyo, ukufa ngokukhawuleza, kunye ukuhlaselwa kwentliziyo.
Ukuhlaselwa kwentliziyo kubulala ezinye iintliziyo zentliziyo. Intliziyo yesisu efile iguqulwa ibe yinyama enobunzima, egcina intliziyo kunye kodwa engenzi inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yentliziyo. Ingaba umntu okanye uvelisa ukungaphumeleli kwentliziyo emva kokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo kuxhomekeke kumlinganiselo wonakalo kunye nendlela intliziyo eseleyo "ishintsha" ngayo imeko entsha. I-heart muscle ehlalayo, ihlala isabela ngokuguqula isimo sayo, inkqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "ukulungiswa." Nangona inani elithile lokulungiswa lingaba luncedo ekuqaleni, ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ukulungiswa kungakhokelela ekuphelelweni kwentliziyo. Funda malunga nokulungiswa kwenhliziyo.
Kukho izinto ezininzi oogqirha abanokuyenza ukuze bancede izigulane zabo ziphephe ukuguquka kwenhliziyo kwaye zincede ukukhusela ukukhubazeka kwentliziyo. Oyintloko phakathi kwezi zi-beta blockers kunye ne- ACE inhibitors , kodwa amanye amanyathelo ayadingeka. Kufuneka uqaphele onke amanyathelo atholakalayo ekukhuseleni ukungaphumeleli kwentliziyo, kwaye qi ni sekise ukuba ugqirha wakho ukhuthaza abo bafaka isicelo kuwe.
Ingxubusho yokuhlaselwa yintliziyo edlalwa yintliziyo edlalwa "yiqhekeza" ngabadlali be-cardiologist ingxoxo malunga nokufa ngokukhawuleza. Esi sihloko oogqirha abaninzi bafumana nzima kakhulu ukuthetha ngazo. Nangona kunjalo, ukufa ngokukhawuleza kuyingozi enkulu kubantu abaninzi emva kokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo, ngakumbi abantu abanomonakalo omkhulu entliziyweni yabo. Ngaphezu koko, umngcipheko wokufa ngokukhawuleza unokuhlawuleka kakhulu, kubantu abanobuncipheko obuphezulu kakhulu, ngokusetyenziswa kwe- defibrillator engenawo . Kukho izikhokelo ezicacileyo malunga nokuba yeyiphi abantu ekufuneka bajongwe njengento yokuhlaselwa kwintliziyo emva kokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo, kwaye ugqirha wakho uhlawulisa ingxoxo enoba ungabanye wabo bantu.
Umntu osindayo isifo senhliziyo uyazi into malunga nabo ngokwabo abengazange bazi ngaphambili: Zine-CAD, kwaye zisengozini enkulu yokwehla kwesifo senhliziyo. Lo mngcipheko unokuphuculwa ngokugqithiseleyo ngemichiza kunye nokuphila ngendlela enempilo. Ukongeza kwi-beta blockers kunye nee-inhibitors ze-ACE (ezinokuthintela ukulungiswa kwenhliziyo), abaninzi abantu abanesifo senhliziyo kufuneka babe kwiimimiselo kunye ne-aspirin, kwaye mhlawumbi kumachiza ukunyanga okanye ukukhusela i- angina engaphezulu (njenge-nitrate okanye i- calcium channel blockers ).
Imilinganiselo yokuphila kwimiba enokuthi iphuculise ingozi yengqondo ezayo iquka ukuphelisa konke ukusetyenziswa kwecuba, ukutya intliziyo yokutya okunomsoco , ukulawula ubunzima, ukufumana ulawulo oluphezulu kakhulu lwesifo sikashukela kunye nomfutho wegazi ophezulu (ukuba unalo), kunye nokuzibandakanya rhoqo (ngokukhethekileyo ukuqala ngokulungiswa kwenhliziyo inkqubo ).
I-Post-Heart Attack
Yonke into eninzi ukuze uqaphele kwaye ucinge ngako. Qikelela ukuba? Kwakhona kuninzi ukuba ugqirha wakho azi kwaye acinge ngako. Kwaye kwimeko yonyango enonophelo yanamhlanje, kungenzeka ukuba ugqirha unononophelo luya kulahleka amanye amanyathelo afunekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe umphumo ophezulu emva kokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo.
Ngoko nolu luhlu lokutshekisha kwintliziyo olusemva kokufumana uncedo. Hamba ngaphaya komgca wolu luhlu lokutshekisha kunye nogqirha wakho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nto ulahlekelwa ngenyameko kwisinyathelo esichazela impilo yakho enhle yempilo. Uye wahamba ngokubanzi-makungavumi ukuba omnye wenu avumele ibhola ukuba idibaniswe ngoku.
ILizwi
Ukuhlaselwa kwentliziyo kuyingozi shishini. Ngethamsanqa, oko sikufundile malunga nokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, kunye neendlela ezintsha zokwelapha eziye zaqulunqwa ukuba zibaphathe, amathuba okufa okanye ukukhubazeka isigxina emva kokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo kuncitshiswe kakhulu.
Nangona kunjalo, ukwenzela ukuba ufumane zonke iintlawulo zale nkqubela ephambili yezokwelapha, kufuneka ukwazi konke onokukwazi malunga nokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo-ngokukodwa, indlela yokuqonda ukuba unokuba neyodwa, kunye noko kufuneka ukulindele kwindlela yokonyango. Siyathemba ukuba eli nqaku liza kukuqalisa kunye noko kufuneka ukwazi.
> Imithombo:
> Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 Isikhokelo se-AHA / ACC sokulawulwa kwezigulane nge-ST-elevation syndary syndromes eziphambili: isishwankathelo esiphezulu: ingxelo ye-American College of Cardiology / i-American Heart Association Task Force kwiZikhokelo zokuSebenza. Ukuhamba ngo-2014; 130: 2354.
> Goldberger JJ, uKayin ME, uHohnloser SH, et al. I-American Heart Association / i-American College of Cardiology Foundation / I-Heart Rhythm Society isitatimende sesayensi malunga neendlela ezingabonakaliyo zokuqhawula umngcipheko wokukhetha izigulane ezisengozini yokufa ngokukhawuleza kwegazi: inzululwazi evela kwi-American Heart Association Association kwiKlinikhi yeCardiology Clinic ye-Electrocardiography kunye neArrhythmias kunye neBhunga malunga Epidemiology noThintelo. Uhambo luka-2008; 118: 1497.
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