Imbali ye-HIV
Ingqungquthela ye- AIDS -kwaye ezinye ziza kugxeka-isona sikhulu sezempilo emhlabeni jikelele. Nangona ezinye iintlekele zazifana nokusabalalisa kunye nokufa (phakathi kwesifo sofuba kunye ne-malariya), amaza okunyuka okubangelwa yi-AIDS ayengakaze yenziwe.
Ngaphezulu kwexesha elifutshane leminyaka emfutshane, sabona ukufa kwabangama-AIDS abavela kumaqela ambalwa angama-gay e-US ukuya kumawaka angamawaka ngaphesheya kokufikelela kwiplanethi.
Inyaniso yokuba sasingakaze sibone izifo ezinje kwaye ayikwazanga ukuchonga indlela yokuyinqanda kuphela yongezwa kwimoyiko ephakamileyo phakathi kwabahlali kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo ngokufanayo.
Ukusuka "IsiGwebo Sokufa" kwiNqanaba loMgangatho woBomi
Ekuqaleni kwee-1990, i-HIV / AIDS yaba yimbangela enye yokufa kubantu baseMerika abaneminyaka engama-24 ukuya ku-45 ubudala. Ngo-1999, bekuye kwadlula zonke izifo njengeyona nto ebangela ukufa kwabantu eAfrika kunye neyesine ebangela ukufa emhlabeni wonke .
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'Umonde weZero' Ukhuliswe ukuqala iSifo soGawulayo se-US
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Isizathu sokuba Usuku lwe-AIDS lwehlabathi lube luleke kangangoko
Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokwesaba kunye nentlungu isifo esibangelwayo, i-HIV yatshintsha indawo yezesayensi kunye nezopolitiko njengoko siyazi. Yadlulisela umsebenzi wezobugqirha kwiingcambu zayo zobukhohlakele kumntu owawukhuthaza amalungelo kunye nokukhuselwa kwezigulane. Inyanzelekile ukulandelela ngokukhawuleza kwenkqubo yokwamkelwa kwezidakamizwa ngelixa kuqhutywe abaphandi ukuba bavelise ezininzi izixhobo zokusebenza eziphathekayo eziphilayo ezithathayo namhlanje.
Inyaniso elula yokuba i-HIV sele isuke isifo esiyingozi esifana nesinye apho abantu banokuphila ngokufanelekileyo, ubomi obuqhelekileyo abuyinto emfutshane. Sekunjalo, sinendlela ende yokuya kunye nezifundo ezininzi ukuze sifunde ngaphambi kokuba siqwalasele ingxaki.
Kuphela ngokujonga emva koko siyakwazi ukuqonda kakuhle imingeni esele sijongane nayo njengoko sisondela ekubeni senze i-HIV into edlulileyo.
1981
NgoMeyi, i-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) yabika ukuba ama-gay amadoda aseLos Angeles, CA avelise ukusuleleka kwintsholongwane engabonakaliyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) kunye nezinye izifo ezihambelana nokuhlaselwa komzimba inkqubo. Ngethuba lokukhululwa kwengxelo, amabini amadoda aye sele efile.
NgoDisemba, ama-270 amacala afanayo anikwe ingxelo kwinto abaphandi ababiza ngayo i-GRID (okanye i-immune-immune deficiency). Kulabo bachongiweyo, 112 babeswele esi sifo ngaphakathi konyaka.
1982
Njengoko isifo saqala ukusabalalisa ngaphaya kwamadoda angama-gay kwamanye amaqela abantu, i-CDC yaqalisa isigama se- AIDS (okanye i-immune deficiency syndrome) kwi-lexicon yempilo yoluntu, ichaza njengesifo "esenzeka kumntu ongenamacala athatywayo eso sifo. "
1983
Abaphandi kwi-Institute Pasteur eFransi, kuqukwa noFrançoise Barré Sinoussi noLuc Montagnie r, bafumanisa i-retrovirus yamano abaye bayifaka i-LAV (i-lymphadenopathy virus) kunye nokuphakamisa ukuba ingaba yimbangela ye-AIDS.
Njengoko eso sifo saqhubeka sisasazeka ngaphaya komphakathi wobundlobongela, i-CDC yaqinisekisa ukuba isondo kunye nokuchaswa kwegazi kwakuyiindlela ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zokudluliselwa kwegciwane elingenalo igama.
1984
Umphandi waseMerika uRobert Gallo wachaza ukufunyanwa kwe-retrovirus ebizwa ngokuba ngu-HTLV-III (isifo se-T-tropic yabantu) ekholelwa ukuba yimbangela ye-AIDS. Isibhengezo sakha imbambano njengoko i-LAV ne-HiTLV-III beyi-virus efanayo kunye neliphi ilizwe elinamalungelo olungelo lobunikazi.
Ekupheleni konyaka, izikhulu zaseSan Francisco zalela ukuvalwa kwezindlu zokuhlambela nge-gay-ezithathwa njengezingozi zezempilo zoluntu ebusweni bezityalo ezikhulayo kunye nokufa phakathi kwamadoda angama-gay.
1985
NgoJanuwari, i-CDC ibhengeze ukuba i-AIDS yabangelwa yi-virus esanda kutshatyalaliswa, ilandelwa kungekudala ngeendaba ukuba i-US Food and Drug Administration (i-FDA) ivume uvavanyo lokuqala lwe- HIV lomntu onokukwazi ukufumana intsholongwane kwiisampula zegazi.
Okwangoku, iingxelo zavela ukuba uRyan White, intombazana yase-Indiana, wayenqatshelwe ukungena esikolweni sakhe esiphakeme emva kokufumana i-AIDS ekufakeni igazi.
Kwiinyanga ezimbini emva koko, umculi u-Rock Hudson wabulawa zizifo ezihlobene ne-AIDS, waba ngowokuqala udumo oluphezulu oluphezulu lokufa kwesi sifo.
I- Memorial Memorial Quilt yafunyanwa ngu-activist Cleve Jones ukuba akhumbule ubomi obulahlekelwe yi-HIV. Iqela ngalinye le-3x5 leenyawo lihlawule umrhumo omnye okanye ngaphezulu kwabantu abafayo ngesifo.
1986
NgoMeyi, iKomiti yeSizwe ye-Taxonomy yeVirus ikhuphe isitatimenti apho kuvunyelwene khona ukuba intsholongwane edala i-AIDS iya kuthiwa ngokusemthethweni yi- HIV (okanye isifo se-HIV) .
1987
Umdlali wezemidlalo waseMelika uLarry Kramer wasungula u-ACT UP (i-AIDS Coalition ku-Unleash Power) e-New York, NY ukumbhikisha ukungahambi kolawulo lukaRhulumente kwiinkqubo ezikhulayo ze-AIDS e-US.
Okwangoku, i-US kunye neFransi bavuma ukuba i-LAV ne-HTLV-III beyi-virusi enye kwaye bavuma ukwabelana ngamalungelo olungelo lobunikazi, ukuhambisa uninzi lweempahla zokuhlawula kwi-AIDS yehlabathi.
Ngo-Matshi, i-FDA ivume i- AZT (i-zidovudine) njengesixhobo sokuqala se-antiretroviral esakwazi ukuphatha i-HIV. Kungekudala emva koko, bavuma ukukhawulezisa inkqubo yokwamkelwa kwezidakamizwa, ukunciphisa ixesha lolawulo lwenkqubo ngeminyaka emibili ukuya kwimithathu.
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Ngaba Ixesha Lokuthatha Umhlala-phantsi "UAIDS" kwi-HIV / AIDS?
Intsholongwane kaGawulayo eChina - iHIV Kwihlabathi -Gawulayo eChina
1988
U-Elizabeth Glaser, umfazi we Starsy & Hutch inkwenkwezi uPaul Michael Glaser, wasungula i-Pediatric AIDS Foundation (kamva wabizwa kwakhona nge-Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation) emva kokufumana i-HIV kwi-transfusion. .
Usuku loGawulayo lwehlabathi luyabonwa okokuqala ngqa ngoDisemba 1.
1989
Ngo-Agasti, ii-CDC zithi inani le-AIDS kwi-US lifikile kuma-100,000.
1990
Ukufa kwintombazana yaseRinshasa uRyan White ngo-Apreli kwabangela ukutshatyalaliswa kwamanyathelo enjengamagosa karhulumente atyholwa ngokungaqhubi. I-Congress yase-US iphendule ngokuvuma i-Ryan White Comprehensive Emergency Resource Act (CARE) Act ka-1990, eyenzelwe ukubonelela ngemali-mali kwi-HIV-based based care providers.
1992
UGawulayo waba yimbalo yokuqala ebangela ukufa kwabantu baseMelika abaneminyaka engama-24 ukuya ku-45.
1993
I-CDC yandise inkcazo kaGawulayo ukubandakanya abantu abaneengxelo ze- CD4 ngaphantsi kwe-200. NgoJuni, uMongameli uBill Clinton wasayinisela umthetho umthetho-mthetho ovumela ukuvalwa kwabo bonke abafuduki abane-HIV.
1994
UGawulayo waba yiyona nto ibangela ukufa kubantu bonke baseMelika abaneminyaka engama-24 ukuya ku-48.
Okwangoku, iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-ACTG 076 oluphawulekayo zakhishwa, ezibonisa ukuba i-AZT inikezelwe ngaphambi kokuba ukuhanjiswa kunganciphisa kakhulu ingozi ye-HIV kumama kumntwana ngexesha lokukhulelwa . Iziphumo zilandelwa ngokukhawuleza ngokukhutshwa kwezikhokelo zokuqala ezivela kwi-US Public Health Service (USPHS) efuna ukusebenzisa i-AZT kwabasetyhini abakhulelweyo abane-HIV.
1995
I-FDA ivume i-Inivirase (saquinivir), i-protease yokuqala ye-prohibase-inhibitor-class admitted in antiretroviral arsenal. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-protease inhibitors kwandula ngexesha le- HAART (unyango oluphezulu lwe-antiretroviral therapy) apho kukho ukuhlanganiswa kwezidakamizwa ezintathu okanye ngaphezulu kusetyenziswa ukuphatha i-HIV.
Ekupheleni konyaka, abantu abangama-500 000 baseMelika bachazwa ukuba bane-HIV.
1996
I-FDA ivumile uvavanyo lokuqala lwe- viral test ekwazi ukulinganisa inqanaba le-HIV kumntu wegazi kunye neyokuqala yokuhlolwa kwekhaya le-HIV kunye neyokuqala-ye-non-nucleoside-class drug ebizwa ngokuba yiViramume (nevirapine).
Ngomnyaka ofanayo, ii-USPHS zikhuphe iziphakamiso zayo zokuqala malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa ze-antiretroviral ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokusuleleka kubantu abasengozini ebonakalayo kwi-HIV kwizilungiselelo zonyango. Isiphakamiso se-USPHS sokusasazeka kwe- post-exposure prophylaxis (i-PEP) yakha isiseko sokunyanga okukhuselweyo kwiimeko zokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo, ukudlwengulwa, okanye ukuchithwa kwegazi ngengozi.
I-AIDS Memorial Memorial, ephethe amaqela angaphezu kwama-40,000, yafakwa kwiSizwe seMall eWashington, DC kwaye ihlanganisa yonke indawo epaki kawonkewonke.
1997
I-CDC ibhengeze ukuba ukusetshenziswa kwe-HAART kwandiswe ngokukhawuleza umngcipheko wezifo kunye nokufa kwabantu abachaphazelekayo ne-HIV, kunye namaxabiso okufa ahla ngamaphesenti angama-47 athatyiswayo kunyaka odlulileyo.
Okwangoku, iNkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kwi-HIV / AIDS (i-UNAIDS) yabika ukuba abantu abangaba zigidi ezingama-30 banesifo se-HIV emhlabeni wonke, kunye ne-Afrika esezantsi zibalwa malunga nesiqingatha sazo zonke iintsholongwane.
1998
I-CDC ikhuphe izikhokelo zokuqala zonyango kazwelonke ngo-Ephreli, ngelixa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States igweba ukuba ama- American abakhubazekile (ADA) Act ahlanganisa bonke abantu abaphila ne-HIV.
1999
I-World Health Organization (i-WHO) yabika ukuba i-HIV yimbangela ebangela ukufa kwabantu eAfrika kunye neyesine ebangela ukufa emhlabeni wonke. I-WHO iphinda iqikelele ukuba abantu abayizigidi ezingama-33 babesulelekile ukususela ekuqalekeni kwesi sifo kwaye izigidi ezili-14 zafa ngenxa yezifo ezihambelana ne-HIV.
2000
I-XIII Inkomfa Ye-AIDS Yase-Afrika e-Durban, iNingizimu Afrika yahlanganiswa ngxabano xa uMongameli uThabo Mbeki , kwiseshoni yokuqala, wabonisa ukungathandabuzeki ukuba ngaba i-HIV ibangela i-AIDS. Ngexesha leenkomfa, uMzantsi Afrika waba kunye (kwaye uqhubeka unayo) inani elikhulu labantu abaphila ne-HIV kwihlabathi.
2002
I- Global Fund yokulwa noGawulayo, isifo sofuba kunye neMalariya yasungulwa eGeneva, eSwitzerland ukuhambisa inkxaso kwiinkqubo ze-HIV kumazwe asakhulayo. Ngethuba lokusungula, izigidi ezi-3.5 kwizifo ezithathelwanayo zichazwe kwi-Afrika yaseMzantsi Afrika yodwa.
Okwangoku, ngomgudu wokunyusa uvavanyo lwe-HIV e-US, i-FDA ivume ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwegazi lwe-HIV ngokukhawuleza okukwazi ukuhambisa iziphumo kwimizuzu engama-20 ngokuchaneka kwe-99.6%.
2003
UMongameli uGeorge HW Bush wamemezela ukubunjwa kweCandelo likaMongameli weCandelo loKhuseleko lwe-AIDS (PEPFAR), eyaba yinkqubo enkulu yenkxaso-mali ye-HIV ngelizwe elilodwa lomnikelo. Ngokungafani ne-Global Fund, eyabanika amazwe umlinganiselo wongamo lwongamela malunga nokuba imali ingasetyenziselwa njani, i-PEPFAR yathatha indlela yokubambisana ngezithuba eziphezulu zeenkqubo zokubeka iliso kunye nemilinganiselo.
Uvavanyo lokuqala lokugonywa kwe-HIV , usebenzisa i-AIDVAX yokugonya, aluphumelelanga ukunciphisa amazinga okusuleleka kwabathathi-nxaxheba. Kwakungokuqala kwezilingo ezininzi zokugonya ekugqibeleni zahluleka ukuphumeza amanqanaba afanelekileyo okukhusela abantu abane-HIV okanye abo banethemba lokuphepha isifo.
Okwangoku, isiza esilandelayo isizukulwana se-nucleotide, i- Viread (i-tenofovir) , yamkelwe yi-FDA. Isilwayo, esiboniswe ukuba siyasebenza nakubantu abanengxaki enzulu kwiimithi zonyango lwe-HIV, ngokukhawuleza bashukunyiselwa phezulu kwoluhlu olukhethiweyo lwonyango lwase-US.
2006
Ngokutsho kwe-WHO, abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi babekwe kwi-antiretroviral therapy, ukunyuka kwamaxesha angama-10 ukususela kwi-Global Fund kunye ne-PEPFAR.
Ngaloo nyaka, abaphandi ngeeNational Institutes of Health (NIH) babike ukuba izilingo zeeklinikhi eKenya nase-Uganda zagcinwa emva kokuba kuboniswe ukuba ukusoka kwabesilisa kunganciphisa ingozi yomntu yokufumana i-HIV ngama-53 ekhulwini.
Ngokufanayo, ii-CDC zikhuphe iifowuni zokuvavanya i-HIV kubo bonke abantu abaneminyaka engama-13 ukuya ku-64 , kubandakanya ukuhlolwa kwexesha elilodwa kubantu ababhekwa njengobungozi obuphezulu.
2007
I-CDC ibhengeze ukuba ama-565,000 aseMelika afile nge-HIV ukususela ekuqaleni kwesi sifo. Kwakhona kwaxelwa ukuba iziganeko zokutheleleka kwabasetyhini phakathi kwabantu abalala ngokwesini , kunye namazinga aphantse aphindwe kabini phakathi kwamadoda angama-gay aphakathi kweminyaka eyi-13 no-18.
Akukho nto eyikrakrayo kukuba i-1.2 yezigidi zaseMerika ziqikelelwa ukuba ziphila ne-HIV, kangangokuba ama-20 ukuya kuma-25 ekhulwini ahlala engazi ngokupheleleyo isimo sabo.
2008
UTimothy Brown, owaziwa ngokuba yi " Berlin Patient ," wachazwa ukuba waphiliswa yi-HIV emva kokufumana ukutshintshwa kwe-stem cell cell. Nangona inkqubo ibonwa ukuba yingozi kwaye ixabisekile ukuba isebenze kwisilungiselelo sempilo yoluntu, yavelisa ezinye iinjongo ezinethemba lokuphinda iziphumo.
2010
Ulawulo luka-Obama lwaphelisa ngokusemthethweni ukufuduka kwe-HIV kunye ne-travel ban .
NgoNovemba, abaphandi abane-IPrEx Study babike ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwansuku zonke kwe-drug truvada (tenofovir + emtricitabine) kwanciphisa umngcipheko wokusuleleka kuma-gay amadoda angama-44 angama-44. Kwakuyiyokuqala isifundo sokuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwangaphambili kwe-prophylaxis (PrEP) ukunciphisa ingozi ye-HIV kubantu abangenasifo.
2011
Isifundo se-HPTN 052 sabizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi UkuPhuphuma koMnyaka ngeMagazini yeSayensi emva kokuba kuboniswe ukuba abantu abanonyango lwe-antiretroviral babengamaphesenti angama-96 amathuba okudlulisela i-HIV kumlingane ongenagciwane ukuba bakwazi ukugcina umthamo we-virus engabonakaliyo . Olu pho nonongo luqinisekisile ukusetyenziswa kweNyango njengoThintelo (i-TasP) njengendlela yokuthintela ukusasazeka kwe-HIV kwi-serodiscordant (isimo esixubileyo).
2012
Naphezu kokuguqulwa kokufa kwe-HIV, amagosa ezempilo eMzantsi Afrika abike ukuba inani lezonyango ezitsha liye landa kunyaka odlulileyo ngama-100 000, ikakhulukazi kubantu abadala nabaselula.
I-FDA ivume ngokusemthethweni ukusetyenziswa kweTruvada ye-PrEP . Kwafika ngexesha apho i-US ibike ngaphezu kwe-50,000 ukuxilongwa okutsha, isalathisi esasigxilile kakhulu ingu-2002.
2013
UMongameli uBarack Obama watyikitya umthetho we- HIV Organ Policy Equity (HOPE) kuMthetho , ovumela ukutshintshwa kwezitho kumnikeli onentsholongwane kaGawulayo kumnumkeli we-HIV.
I-UNAIDS yamemezela ukuba izinga elitsha lokusulela kwi-low-middle-income countries liye lahla ngamaphesenti angama-50 ngenxa yenkqubo yokwandisa i-HIV. Baphendula kwakhona ukuba abantu abayi-35.3 abayi-miliyari banesifo sengculaza.
I-FDA ivume i-integrase ye-integrase-classic drug Tivicay (dolutegravir) eboniswe ukuba neempembelelo ezimbalwa kunye nokuzinza okukhulu kubantu abanokuxhatshazwa kweziyobisi ezinzulu. Isilwanyana sasihanjiswe ngokukhawuleza kwi-top ye-US ekhethwe ngamachiza e-HIV.
2014
Ukuphunyezwa kwe- Career Affordable Act (ACA) kwandisa i-inshurensi yempilo kubantu abathile ngaphambili babenqatshelwe ukukhutshwa. Ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uqalise ukusebenza, ngaphantsi kweyesihlanu kwabaseMerika abane-HIV babenomshuwalense wezempilo.
Okwangoku, izazinzulu kwiYunivesithi yaseOxford kuphanda iirekhodi zombali kunye nobufakazi bokuzalwa, kugqiba ukuba i- HIV ivela kwiKhabinethi yeDemocratic Republic of Congo. Kukholelwa ukuba uhlobo lwe-hybrid ye-simian virus ye-immunodefiency (SIV) yenyuka ukusuka kwi- tro trolodyte i-troglydytes i- chimpanzee kumntu ngenxa yegazi okanye ukutyisa inyama.
2015
ISicwangciso esiCwangcisiweyo seNyango ye-Antiretroviral Treatment (START) Isifundo sakhishwa kwiindwendwe kwiNgqungquthela yamazwe ngamazwe e-AIDS eVancouver, eCanada. Uhlolisiso, olubonisa ukuba unyango lwe-HIV olunikezwe ngexesha lokuxilongwa lunokunciphisa umngcipheko wesifo esibi ngamaphesenti angama-53 , kuye kwacela ukuba utshintsho olusondeleyo kumgaqo karhulumente.
Emva kweenyanga ezine, i-WHO ikhuphe izikhokelo ezihlaziyiweyo zokukhuthaza unyango lwe-HIV ngexesha lokuxilongwa kungakhathaliseki ukuba yi-CD4 count, indawo, ingeniso okanye isigaba sesifo. Baqhubeka bekhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwe-PrEP kulabo abasengozini enkulu yokufumana i-HIV.
Usuku lwe-AIDS lwe-World, i-CDC ibhengeze ukuba ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV ngonyaka kwi-US kuye kwawa ngama-9 ekhulwini, kunye nokunciphisa ngokuthe gqolo phakathi kwabantu abafazi kunye nabesifazane base-Afrika baseMerika. Ngokwahlukileyo, amadoda amancinci asesigxina ahlala esengozini enkulu yokusuleleka xa abantu base-Afrika baseGayda basetyhini bebikwa ukuba banethuba lokufumana i-HIV ngexesha lokuphila.
Ngomhla wama-21 kuDisemba, i-FDA "yaphakamisa" ukuvalwa kwayo kweminyaka engama-30 kwiminikelo yegazi esuka kubantu abesilisa nabasetyhini. Isigqibo senza umsindo kubantu base-AIDS , abagxeka isigqibo se-FDA sokuvumela kuphela loo madoda angazange asebenze ngesondo omnye unyaka ukuba awanikele, agxininisa ukuba isigqibo sinobandlululo kwaye akukho ngaphantsi kwe-banto banqatshelwe.
2016
Ngokutsho kwe-WHO, abantu abayi-38.8 abanesifo se-HIV kunye nabantu abayizigidi ezingama-22 bafa ngenxa yezizathu ezibangelwa yi-HIV ukususela ekuqaleni kwesi sifo.
Ngobubungqina bokuba unyango lwe-HIV luyakunciphisa amazinga okusuleleka, iZizwe eziManyeneyo ziqalise isicwangciso sayo se-90-90-90 esijoliswe ekuboneni iipesenti ezingama-90 zabantu abaphila ne-HIV, ukubeka iipesenti ezingama-90 zabantu abachongiweyo ngokunyanga, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba iipesenti ezingama-90 abo babekwe unyango baphumelele ukuphumeza imithwalo engabonakaliyo yentsholongwane.
> Umthombo:
> Isebe lezeMpilo laseMelika kunye neeNkonzo zoLuntu (DHHS). "Umlinganiselo we-HIV / AIDS." I-Ofisi yoNcedisi uNobhala wezeMpilo kunye ne-Ofisi yoNcedisi-mali weeNdaba zoLuntu; EWashington, DC; NgoSeptemba 18, 2016.