I-HIV Microscopy kwimifanekiso

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I-HIV Microscopy kwimifanekiso

Ngokusebenzisa i-electron microscopy (SEM) kunye neyezinye iindlela zokucinga, izazinzulu zikwazi ukuphanda i-ultrastructure ye- HIV kunye nezinye izifo ezincinci ezinxulumene nezifo ze-HIV.

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I-T-Cell yobomi bezeMpilo

I-electron micrograph ye- T-lymphocyte yomntu (ebizwa ngokuba yi-T-cell) ukusuka kwisistim somzimba somncedi onempilo.

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I-CD4 yeSifo se-HIV

I-electron micrograph yeskrini ye- CD4 yesifo se -HIV. I-colorization yekhompyutheni inceda ukuhlula i-HIV ye-virions (ephuzi) njengoko iphuma kwiseli elikhulelwe (kwindawo eluhlaza kunye ne-turquoise).

I-CD4 iseli uhlobo lwesisele se-T-lymphocyte (okanye i-T-cell) ene-glycoprotein ebizwa nge-CD4 ebusweni. Eyaziwa nangokuthi "zincedisi" zeeseli, i-CD4 ayiyikuthintela isifo, kodwa kunoko isistim somzimba womzimba sisebenze kwi-agent agent. Ngokukhubaza ii-CD4, i-immune function iyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe, yandisa ingozi ye-HIV echaphazelekayo.

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Igciwane le-CD4 elichaphazelekayo le-HIV (Vala-phezulu)

Ukwandiswa okwandisiweyo kwe-CD4 yesifo se-HIV.

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Uhlahlo lwe-HIV Kusuka kwi-Cell4 echaphazelekayo

Ii-virions ze-HIV ziboniswa ukuhluma kwaye zikhulule kwi-CD4 yeselintshi.

Ngethuba okanye emva kokuvala, i-virion ingena kwisigaba sokuvuthwa apho imilenze emide yeeprotheyini inqunywe kwiiprotheyini ze-HIV kunye ne-enzymes. Ubunzima bufunekayo ukwenzela ukuba intsholongwane ifumaneke.

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I-Mycobacterium isifo sofuba

I-electron micrograph ye-electrograph ye- Mycobacterium isifo se-tuberculosis , esibangela isifo sofuba (TB). I-TB isoloko ichaphazela imiphunga, kodwa ingamanye amanxalenye omzimba, ngokunjalo. Ukususela ngo-1993, i- M TB isetyenziswe ngamaziko okuLawula nokuLawulwa kweSifo (CDC) njenge- AIDS-defining condition .

Ehlabathini lonke, i-TB yimbangela ebangela ukufa kubantu abaphila ne-HIV. E-US, kubantu abangama-8 683 abane-TB abanokuhlolwa kovavanyo lwe-HIV ngonyaka ka-2011, ama-6% ayekhokhelwe nge-HIV.

_Umthombo

_{Amaziko e-US for Control and Prevention (CDC) yeZifo. "INTSHOLONGWANE KAGAWULAYO ​​NESIVULELO." Atlanta, Georgia; Matshi 19, 2013.}

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Pneumocystis jiroveci

I-silvergraphic stained micrograph ye- Pneumocystis jiroveci isikhunta esecaleni kwenkcenkceshelo yokunkcenkceshela.

I-Pneumocystis jiroveci i-pneumonia (eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-PCP) ithathwa njengesimo esichazayo se-AIDS kubantu abane-HIV. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwe- antiretroviral therapy (ipirati) , iziganeko ze-PCP ziye zancipha ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ekuphakameni kobhubhane lwe-HIV phakathi nee-1990. Oko kwathiwa, i-PCP isengosulelo oluqhelekileyo phakathi kwabantu abane- AIDS e-US

U-P. jirovecii wayenqunyulwa njengeP. carinii , kodwa kamva watshintshwa ukuba ahluke kwizinye iintlobo zePneumocystis ezitholakala kwizilwanyana.

_Umthombo:

_{Amaziko e-US for Control and Prevention (CDC) yeZifo. "Unokukhusela i-PCP." Atlanta, Georgia; NgoJuni 21, 2007.}

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Candida albicans

Ukuphakanyiswa kwe-1,000x ye- Candida albicans ye-inoculated, engabandakanyekanga kwi-infection ye-thrush.

C. albicans enye yeentlobo zeesambuzane ezingabangela ukusuleleka kubantu, ezivela kwi- candidiasis yomlomo ongathandabuzekiyo (thrush) kunye ne-vaginitis (isifo sesisu sesisu) ukuze usongele ubomi, isifo se-systemic kubantu abazimele. Amaziko ase-United States okuLawula nokuLawula (i-CDC) ahlukanisa i-candidiasis ye-esophagheal (candidiasis yamapapu, i-bronchi okanye i-trachea) njenge- AIDS-defining condition kubantu abane-HIV.

I-Candidiasis iyaqhelekileyo kubantu abane-HIV. Nangona ukuphunyezwa kwe- antiretroviral therapy (ipiriti) inokunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko we-candidiasis, ihlala isinye sezifo ezixhaphakileyo kakhulu kwiimeko zombini ezibutyebi kunye nobutyebi.

I-albicans yizona iintlobo ezininzi zihlala zixhamla ne-candidiasis, nangona ezinye iintlobo ze- Candida (ezinokubangela ukusuleleka kubantu.

_Umthombo:

_{Gona, P .; Van Dyke, R .; Williams, P .; okqhubekayo. "Isiganeko seZithuba eziKhethekileyo kunye nezinye izifo kwi-HIV-Abantwana abachaphazelekayo kwi-HAART Era." Umbhalo we-American Medical Association (JAMA). 2006; 296 (3): 292-300.}

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I-Papillomavirus yabantu (HPV)

I-papillomavirus yabantu (i-HPV) yintsholongwane engabangela ukusuleleka kubantu, kwaye isifo esiqhelekileyo sesigqirha (STD) e-US Nangona abantu abaninzi abanesifo se-HPV bengenasiphelo, kunye nefuthe elide elide, ezinye iintlobo zingabangela i-warts ukuba, kwimbalwa yamatyala, ingaba ngamagciwane e-cervix, i-vulva, isondo, i-penis, i-anus, ne-oropharnx (inxalenye yomqala emlonyeni emlonyeni).

Uphando lubonisa ukuba abafazi abane-HIV basengozini enkulu yokufumana i-HPV kunabesetyhini abanesifo se-HIV, ngelixa kubonisa iziphumo ezininzi ze-HPV ezingahambelananga neeseli zomlomo. Zizo iiseli ezingakhula zibe ngumhlaza wesibeleko.

Umhlaza wesifo somhlaza wesibeleko ngowomnye weemeko ezichazwe ngamaziko e-US for Control and Prevention (CDC) njenge- AIDS-defining disease kubantu abane-HIV.

Okwangoku, uqikelelo olungama-90% weengqungquthela zesifo somdlavuza ezibangelwa yi-HPV, kunye nabesilisa abalala ngesondo kunye nabesilisa (MSM) eqhuba phantse amaxesha angama-35 umngcipheko wesifo somhlaza kunomntu jikelele.

_Umthombo:

_{Singh, D .; Anasto, K .; Hoover, D; okqhubekayo. "Usulelo lwe-papillomavirus yabantu kunye ne-cytology yomlomo wesibeleko kwi-HIV kunye ne-HIV engaxhaswanga ngabafazi baseRwanda." I-Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009; 199: 1851-1861.}

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Toxoplasma gondii

I-photomicrograph ye- Toxoplasma gondii efunyenwe kwisampuli yesishu.

I-T. gondii iyiprotozoan epilisi engabangela isifo esibizwa ngokuba yi- toxoplasmosis kubantu nakwezinye izidalwa zegazi. Ukuba ishiywe ingaphathwa, i-toxoplasmosis ingabangela i-encephalitis enamandla (ukuvuvukala kwengqondo) kunye nomonakalo wokubuyisela. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zeengxaki zomzimba zithetha intetho kunye nokuphazamiseka kwemoto. Kwizifo eziphambili, ukuxhatshazwa, i-meningitis, i-optic nerve damage, kunye nezibonakaliso zengqondo zivame ukubonakala.

I-Toxoplasmosis yengqondo ihlelwa ngamaziko e-US for Control and Prevention (CDC) njenge- AIDS-defining disease kubantu abane-HIV.

Amacala angaphezu kwama-200,000 e-toxoplasmosis abikwa e-US ngamnye ngonyaka, okubangelwa ukufa kwabantu abangaba ngu-750-okwenza kube yimbini yesizathu esivakalayo sesifo esibulalayo ngenxa yeSalmonella .

_Umthombo:

_{Amaziko e-US for Control and Prevention (CDC) yeZifo. "I-Toxoplasmosis (i-Toxoplasma Infection - i-Epidemiology ne-Fact Factors." I-Atlanta, iGeorgia; iMpilo yeSizwe, iSahlulo seZifo eziMnyama kunye neMalariya; ngoJanuwari 10, 2012.}

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Salmonella

I-electron micrograph ye-electron micrograph ye- Salmonella enterobacteria ehlasela iseli yoluntu ekhule.

I-Salmonella septicemia yimeko apho ubukho be- Salmonella egazini bubangela ukusongela ubomi, ukuphendulwa komzimba wonke. I-Salmonella septicemia ephindaphindiweyo kubantu abaneNTSHOLONGWANE KAGAWULAYO ​​ihlelwa njengesifo esichaza i-AIDS ngamaziko e-US for Control and Prevention (CDC).

Ngokufika kwe- antiretroviral therapy (ipiriti) , i-salmonella septicemia ithathwa njengeyinqabileyo kubantu abaphila ne-HIV kwihlabathi eliphuhlisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ininzi ye- Salmonella- echaphazelekayo yokufa eyenzekayo e-US ingaba ngabantu abadala okanye abo banesistim sokuzivikela kakhulu.

_Umthombo:

_{Amaziko e-US for Control and Prevention (CDC) yeZifo. "Isihlomelo se-A-AIDS Defining Conditions." Atlanta, Georgia; gqibela ukuhlaziywa ngoNovemba 20, 2008.}

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Coccidioides immitis

I-silvergrain stain micrograph yeCoccidiodes immitis spherule kunye ne-endospores ebonakalayo.

I-Coccidioimycosis yintlupheko ebangelwa yi- C. immitis okanye C. posadaii , kwaye iyaziwa ngokuba yi "Valley Fever." Kuyinto enzima kumalungu eMzantsi-ntshona wase-US, ukusuka eTexas ukuya kusezantsi kweCalifornia, kunye nomntla waseMexico, iPentral America, kunye neMzantsi Melika.

Ngoxa i-coccidioimycosis ibonisa ngaphakathi kwimiphunga, xa isasazeka ngaphaya kwamaphaphu kubantu abanentsholongwane kaGawulayo, kuthathwa njengegciwane elichazwa yi -AIDS ngamaziko e-US for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Ngo-2011, ii-22 000 ezintsha ze-coccidioimycosis zabikwa yi-CDC, ukunyuka kweshumi ukusuka ngo-1998. E-California kuphela, inani landa ukusuka ngo-719 ngo-1998 ukuya kuma-5,697 aphezulu ngo-2011.

_Umthombo:

_{Amaziko e-US for Control and Prevention (CDC) yeZifo. "Ukwandiswa kweNgxelo yeCoccidioidomycosis - eMelika, ngo-1998-2011." Ukufa kunye nokuLawulwa kweeNgxelo zeveki nganye (MMWR). NgoMatshi 29, 2013: 62 (12): 217-221.}

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Varicella zoster

I-electron micrograph ebonakalayo ebomlilo ye- viral virus ye- Varicella .

I-Varicella virus yezilwanyana (VZV) ilungu leentsapho zegciwane le-herpes, elivame ukubangela inkukhu ye-inkukhu kubantwana, intsha kunye nabantu abadala. Emva kokusombulula intsholongwane yokuqala, i-VZV ilala kakhulu kwinkqubo yeentlanzi, kungekho zinkathazo okanye iziphumo.

Nangona kunjalo, kwi-10-20% yamatyala, i-VZV iya kubuyiselwa emva komntu omdala, okubangele i- herpes zoster (okanye i-shingles) . Ezi ngokuqhelekileyo zivela kubantu abadala okanye abantu abaneenkqubo zokuzivikela ezikhuselekileyo.

Abantu abanentsholongwane ka-HIV banamaxesha angama-17 ukuba banokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwe-VZV kunabantu abangenayo i-HIV. Nangona i-herpe zoster ibonakala rhoqo kubantu abanee- CD4 ezingaphantsi (ngaphantsi kwe-200), bangabonisa kubantu abanokuxhatshazwa kwe-immune (i-CD4 engama-400).

I-VZV ingowentsapho efanayo yintsholongwane njengegciwane le- herpes simplex (HSV) . Usulelo lwe-VZV alubheki njengesifo esichaza i-AIDS .

_Umthombo:

_{Jordaan, H. "Izikhumba eziqhelekileyo kunye neengxaki ze-mucosal zeHIV / AIDS." YoLuntu lwaseMzantsi Afrika. 2008; 50 (6): 14-23.}

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I-Cystoispora belli (Isospora belli)

I-micrograolet micrograph ye- Cystoisospora belli parasite.

I-Cystoispora belli (eyayibizwa ngokuba yi- Isospora belli ) yintsholongwane yamathumbu angabangela ukuba isifo sibe ngabantu ababizwa ngokuba yi- cystoisosporiasis .

Ngokufika kwe- antiretroviral therapy (ipiriti) , i-cystoisosporiasis ithathwa njengenqabileyo kubantu abaphila ne-HIV kwihlabathi eliphuhlisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphazamiseka kwesinye isikhathi kuye kwabikwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngenxa yenxalenye enkulu ekubuyiseni abahambahambayo ukusuka kwimimandla yempuphu apho isifo sisasazeke khona.

I-Cystoisosporiasis iye yahlukaniswa ngamaziko e-US for Control and Prevention (CDC) njenge- AIDS-defining disease kubantu abane-HIV.

_Umthombo:

_{Amaziko e-US for Control and Prevention (CDC) yeZifo. "Isihlomelo se-A-AIDS Defining Conditions." Atlanta, Georgia; gqibela ukuhlaziywa ngoNovemba 20, 2008.}

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Cryptococcus neoformans

I-mucicarmine eyenza i-micrograph ye- Cryptococcus neoformans kwimisipha yomntu, kunye neesilusi zamaseli ebomvu.

I-C. neoformans enye yezinto ezimbini ezinokuthi zingabangela izifo kubantu ezibizwa ngokuba yi-cryptococcosis. (Enye i- C . gattii .) Ukutshintshwa kubonakala ngokukodwa ngokufuthwa kwefungus, ekhoyo kumhlaba kunye neentshukumo zeentaka.

Nangona uninzi lwabantu abadala kunye nabantwana abonakaliswe kwi-fungus abayi kuhlakulela i-cryptococcosis, abantu abaneenkqubo ezikhuselekileyo ze-immune basengozini enkulu-kunye nosulelo olubonisa ikakhulu kwimiphunga okanye kwinkqubo yesistim ephakathi (apho kunokubangela ukuba kubekho isifo sengqondo esisongela ubomi).

Kwihlabathi eliphuhlisiwe, iziganeko ze-cryptococcosis ziye zanyuka ngokugqithiseleyo ukususela kokuqaliswa kweyeza-antiretroviral therapy (ikarita) . Nangona kunjalo, eso sifo sisona sinegalelo elikhulu ekufeni nasekufeni kwabantu kwihlabathi eliphuhlisayo, ngakumbi i-Afrika yaseMzantsi Afrika.

I-cryptococcosis ye-Extrapulmonary ihlelwe ngamaziko e-US for Control and Prevention (CDC) njenge- AIDS-defining disease kubantu abane-HIV.

_Umthombo:

_{Warkentien, T. kunye neCrum-Cianflone, N. "Ukuhlaziywa kwi-Cryptococcus phakathi kwabantu abane-HIV." I-International Journal yeZifo zoTyhulwa noGawulayo. Oktobha 2010; 21 (10): 679-84.}

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Histoplasma capsulatum

I-photomicrograph ibonisa ezimbini i- Itstoplasma capsulatum fungi.

H. capsulatum yi-fungus engabangela isifo kubantu esibizwa ngokuba yi-histoplasmosis. I-H. capsulatum iphela kwiindawo ze-US, kwakunye neengxenye ze-Afrika, kwimzantsi-mpuma ye-Asia, e-Yurophu entshona, kunye ne-Central kunye neMzantsi Melika.

I- H. capsulatum fungus itholakala kumhlaba, ukuhlaselwa kweentaka kunye ne-guano ye-bat. Ngenxa yokudibanisa kunye nezilwanyana kunye nemingcwaba, eso sifo sibizwa ngokuba "Isifo sesango" okanye "umphunga wePelunker."

I-90% yabemi kwimpuma nakwi-central US baye bavakaliswa ku- H. capsulatum , baninzi banomdla omncinci okanye abangabikho. Abo bahlala befumana iimpawu ezinjengobunzima, obukhuhlane-mkhuhlane, esisombulula ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokuchaphazela.

Ngabantu abathintekayo ngokuzikhusela, i-histoplasmosis inokuqhubela phambili kwintsholongwane engapheliyo yamaphaphu, efana nesibonakaliso sesifo sofuba. Ukusabalalisa i-histoplasmosis, enokuchaphazela amalungu amaninzi amakhulu, kubonakala ngokubanzi kwizigulane ezinegciwane le-HIV ezineenkcukacha ze-CD4 phantsi kwe-150.

I-Histoplasmosis iye yahlukaniswa ngamaziko e-US for Control and Prevention (CDC) njenge- AIDS-defining condition kubantu abane-HIV.

_Umthombo:

_{UKauffman, C. "I-Histoplasmosis: ukuhlaziywa kweeklinikhi kunye ne-laboratory." Iingcali zeMpilo zeMpilo. Ja nuwari 2007; 20 (1): 115-132.}