Iimvavanyo ezilandelayo ze-combo zinikela ngokukhawuleza, iziphumo ezithembekileyo
Xa ukutshutshiswa kweNTSHOLONGWANE KAGAWULAYO kukhankanywa, luqhelekileyo lufunyaniswe ziimvavanyo ezingakwazi ukubona iiseli ezibizwa ngokuba ngama- antibodies kunye / okanye i-antigens kwigazi okanye kumathe.
I-antibody ihlobo lweprotheni elifihliwe ngamaseli egazi amhlophe angakwazi ukubona nokutshabalalisa imizimba yamanye amazwe njengama-virus okanye ibhaktheriya. I-antigen, ngokuchaseneyo, nayiphi na into enokubangela ukuphendula ngamagciwane kwisimo se-antibodies (njengoko kwenzekayo ne-HIV).
Iimvavanyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukusuleleka ngu-HIV zenzelwe ukuphendula ngala ma-agent. Iiphumo "elihle" lithetha ukuba ii-antibodies / antigens ze-HIV ziye zafunyanwa kwaye ukuba isifo senzeke. Iiphumo "elingalunganga" lithetha ukuba akukho manqwanqwa / ama-antigen afunyenwe kwaye ukusuleleka kwe-HIV akuzange kwenzeke.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, "uvavanyo olungamanga" kukuba xa uvavanyo lubonisa ngokungathanga ngentsholongwane kaGawulayo, ngelixa "ingxaki engafanelekanga" xa ukuvavanywa ngokungalunganga kubonisa ukuba akukho ntsholongwane eyenzekayo. Zombini ezi zinto ziqhathaniswa zisetyenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwamanje.
Ukuqonda Ixesha leFowuni
Ngokuqhelekileyo abantu baya kuphuhlisa amanqanaba anokungalinganiswa kwama-antibodies angama-30 kwiintsuku ezingama-30 zentsholongwane, nangona abanye bangathatha ixesha elide-ukuya kwiinyanga ezintathu kwiimeko ezithile. Ii-antigen ze-HIV, ngokuphambene, zithatha phakathi kweeveki ezimbini ukuya kwiihlanu ukuphuhlisa.
Ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke oku, kukho ixesha apho amanqwanqwa omzimba / olwa-antigen aphantsi kakhulu ukuba afunyanwe ngokuthembeka.
Oku kubizwa ngexesha le window . Kulo thuba umntu osulelekileyo unako ukudlulisela i-HIV kwabanye, kodwa unokwenza umphumo ombi ukuba unikwe uvavanyo lwe-HIV.
Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba usulelekile kwaye usukrokre xa usenokungabonakali ngengozi kwi-HIV, kubalulekile ukuba wabelane ngalokhu kunye nogqirha okanye isikhungo sakho sokuvavanya.
Baya kuncedisa ukuba ngaba u vavanyo lwe-HIV luwela kwixesha le window okanye ukuba lwenziwa ngamanqanaba afanelekileyo okuthembeka.
Uvavanyo lweNtsholongwane kaGawulayo
I-HIV ELISA (i-test immunosorbent e-enzyme-linked-immunosorbent test) ivavanyo olunzulu kakhulu oluguqula umbala xa i-antibodies ye-HIV ikhona. Iziphumo zinikezelwe inani leenombolo, ngexabiso elingaphantsi kwe-1.0 elibonisa umphumo ongezantsi kunye namaxabiso angaphezu kwe-1.0 ebonisa umphumo ochanekileyo (okanye osebenzayo). Nangona i-ELISA inika ithuba eliphezulu lokusuleleka ngoGawulayo, ayisetyenziswanga yodwa njengoko kufunyanwa yi-HIV.
Xa uvavanyo lwe-ELISA luvelisa umphumo omuhle, uvavanyo lwesibini lwama-antibody, olubizwa ngokuba yi- Western Blot , lisetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa iziphumo. Ngokubambisana, i-ELISA kunye ne-Western Blot iboniswa ukuba lichanekile ngama-99.9 ekhulwini kubantu base-United States jikelele, ngokulinganiselwa kwenkohlakalo emalunga nenye yee-250,000 iimvavanyo ezenziwe.
Ngamanye amaxesha, iimvavanyo zikwazi ukubuyela kunye nomphumo ongagqibekanga okanye ongagqibekanga. Oku kuya kwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezimbalwa:
- Usulelo lunokuthi lube lwakutshanje ukuba lufumane ukuthembeka.
- Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kukho iingxaki kwisampuli yovavanyo okanye inkqubo yokuvavanya ngokwayo.
- Izifo ezithandwayo ezinjenge- syphilis okanye isifo seLyme ngezinye izihlandlo zingenza ukuba kubekho umphumo okhohlakeleyo, njengokuba kunokuzimelela imimiselo efana ne-lupus okanye isifo sikashukela .
Ukuba umntu unempembelelo engavumelaniyo, iimvavanyo kufuneka ziphindiwe.
I-Antigen / Antibody Test Test
NgoJuni 27, 2014, amaZiko okuLawulwa kweNtsholongwane kunye nokuKhusela aphakanyise isicwangciso esitsha sokuvavanya i-HIV usebenzisa iisayuni zokudibanisa ezine-generation generation. Ezi zivivinyo zesizukulwana esilandelayo ziyakwazi ukuvavanya ii-antibodies ze-HIV (Ab) kunye nama-antigens (Ag) kwaye ziyakwazi ukusulela usulelo lwe-HIV ukuya kwiiveki ezine ngaphambilana ne-ELISA / i-Test Blot.
Kukho iimvavanyo ezimbini ezivunyiweyo yi-US Food and Drug Administration ukusetyenziswa kwi-screening ye-HIV: i-Alere Ikhetha i-HIV 1/2 Ag / Ab Combo kunye ne-Abbott ARCHITECT ye-HIV Ag / Ab Combo.
Ngokusekelwe kumgangatho wabo ophezulu wokuvavanya ukuchaneka, i-CDC incomelela oku kulandelelaniswa kwezi ndlela zintathu:
- Ukuqhuba ukuvavanywa kokuqala kunye novavanyo lwe-Ag / Ab combo. Ukuba isiphumo sibi, ke akukho mfuneko yokuhlola.
- Ukuba isiphumo sokuqala siphumelele, uqhube uvavanyo lwesibini ukuhlula i- HIV-1 kunye ne- HIV-2 yamanqindi, isinyathelo esicatshangelwa kubalulekile ekuqaliseni ikhosi yeyeza kuye umntu ogulayo yi-HIV.
- Ukuba isiphumo sesibini asibi, uvavanyo lwesithathu (olubizwa ngokuba yi-HIV-1 NAT) luya kwenziwa ukuze lucacise ukusuleleka kwe-HIV-1 ebonakalayo kwisiphumo sokuqala samanga . I-NAT ye-HIV-1 iyakwazi ukubona ubuncinci be-RNA yintsholongwane engaphantsi kweyodwa kwiiveki ezimbini.
Ngenxa yokuxhamla okunokuthenjwa kwe-Ag / Ab yokuvavanya, ukuqinisekiswa ngendlela ye-Western Blot akusayi kubonwa kuyimfuneko.
Uvavanyo lweNtsholongwane kaGawulayo ekhayeni
Uvavanyo lwe-HIV olukhawulezayo lwe-HIV luyi-assays esekelwe kwi-ELA ekwazi ukuhambisa iziphumo kwimizuzu engama-20 (ngokuchasene ne-ELISA / i-Western Blot yeesayilithi ezinokuthatha iintsuku eziliqela). Iimvavanyo zenziwa ngeesampuli ze-sali, iziphumo zazo ezinokuthi "zingabonakali" okanye "zilungele phambili." Iimpawu zokuqala kufuneka ziqinisekiswe nge-Western Blot eyenziwa kwibhabhi.
Ngo-2012, i-FDA ivume ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV ngokukhawuleza kwangoko kwintengiso ngokuthe ngqo kubathengi. Nangona iilwimi zilula ukusebenzisa kwaye zinikezela ukuxhatshazwa kwabo banokuvavanya ukuvavanya (nge-hour-hour-consumer-lineline), abanye banenkxalabo yokuba ukungabikho kokucebisa ubuso nobuso kunye nokwephulwa kwemvume enolwazi kunokunciphisa ukukhusela imizamo.
Ngaphezulu, ngelixa iimvavanyo zangaphakathi-ekhaya zibonisa uvavanyo olufanayo kunye neenkcukacha ezifana neemvavanyo zokunyamekela, uphando lwekliniki lubonise izinga elibi elingamaphesenti angama-7 (okanye i-test one-12).
Olunye uphando olupapashwe yiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, iSan Francisco licebise ukuba isizukulwana sesine siphumo esiphuthumayo sinokuchaneka kwehlabathi ngokwenene malunga neepesenti ezingama-86 ngokuchonga ngokufanelekileyo iimeko ze-HIV kodwa kuphela ipesenti ezingama-54 ezichanekileyo ekuqinisekiseni i-sterostat ngexesha lokuqala, Usulelo lweHIV.
Ngobungqina obuphakamileyo obubonisa ukuba ukuxilongwa kwangaphambili kunye nonyango kunokuthintela ubuninzi beengxaki zesikhathi eside-kuquka ukunciphisa iindawo ezinobungozi be- HIV ezinokuthi ziqhubeke iminyaka emininzi-imfuno yokuchongwa ngokuchanekileyo ngexesha lokusuleleka kakubi kuthathwa njengeyimfuneko.
ILizwi
Ukhetho lokuvavanya i-HIV ngumntu ngamnye. Akukho mnye owona mhle kunomnye ukuba ufezekisa enye yeenjongo ezimbini:
- Kukukunceda uqonde izinto zakho zobuqu ukuba unayo i-HIV-negative ukwenzela ukuba ungabakhusela kwikamva.
- Ikunxibelelana nokunyamekela kunye nonyango oluyidingayo xa ubuyisela umphumo we-HIV.
Ukufumana indawo yokuvavanya i-HIV kufuphi nawe, sebenzisa indawo ye-intanethi kwi-HIV.gov.
Imithombo:
IGreenwald, J .; Burstein, G .; Pincus, J .; okqhubekayo. Uhlolo olukhawulezayo lweeNtsholongwane zeNtsholongwane kaGawulayo. IiNgxelo eziKwiNtsholongwane zoGawulayo. Matshi 2006; 8 (2): 125-131.
I-Pilcher, C; Louie, B; Facente, S .; okqhubekayo. "Ukusebenza kwe-Rapid Point-of-Care kunye neeNzame zeLebhu zeNgcaciso kunye nokuSungulwa koGawulayo eSan Francisco." PLOS | Nye. Disemba 12, 2013; INGXELO: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0080629.
Branson, B; Owen, S; Wesolowski, M .; okqhubekayo. "Uvavanyo lweLebhu yokuHlola iNtsholongwane kaGawulayo: Iingcebiso eziPhuculo." Amaziko e-US for Control and Prevention (CDC) yeZifo. Atlanta, Georgia; kukhutshwa ngoJuni 27, 2014.