Iingxaki eziqhambukayo eziqhubekayo Ziya kwi-Challenge Researchers
Enye yemingcele eyintloko yokuphatha okanye ukuphucula ukugonya ngokufanelekileyo kwe-HIV yintlobo ephezulu ye-genetic ye-virus ngokwayo. Nangona iintsholongwane ezisebenzisa i-DNA ye-double-strand yokuphindaphinda zizinzile, ii- retrovirus ezinjenge-HIV zibuyela ngasemva kwindlela yazo yokuphindaphinda (usebenzisa i-RNA eyodwa-strain) kwaye zizinzile. Ngenxa yoko, i- HIV ixhomekeke kakhulu ekuguquleni- ekutshintsheni, eqinisweni, malunga nezigidi eziphindwe kaninzi kuneeseli ezisebenzisa i-DNA.
Njengoko intsholongwane yohlobo lwezityalo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zentsholongwane zigqithiselwa ukusuka kumntu ukuya kumntu, izinto ezixubileyo zofuzo zingenza iHIV entsha ye hybridi. Nangona ininzi yale mveliso ifa, abambalwa abasindayo bahlala bebonisa ukuchasene ngakumbi kwi-HIV kwaye kwezinye iimeko, ukunyuka kwesifo ngokukhawuleza.
Ukuhlukahluka kwe-HIV, ngoko, kudala into "yokujolisa injongo" kubaphandi, abaneengxaki ezintsha zokudibanisa (ezidibeneyo zofuzo) ezinokukwazi ukumelana okanye ukuphepha ngokupheleleyo. Abanye, njengohlobo lwe-A3 / 02 oluchongwe ngabaphandi baseSweden ngo-2013, banako ukuphucula umkhuhlane womzimba womntu ngokugqithiseleyo kunengxaki eyaziwa ngaphambili.
Yintoni i-HIV-1 kunye ne-HIV-2?
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ze-HIV: i-HIV-1 kunye ne-HIV-2. I-HIV-1 ithathwa njengoluhlobo oluphezulu, olubhekiselele kuninzi lwabantu abachaphazelekayo kwihlabathi lonke, ngelixa i-HIV-2 ingaqhelekanga kakhulu kwaye igxininise kakhulu kwimimandla yasentshonalanga nakwi-Afrika.
Nangona zombini iindidi ze-HIV zingakhokelela kuGawulayo , i-HIV-2 kunzima kakhulu ukudlulisa kwaye kuncinci kakhulu kune-HIV-1.
Kwiintlobo ze-HIV nganye ziqela lamanani, ii-subtypes ("i-clades"), kunye namacandelwana. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ezinye iintlobo kunye neengxaki ezixhasayo ziya kufumaneka njengoko ukusasazeka kwehlabathi lonke kwe-HIV kuyaqhubeka.
I-HIV-1 namaqela kunye neengxenye
I-HIV-1 ihlukaniswe ngamaqela amane: Iqela leM (elithetha "inkulu"); Iqela O (elithetha "ngaphandle," okanye ngaphaya kwamanye amaqela abonakalayo); kunye neqela leN (elisentsingiselo "engekho M" kunye "engekho O"); kunye neqela leqela (elisentsingiselo "elinde"). Amaqela amane ahlukeneyo ahlelwa ngamagciwane amane e-simian immunodeficiency (SIV) awaziwayo ukuba adluliselwe kuma-apes okanye ama-chimpanze kumntu.
Iqela le-HIV-1
Iqela le-HIV eli-1 laliyiqela lokuqala eliza kuqatshelwa kwaye namhlanje limele malunga ne-90% kwiimeko ze-HIV emhlabeni wonke kwaye zifumaneka kwiindawo zonke zeplanethi. Kule nqela zii-10 ezinama-subtypes, ezinokuthi ziqulunqwe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuhanjiswa kwazo kweendawo kunye neempembelelo zabo kumaqela asemngciphekweni ahlukeneyo .
- I-Subtype A: ibonwa eNtshona Afrika kwaye ichaphazela ikakhulukazi abantu abesifazana kunye nabasebenzisi basebenzisa iziyobisi (ii-IDUs).
- I-Subtype B: i-subtype ebalulekileyo eYurophu, eMelika, eJapan, eThailand nase-Australia, emele phantse konke ukusuleleka eMntla Melika kunye nama-80% abo bonke eYurophu. Izifo zenzeke ngaphezu kwamadoda alala ngesondo kunye namadoda (MSM) kunye nee-IDU kuneziqabane zesini.
- I-Subtype C: ichazwe njenge-subtype ye-HIV ephezulu kakhulu emele i-48% yazo zonke izifo emhlabeni wonke, ngokukodwa ngokulinganayo kunye kunye kunye nakwi-Sub-Saharan Africa, eNdiya kunye nakwiindawo zaseChina.
- I-Subtype D: ikwahlula ikakhulukazi eMpuma naseMntla Afrika.
- I-Subtype E: i-subtype ibone kuphela kwifom ephindaphindiweyo kunye ne-subtype A.
- I-Subtype F: phakathi kwepesenti encinci yezosulelo ezibonakala kwi-Central Africa, eMzantsi Melika naseYurophu.
- I-Subtype G: phakathi kwepesenti encinci yezosulelo ezibonwe kwiindawo ze-Afrika ne-Yurophu.
- I-Subtype H: phakathi kwepesenti encinci yezosulelo ezibonakala kwi-Afrika ephakathi.
- I-Subtype J: yabonwa kuMntla, eNtshona neNtshona Afrika, kunye neCaribbean
- I-Subtype K: iphela kwiDemocratic Republic of Congo (DRC) naseCameroon.
Iqela le-HIV-1 O
Iqela le-HIV-1 lifunyanwe ngo-1990 kwaye limele kuphela i-1% yezifo lonke.
Eli qela le-HIV lithe lahlelwa eCameroon nakumazwe angumakhelwane aseAfrika.
Iqela le-HIV-1 N
Iqela le-HIV-1 le-N lafunyanwa ngo-1998 kwaye kwakhona, liye labonwa eCameroon ngamatyala angaphantsi kwama-20 atyhiweyo ngoku.
Iqela le-HIV-1 P
Iqela le-HIV-1 le-P luhlobo olunqabileyo lwe-HIV, okokuqala lubonwe kwintombi yaseCameroon ngo-2009. Iyakwazi ukwahlula kwiqela elithile le-HIV ngokungathi imvelaphi yayo idibene nefomu ye-SIV efunyenwe kumagorha aseNtshona. Nangona udidi lwe "P" lwalujoliswe ekutshintsheni isimo "esilindile" (oko kukulindela ukuqinisekiswa kwesifo esongezelelweyo), ityala lesibini elibhalwe phantsi lichongwe ngo-2011 kumntu waseMamerbia.
Amaqela a-HIV-2
Nangona iimeko ze- HIV-2 ziye zachongwa kwezinye iindawo, ukusuleleka kubonakala ku-Afrika kuphela. Kukho amaqela asibhozo e-HIV-2, nangona i-subtypes A no-B kuphela yodwa ibonwa yingcinezelo. Intsholongwane ka-HIV-2 ikholelwa ukuba ihamba ngeentlobo ezivela kuhlobo lwe-SIV oluchaphazela i- mangabeys inqwelana ngqo kubantu.
Iqela le-HIV-2 libhekiselele kwiNtshona Afrika, nangona ukuhamba kwamanye amazwe kuye kwabangela amancinci amancinci amaxwebhu e-US, eYurophu, eBrazil naseIndiya. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-HIV-2 yeqela le-B livalelwe kwiindawo zaseNtshona Koloni.
Imithombo:
Sharp, P. kunye noHahn, B. "Imvelaphi ye-HIV kunye ne-AIDS pandulemic." Imiba yeCold Springs Perspectives kwiMithi. Septemba 2011; 1 (1): a006841.
Palm A; Esbjörnsson, J .; Månsson, F .; okqhubekayo. "Ukuqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza kokufa kukaGawulayo kunye neAIDS phakathi kwabantu abachaphazelekayo abane-HIV-1 A3 / CRF02_AG xa kuthelekiswa ne-subtype A3." I-Journal of Infectious Diseases. Matshi 1, 2014; 209 (5): 721-728.
Vallari, A .; Holzmayer, V .; Harris, B; okqhubekayo. "Ukuqinisekiswa kweqela le-HIV elinesigwebo se-P eP Cameroon." Journal of Virology. Fe bruwari 2011; 85 (3): 1403-1407.
Abecasis, A .; Wensig, A .; Paraskevis, D .; okqhubekayo. Ukusasazwa kwe-HIV-1 subtype kunye nezigqibo zabemi kwizilwanyana ezisandul 'ukuxilongwa eYurophu zibonisa izifo ezibangelwa yintlupheko. "I- retroviology. NgoJanuwari 14, 2013; 10: 7; i-doi: 10.1186 / 1742-4690-10-7.