Ngaba Ukunyuka Kwezonyango Neyokuthintela Kwenzile Ixesha Eliqhelekanga?
Ixesha le- HIV / AIDS lisetyenziselwa ukucacisa ubudlelwane obubangela kunye nefuthe phakathi kwentsholongwane ye-immunodeficiency virus (i-HIV) kunye nezifo ezithile okanye izimo ezinokuvela ngenxa yentsholongwane engapheliyo (i-AIDS okanye i-immune disability syndrome).
Isetyenziselwa ukucacisa abo bangenakuqonda ukuba intsholongwane ayithethi ukugula-okanye, ngokuthe ngqo, ukugula-kwaye kubalulekile.
Emva koko, yintoni umfundisi wezempilo woluntu engakhange athethe ibinzana elithi "Intsholongwane kaGawulayo yintsholongwane eyenza i-AIDS" okanye ikhumbuze abantu ukuba "i-HIV ne-AIDS ayikho into efanayo"? Liye laba yimfundo ye-HIV.
Kodwa ngaba u-AIDS uthetha ukuthini namhlanje, ngaphandle kwemeko yekliniki? Kwaye kutheni enye yeemeko kuphela apho isigaba sesifo sinikwe igama elifani ngokupheleleyo?
Ngokuqinisekileyo, asenzi oku ngomhlaza okanye izifo ezidluliselwa ngesondo ezifana ne-syphilis. Akunjalo nantoni esenzayo ngezifo eziqhubekayo eziqhubekayo ezifana ne- hepatitis C okanye izifo eziphambili ezifana neParkinson okanye iAlzheimer. Ezi zinto zihlelwe nje ngegcawu ukwenzela ukuba banike iiklinikhi indlela ecacileyo yokwenza unyango.
Ukutshintsha amaxesha, ukuguquka kwemiba
Inyaniso kukuba i-HIV isifo esihluke kakhulu kunokuba bekuyiminyaka engama-35 edlulileyo kwaye ukuba i-AIDS ithetha into ehluke ngokupheleleyo kunokuba yabuya ngo-1982 xa ukuhlelwa kuqala kwaqulunqwa.
Namhlanje, abantu abanentsholongwane kaGawulayo bangaphila ubomi obugcweleyo, obunempilo xa benikwe unyango olufike ngexesha. Kwaye nangona umntu eqhubela phambili kwinkcazo yeklinikhi ye-AIDS, iziphumo ziphuculwe kakhulu kwizinto eziyiminyaka elishumi nje edlulileyo.
Inyaniso yile: igama elithi "AIDS" linamandla. Isithwala ubunzima kunye nezigulane kunye noluntu oluqhelekileyo kunokuba luthe luthe luthethe ukuphela.
Yinto enye, umzekelo, ukuba "uJohn unentsholongwane kaGawulayo" kwaye omnye uthi "UJohn unengculazi."
Kwaye akusiyo nje i-semantics esiyithethayo. Kususela kwimbono yokusebenza kwekliniki, igama liphantse lingekho kwiintetho, in-anachronism ayidla ngokusetyenziswa ngaphandle kwemfundo yezempilo yempilo okanye iindaba eziphathekayo.
Ngaba ekugqibeleni ixesha lokuthatha umhlala phantsi igama elithi "AIDS" kwaye libhekiselele kwisifo njenge-HIV? Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba kunjalo.
Isiqalo soHlelo lweHIV / AIDS
Ngokuqinisekileyo kukho abantu abaya kukhumbula ixesha apho "i-AIDS" ayisoloko i "AIDS," kodwa enye yeendidi ezininzi zithathwa malunga noluntu lwempilo yoluntu.
Kwiintsuku zokuqala kwenkathazo , abaninzi kwiindaba eziendaba babecinga ukuba "umdlavuza womdlavuza" emva kokuba iqela lokuqala lokukhuselwa lithethwe ngamadoda angama-gay eSouth California naseNew York City. Ekuqaleni waqulunqa i-GRID (okanye i-immune-immune deficiency), eli gama laphuma ngokukhawuleza xa abanye abantu beqala ukubonisa ngeemeko ezifanayo.
Kwesinye isigaba, iiCentral of Disease Control (i-CDC) iphakanyise igama elithi "ukugula kwamagciwane okufumana uluntu" kwaye, ngokugqithiseleyo, "isifo se-4-H" (ngokubhekiselele kuma-homosexuals, i-hemophiliacs, abasebenzisi be-heroin kunye nabaseHaiti abaxhatshazwa ingxaki engaziwayo).
Kwakuphela ngoSeptemba 1982 ukuba i-CDC inqume kwigama elithi "AIDS" ukuchaza isifo "kungekho sizathu esaziwayo sokunyanzelisa."
Bekungayi kuba yinyanga epheleleyo emva kokuba izazinzulu zase-US naseFransi ziza kuzimela ngokuzimela ngenxa yesifo eso, i-retrovirus yamanqaku ekugqibeleni yachithwa "i-HIV" ngo-1986. Ngaloo ndlela, i-AIDS yayingeniswe ngokubanzi kuluntu Kwagqitywa ukuba "i-HIV / AIDS" yayiza kubonelela ngokucacileyo malunga nesizathu kunye nesiphumo "sokutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo" kwe-HIV.
Ixesha liye lahlala nathi kuze kube namhlanje.
Ngaphandle kweMithi: Ukubaluleka koHlelo lwe-AIDS
Ngaphandle kweyeza zonyango kunye nokuhlolwa kwesifo, ulwahlulo lwe-AIDS lwalusetyenziselwa kwindyikitya yokuqala njengendlela yokunciphisa izibonelelo zokukhubazeka karhulumente kwizigulane ezathi, ngexesha lezo zifo, zinexesha elide lokuphila ubomi kweenyanga ezili-18 kuphela.
Kwakubonwa njengoluhlu olubalulekileyo kulolu hlobo njengoko inani lokufa e-US liye laphakama kweli nqanaba liphezulu ngo-1992 (ama-234,255 okufa kwabangama-360,909 kwi-AIDS diagnostic) kwaye sele ibe yintloko ye-8 eyona nto ibangela ukufa ngexesha elilishumi minyaka.
Kodwa zonke ezo zatshintshwa ngo-1996 kunye nokuqaliswa kwe-antiretroviral ye-anti-antiretroviral (HAART) esebenzayo, eyatshintsha izinga lokufa ngokuphawulekayo. Ngokulindela ubomi ngokunyuka kwamaxesha amane kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo, i-AIDS diagnostic ayinakusebenza njengobungqina bodwa bokukhubazeka.
Amaxesha kunye nokuqonda kwesi sifo sele sele sitshintsha ngokukhawuleza.
Ukulwa nokulahlwa: I-HIV / AIDS njengesixhobo soPolitiko
Nangona amazwe amaninzi afumana iinzuzo zezidalwa zonyango zokulwa ne-antiretroviral ngasekupheleni kwee-1990, amazwe asathuthuka-amaninzi kuwo e-Afrika esezantsi-ntshona-Sahara-ayesanda kuqalisa ukulwa neengxabano.
Phakathi kwabo, uMzantsi Afrika wayemahlula ngokwezopolitiko phantsi kolawulo lukaMongameli uThabo Mbeki ngokubuza ukuba ngaba i-HIV, ngokwenene, yimbangela yeGawulayo, ngokuphindaphindiweyo ibonisa ukuba kwakungumsebenzi we-"wesayensi" yesayensi.
Enyanisweni, ekuvuleni kwiNgqungquthela ye-13 yeNgqungquthela ye-AIDS e-Durban, eMzantsi Afrika, i-Mbeki yaze yazisa ukuvakalisa abaphulaphuli beeposenti kunye nabathunywa: "Kubonakala ngathi asinakukusola into yonke kwi-virus enye. "U
Kwakuba ngumhla nje kamva umphandi waseMerika uDavid Ho, kwintetho kwiintlanganiso zeenkomfa, wabhekisela kumfanekiso wokuqala we-electron microscopic ye-HIV waza waphendula wathi, "Bafazi namadoda, nantsi imbangela yeGawulayo."
Nangona kukho ukukhutshiswa kwehlabathi, uMbeki ongenakunqwenela kuphela ubhekisela kwisifo "njenge-HIV kunye noGawulayo," ebonisa ukuba bahluke ngandlela-thile. Ekuphenduleni, iikliniki zaseMzantsi Afrika zigxininisa ngokusetyenziswa kwe "HIV / AIDS" kuzo zonke iincwadi kunye neengxoxo njengendlela yokubhikisha kwixesha elide lokungahambi nokungafuni kurhulumente.
Ukususela ekutyunjweni kokunyanzeliswa kwe-Mbeki kwi-ofisi ngo-2008, ukuguqulwa komgaqo-nkqubo wekarhulumente kuye kwaba kakhulu, kunye nelizwe ngoku liqhayisa inkqubo enkulu ye- antiretroviral kwihlabathi.
Nangona kunjalo naphezu kwezi mpawu, iimpembelelo zeminyaka yokuxubusha zisacinga, kunye namazinga aphezulu okungaqondi kakuhle kunye nokungaqiniseki malunga ne-HIV-kubandakanywa nokugula nokufa-ngokuqinisekileyo ukuqinisa i-HIV kunye ne-AIDS njengento enye.
Isizathu sokususa igama elithi "AIDS"
Nangona bekungekho mpazamo ukubonisa ukuba ukususwa kwe-"AIDS" kwintetho yoluntu kuya kuba yedwa okutshintsha ezi zimo zengqondo, akufuneki ukuba zenzeke ngaphambili. indlela esiphatha ngayo kwaye sibone isifo ngendlela ebonisa ngokucacileyo ngakumbi kunye nokwamkelwa koluntu.
Ukusetyenziswa "kwexhoba lika-AIDS" kwiminyaka yama-1980, umzekelo, ekugqibeleni wanikezela "osindayo kaGawulayo" kwiminyaka ye-1990, ekugqibeleni eyakhokelela kwi-moniker i-PLWH (abantu abaphila ne-HIV), eli gama esivumelana ngalo namhlanje. Kwaye akusiyo nje imfundiso ye-semantics eyayiqhuba le nto; Kwakukuvuma ukuba awusayi kusinda esi sifo kodwa ukuba uhlala nayo, kakuhle kwaye unempilo, iminyaka emininzi nangamawaka eminyaka.
Akuyena umzekelo kuphela. Cinga ukuba:
- Inzululwazi ye-HIV, igama le-HAART lagqitywa ngokutshintshwa yiCART (ukudibanisa unyango lwe-antiretroviral) xa kugqitywe ukuba izidakamizwa zazingaphezulu nje "zisebenza ngamandla." Namhlanje, i-ART elula (unyango lwe-antiretroviral) isetyenziselwa ezininzi izilwanyana.
- Kwi-epidemiology, asisayisebenzisi "isini okanye ubungqingili" xa sibhekisela kule nani labantu abasengozini. Kunoko, sisebenzisa "abantu abalala ngesondo" (MSM) ukuchaza ngokuchanekileyo indlela yokusuleleka kunokuba umntu angakwazi okanye angazibheki kuye. Kuyafana nangokwemigqaliselo yokuba "umlutha weziyobisi kunye" nehenyukazi, "ngoku sele ithatyathelwe" injecting user user "kunye" nomsebenzi wesini. "
- Ukukhusela i-HIV, igama elithi "isondo esingakhuselekanga" ekugqibeleni linikezela "ngesondo esingakhuselekanga" esele satshatyalaliswa "ngesondo elingenasiphelo," igama elivunywe yi-CDC ngo-2014 ukubonakalisa intuthuko ephambi kwe-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) kunye nezinye izicwangciso zokukhusela eziphilayo.
Ngenguqu nganye kwisigama sabakho ngaphezu kokuqiniswa kweengcaciso; Baye bakhonza ukususa iilebhile zomgwebo kunye nezinye izinto ezinokuthi zongezwe kwintlanga okanye ukungathandabuzeki.
Abaninzi baye baqala ukuphikisa ukuba senza okufanayo ngo-"AIDS" -ukuthi siqhubeka sigxininisa isifo ngokuzibeka kuphela kwimeko yesifo esingasasigxina, esisodwa siphethwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye, njengezinye izifo ezithintekayo, zingaqhubela phambili kwiinqanaba ukuba yishiywe ingaphathwa. Ukuthatha umhlala phantsi igama elithi "AIDS" liya kuba yinyathelo lokuqala lokufezekisa oku.
Ingaba ezi zinguqu ziya kwamkelwa ngamagosa ezempilo karhulumente aziqinisekanga. Abanye banokuthi ukutshintsha ingxoxo ngoku, emva kokugxininisa kwimbono yoluntu kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-30, kuya kusebenza ekunciphiseni izicwangciso zokuthintela phambili-kunye nexesha apho amazinga okusulela ulwaphulo-ntsholongwane aqhubeka ehlaselwa e-US.
Enye into eqinisekileyo kukuba siyadlulela kwiintsuku xa sifanele sisebenzise "i-HIV ayikho isigwebo sokufa" njengomyalezo wezempilo kawonkewonke, ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokwasemthethweni. Yaye yilapho i-semantics ibalulekile. Ngokuhluleka ukuvuma ukuxhatshazwa kwekota njenge-HIV / AIDS-apho ivela khona, kutheni isetyenzisiwe-siyigcina iqhwa ngaphakathi kwimeko. Yaye loo nto ingxaki.
Ukuba ungathandabuzeki, zibuze umbuzo olula: Yintoni iGawulayo ithetha kuwe?
Imithombo:
Amaziko okuLawula nokuKhuselwa kwezifo (CDC). Ukuhlaziywa Kwemihla Yamanqaku Ekhoyo kwi-Immune Deficiency Syndrome efumanekayo-e-United States. " Ukuxhatshazwa kunye nokufa kweeVeki ngeveki (MMWR). NgoSeptemba 24, 1982; 31 (37): 507-508,513-514.
CDC. "1993 Inkqubo yokuHlalwa kweNtsholongwane kaGawulayo kwi-HIV kunye ne-Expanded Surveillance Case Inkcazo ye-AIDS phakathi kwabantwana abakhulileyo kunye nabantu abadala." MMWR. Disemba 18, 1992; 1 (RR-17).
I-AMF, iSiseko soPhando lwe-AIDS. Iminyaka Emashumi Amathathu we-HIV // AIDS: i-Snapshots of Epidemic. " EWashington, DC
Kaiser Family Foundation. "I-CDC yokuTshintsha uLwimi ukusuka ' kwiSondo engavinjelwe ' ukuya ' koTyhini olungenasiphelo. ' " Washington, DC; papashwe ngoFebhuwari 25, 2014.