Ukujongwa kwezilwanyana ezikhuselweyo kunye nezifo abaziphathayo
Iintsholongwane ziyi-parasites ye-intracellular eyenza ukuba utyunjethi lwamaseli avelise. Ngethuba lokuzalisa, iintsholongwane zonakalisa iiseli kwaye ziyaqhubeka zichaphazela ezinye iiseli.
Ngexesha le-1950, ngeli gama uphando malunga nokunonyango olwenziwe ngumhlaza, izazinzulu zifumene izixhobo zamakhemikhali ezingavimbela ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA. Ngexesha lama-1980 kunye ne-1990, emva kokuba i-HIV ibe yinkathazo, imithi yokulwa neyeza ibuyiselwa.
Namhlanje, imishanguzo yokusetyenziswa kwemilenze isetyenziswa ukuphatha izifo ezininzi.
Ukuze usebenze kakuhle, imishanguzo ye-anti-virus kufuneka ijolise ukungena kwintsholongwane okanye ukuphuma okanye ugxilwe ngentsholongwane ngelixa iphakathi kweseli. Iyeza-antitiviral kufuneka zichazwe ngokuthe ngqo ukuze zingabangeli ubuthi be-systemic. Ukongezelela, iziyobisi ze-anti-virus kufuneka zibe namandla kwaye zizinzile.
Nazi iincwadana ezimfutshane zezinye iziyobisi ezikhuselweyo.
Iziyobisi ezisetyenziselwa ukuphatha i-herpes simplex virus (HSV) kunye ne-varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
Ezi zintathu iziyobisi ezisetyenziselwa ukuphatha i-herpes simplex (herpes) kunye ne-varicella zoster ii-acyclovir, i-valacyclovir, kunye ne-famciclovir. I-Varicella virus ye-zoster yenza ukuba inkukhu ikhuphe emva kokusuleleka kunye ne-shingles (i-herpes zoster) emva kokusuleleka okanye ukuhlaselwa.
Zonke ezi zi-3 zala machiza zikhuselekile kwaye zinendlela ezifanayo zokusebenza. Ngokomzekelo, bonke basebenza ngokubophezela kwi-DNA polymerase yintsholongwane, i-enzyme esetyenziselwa ukuphindaphinda i-DNA yentsholongwane.
Ingqalelo, kuba i-valacyclovir (Valtrex) kunye ne-famciclovir ifinyelela kwiindawo eziphezulu zegazi, ezi ziyeza ezi-2 zisebenza ngokuphangaleleyo ekuphatheni izibonda.
Izidakamizwa ezisetyenziselwa ukuphatha iilts (sex papillomavirus)
Iziyobisi ezisetyenziselwa ukuphatha imilenze yomzimba ziquka:
- I-Ribavirin esetyenziselwa ukunyanga intsholongwane ye-syncytial virus (RSV) ye-bronchiolitis okanye i-pneumonia kunye (kunye ne-inf).
- (Isihloko) imiquimod
Iziyobisi ezisetyenziswayo ukuphatha umkhuhlane (umkhuhlane)
I-Influenza yiyona nto ibangela umkhuhlane ngexesha lebusika. Ngethamsanqa, sineentsholongwane ezinokukhusela umkhuhlane wexesha. Kubalulekile ukufumana umkhuhlane wakho wesibhakabhaka ngonyaka ngenxa yokuba umkhuhlane wambi unokuba ngumpneumonia, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha umbhobho ungazibulala - ngokukodwa phakathi kwabantwana nabantu abadala.
Izidakamizwa ezifana neTamiflu (oseltamivir) kunye ne-zanamivir (i-Relenza) zingasetyenziselwa ukuthintela iimpawu zentsholongwane kwaye zinciphise ubude bokugula. Ukongezelela kwiziyobisi ezisetyenziselwa ukukhusela isifo somkhuhlane okanye ukugula, kukho izidakamizwa ezonakalisa imishini yentsholongwane emva kokusuleleka ngumkhuhlane kuquka i-amantadine, i-rimantadine, i-oseltamivir kunye ne-zanamivir,
Iziyobisi ezisetyenziswayo ukuphatha unyango lwe-cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Ukusuleleka kwe-Cytomegalovirus kubonakala kubantu abagula kakhulu (bacinge nge-immunocompromised by AIDS okanye ukufakelwa komzimba). Njengegciwane le-varicella-zoster, elibangela i-herpes zoster (i-shingles), ininzi lethu lihlala ne-cytomegalovirus, kodwa intsholongwane iya kuvuselela kuphela xa isistim somzimba siphelile.
Kulabo sele sele begule kakhulu, iimpawu zentsholongwane ye-cytomegalovirus zithintela ezininzi iinkqubo zesebe zibandakanya:
- retinitis
- isophagitis
- i-colitis
- ingqondo kunye nomgudu womgudu (CNS) usulelo
- pneumonitis
Izidakamizwa ezisetyenziselwa ukunyanga i-cytomegalovirus ukutheleleka ziquka i-valganciclovir, i-ganciclovir, i-foscarnet kunye ne-cidofovir. (Ngenxa yokubakho koxilongo olukhulu, ukusebenzisa i-valganciclovir kuye kwatshintsha indawo ye-ganciclovir.) Njengamanye amayeza antiviral, iziyobisi zonyango ezisebenzisayo ukunyanga i-cytomegalovirus kwindawo eyingxowankulu nge-virtual enzymes ezifana ne-DNA ne-RNA polymerase.
Iziyobisi ezisetyenziselwa ukuphatha i-hepatitis
Izidakamizwa ezahlukeneyo ze-anti-antial zisetyenziselwa ukuphatha i- hepatitis B kunye ne-hepatitis C. Uninzi lwezi zi yobisi lichaphazela ngqo ukuvelisa i-viral kubandakanya:
- i-nucleoside kunye ne-nucleotide analogs
- protease inhibitors
- polymerase inhibitors
I-Interferon, mhlawumbi isicatshulwa esivame ukuxhatshazwa kwe-hepatitis, isebenza ngeendlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ezibandakanya iintshukumo zokulwa ne-antitiviral, immunomodulatory, kunye ne-antiproliferative.
Iziyobisi ezisetyenziswayo ukuphatha i-HIV
Ngethuba le-3 leminyaka edluleyo, kukho ukuphuculwa okukhulu kwonyango lwe-HIV, kwaye abantu abaninzi abanesi sifo bahlala ngaphandle kwe-AIDS. (UGawulayo yindlela enzima kakhulu yokusuleleka ngentsholongwane kaGawulayo efunyaniswa emva kokuba izinga legazi elimhlophe egazini liphosa ngobunzima.)
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezilwelisi ze-antiretroviral:
- protease inhibitors
- fusion inhibitors
- nucleoside / nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- ii-non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- inhibitors yokungena
- I-HIV integrase i-strand transfer inhibitors (i-INSTIs)
Ezi zi yobisi zijolise kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo omjikelezo we-viral replication. Ingqalelo, i-retrovirus iphinda iphendule ngendlela yokutshintshela ngokutsha.
Nceda uqaphele ukuba olu luhlu alukho olubanzi, kwaye kukho ezinye izidakamizwa ezinokunyanga izifo zentsholongwane. Inqaku elilinganayo, iindlela zokwenza izinto zinzima kakhulu kunokuba zichazwe apha. Kunoko, nceda ujonge le nqaku njengesiqalo kwisihloko.
Imithombo ekhethiweyo
Elston DM. Isahluko 231. Izidakamizwa zeAntiviral. Ku: Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ, Wolff K. eds. I-Ditzatrick's Dermatology kwi-General Medicine, 8e . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012. Kufumaneka ngoJulayi 01, 2015.
I-Safrin S. iAntiviral Agents. Ku: Katzung BG, Trevor AJ. eds. I-Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 13e . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2015 Ukufikelela ngoJulayi 01, 2015.