Igalelo ekuchonga iSisombululo sikaGawulayo sisagxininiswe
Imbali ye-HIV yinkimbinkimbi. Kwiminyaka yee-1980, into encinane yayaziwa ngesifo esingaqondakaliyo esasibulala amawaka abantu abaxhomekeke kwiimpawu zokuzikhusela ezikhuselekileyo, bebashiya besengozini kwizinto ezinobungozi zobomi.
Enye yezinzululwazi ezithe zafumanisa imbangela yesifo-isifo sengculazi (i-HIV) -yi-Robert Gallo, kunye nabasebenzi bakhe, bapapasha uphando lwabo kumagazini weSayensi ekuqaleni kuka-1984.
Kutheni, ngo-2008, xa i-Nobel Prize for Medicine yanikezelwa kwi-French-discoversers uLuc Montagnier noFrançoise Barré-Sinouss i-Gallo ayifakiwe?
Umsebenzi wokuQala kwiNtsholongwane kaGawulayo
URobert Charles Gallo wazalwa ngowe-1937 kwaye, emva kokuhlala kwakhe kwizonyango kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago, waba ngumphandi kwi-National Cancer Institute, isikhundla awayehlala kuso iminyaka engama-30. UGallo uyavuma ukuba isigqibo sakhe sokuqhubela phambili umkhandi womdlavuza wenziwa ngumdla wokufa komntakwabo.
Uphando oluninzi lwe-Gallo kunye neNkcubeko lugxile kwi- T cell cell leukocytes , i-subset yamaseli egazi ezimhlophe eziphambili kwimpendulo yomzimba yomzimba. Uphando olusiseko lukhokelela uGallo kunye neqela lakhe ukuba bakhulise i-T-cell kwaye bahlukanise iipirisi ezibachaphazelayo, kubandakanya enye ebizwa ngokuba yi-T-cell leukemia virus (okanye i-HTLV).
Xa iindaba ze-"gay cancer" eziyimfihlelo zichazwe okokuqala e-US ngo-1982, uGallo kunye neqela lakhe bathatha ingqalelo ekuchazeni into ababekholelwa ukuba yi-agent agent edala ukutshatyalaliswa ngokukhawuleza kwee-T kwiiseli ezigulayo nezifayo.
Ngexesha elifanayo uMontagnier kunye nomngane wakhe uBar-Sinoussi we-Institut Pasteur bebenokuphishekela oko babekholelwa ukuba yintlupheko yesifo abaye babiza ngokuba nguGawulayo (i-immune deficiency syndrome) . Uphando lwabo lukhokelela ekufumaneni into ababeyibiza ngokuba yi-lymphadenopathy virus (i-LAV), abayicetywayo yimbangela yale AIDS ngo-1983.
Ngenxa yabo, uGallo kunye neqela lakhe banqamle intsholongwane babhala ngeHTLV-3 baza bapapasha uluhlu lwamanqaku amane, bavakalisa izigqibo ezifanayo njengoMontagnier kunye nomngane wakhe uBar-Sinoussi.
Kwakuphela ngo-1986 ukuba ii-virus ezimbini-i-HTLV-3 ne-LAV-zaqinisekiswa ukuba ziyi-virus enye, emva koko yabizwa ngokuba yi-HIV.
UkuQhagamshelana noNxibelelaniso kukhokelela ekuphikisweni kweNobel
Ngomnyaka ka-1986, uGallo wanikezelwa i-Lasker Award ehloniphekileyo yokufumanisa i-HIV. Ukwahlukana kwaphazamiseka ngandlela-thile kaGallo kwincwadi kunye neBhanki edlalwa nguRandy Shilts, kunye ne- HBO TV movie efanayo .
Ngomnyaka we-1989, intatheli yophando uJohn Crewdson wapapasha isihloko esithi uGallo waphatha kakubi isampula ze-LAV kwi-Institut Pasteur, iindleko ezagqitywa emva koko emva kophando ngamaziko eNational Health (NIH).
Ngokombiko we-NIH, i-Montagnier ithumele isampula yesifo kwisigulane esagula kwisiGqeba seSizwe seCancer on isicelo sikaGallo. Ingaziwa yiMontagnier, isampuli yayingcoliswe enye intsho-ntsho-enye efanayo iqela laseFransi liya kuthi libe li-LAV. Isampuli ye-virus yesigxina yaqinisekiswa ukuba yonakalisa inkcubeko yeGallo, ekhokelela ekubeni yintoni na eyona nto yayingumngcipheko wokutsalathisa ngomnwe kwimbali yengxelo kaGawulayo.
Kwakuphela ngowe-1987 ukuba i-controversy yahlulwa, kwaye bobabini base-US kunye neFransi bavuma ukuhlukanisa imali evela kumalungelo olungelo lobunikazi. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha, udumo lukaGallo luye lwaphazamiseka kakhulu, kwaye nangona kwiphepha le-2002 kwiphephancwadi leSayensi (apho iGallo neMontagnier bavuma igalelo lomnye nomnye ekufumaneni), kuphela uMontagnier noBarré-Sinoussi bafumana ukuqwalaselwa yiKomiti ye-Nobel Prize ka-2008 .
Igalelo eliqhubekayo likaGallo kwi-AIDS Research
Nangona kunjalo, igalelo likaGal kwi-AIDS yophando alinakuphikiswa. Ukongezelela ekufunyananeni kunye ne-HIV, uGallo uqinisekisiwe ngokubonelela uphando olusiseko olufunekayo ukuphuhlisa uvavanyo lokuqala lwe-HIV.
Ngowe-1996, uGallo kunye nabalingane bakhe basekela iZiko loLuntu lwe-Virology, intlangano eyanikezelwa ngegranti eziyi-15 yezigidi ezivela kwi- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation ngokuphanda kwayo kwi-vaccine ye-HIV.
Ngo-2011, uGallo wasungula iNethiwekhi ye-Global Virus Network ngenjongo yokunyusa intsebenziswano phakathi kwabaphandi be-virus kunye nokulwa nezikhalazo kuphando.
Imithombo:
Montagnier, L. "Incoko yomlando. Imbali yokufumanisa i-HIV." Sayensi . NgoNovemba 2002: 298 (5599): 1727-1728.
Gallo, R. "Incoko yeembali. Iminyaka yokuqala ye-HIV / AIDS." Inzululwazi . NgoNovemba 2002: 298 (5599): 1728-1730.
Gallo, R. kunye noMontagnier, uL. "Incoko yomlando. NgoNovemba 2002: 298 (5599): 1730-1. i-doi: 10.1126 / scien ce.1079864. PMID 12459577.