Ukuqonda Amalungelo Asemthethweni Ukuba unayo i-HIV
UMthetho waseMelika okhubazekileyo (ADA) ngumthetho wesigqeba ovunyiweyo yi-US Congress ngo-1990 ukuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho olusekelwe kumntu okhubazekileyo. Ngaphantsi kwe-ADA, abantu abakhubazekileyo banikezelwa ukukhuselwa ngokomthetho kubandlululo kwindawo yokusebenzela, kumaziko karhulumente nakwiinkonzo, kurhulumente karhulumente kunye noomasipala, kunye nezocingo.
I-ADA ichaza ngokucacileyo ukukhubazeka nje ngokuthi "ukukhubazeka ngokomzimba okanye kwengqondo ebeka umda omkhulu kumsebenzi wobomi obalulekileyo."
Ukuqonda oko kuthetha ntoni-kwaye indlela ukuchazwa kwezomthetho okuchaphazela ngayo bonke abantu abane-HIV-banokubanceda ngakumbi abo bayesaba ukucwaswa bafumana inkxaso engokomthetho abayidingayo ngenkxaso yokunciphisa izithintelo zabanye abantu abanokuthi banqande ukuvavanya i-HIV nokunyamekela.
Imbali ye-ADA ne-HIV
Xa i-ADA yaqala ukumiselwa, i-HIV ithathwa njengesifo esisongela ubomi esasiza kubangela ukungonakali okanye ukungakwazi ukunyanzeliswa kwezona zininzi, ukuba akunjalo, zalabo abanesifo. Ngaloo mxholo, ukukhuselwa ngokomthetho kwabanentsholongwane kaGawulayo kubonakala kucacile kwaye kungenakufumaneka.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokugqithiseleyo kwexesha, njenge-HIV yaqala ukubhekwa njengesifo esingapheliyo esingapheliyo, kwakukho imingeni emininzi yomthetho malunga nokuba i-HIV kufuneka, nokuba yodwa, ithathwa njengokukhubazeka ukuba umntu uhlala engenazo iimpawu kwaye engenakuncedo.
Lo mbuzo wabekwa phambi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States ngo-1998 eBragdon v. Abbott , icala apho owesifazane ogulayo, ongu-HIV ogama lakhe linguSidney Abbott watshelwa ngudokotela wamazinyo ukuba wayeza kugcwalisa isigxina sakhe esibhedlele, kwaye kuphela ukuba wazala isibhedlele esongezelelweyo.
Kwisigqibo esiphezulu sesi-5-4, iNkundla yalawula ngokuxhasa uNksk.
UAbbott, echaza ukuba ukwenqaba ukunyanga kwiofisi yamazinyo kwakucacisa ngokukhethekileyo kwaye ukuba, njengomntu ongenalo uphawu onentsholongwane kaGawulayo, uNksz Abbott usenelungelo lokukhuselwa phantsi kwe-ADA.
Ngaphandle kweempembelelo ezicacileyo kulabo abaphila ne-HIV, isigwebo sagqiba kwakhona ukuba "ukucalulwa kwabantu" -nokuthi, ukucalulwa kwabantu ngabanye ngokusekwa kwabo kunye nalabo bahlanganiswe phantsi kwe-ADA-kwakungavunyelwe phantsi komthetho.
Ulawulo lwe-1998 lwagqitywa ngokugqithiseleyo kubo bonke abemi baseMelika abaphila ne-HIV, abanempawu okanye abangenayo, kunye nabo bangabonwa ngokuba ne-HIV. Iphinde ibenqabe ukucalulwa kwanoma yimuphi umashishini okanye umntu ophatha okanye ochaphazelekayo kunye nomntu onentsholongwane kaGawulayo.
Ukukhuselwa kwezomthetho okuchaphazelekayo phantsi kwe-ADA
I-ADA ikhuthaza ukukhuselwa ngokomthetho, phantsi kweemeko ezithile, kubo bonke abantu abakhubazekileyo. Iindawo eziphambili zomthetho, njengoko kusebenza kwi-HIV, zibandakanya:
- Ingqesho : I-ADA ivimbela ukucwaswa kwabaqeshi abazimeleyo nabasebenzi abayi-15 okanye ngaphezulu. Ngaphantsi komthetho, umntu onentsholongwane kaGawulayo akanako ukuxothwa okanye aphikhelwe umsebenzi ngokusetyenziswe ngentsholongwane kaGawulayo. Umqeshi angenakukhanyela okanye angalungise umvuzo, iintlawulo, ikhefu, uqeqesho, isabelo somsebenzi, okanye nayiphi na imisebenzi enxulumene nomsebenzi ngenxa yesimo se-HIV somqeshwa.
Ukongezwa, ukuhlala okufanelekileyo kufuneka kwenziwe ukuba kuguqulwe okanye kulungiswe umsebenzi xa imeko enxulumene ne-HIV ifuna indawo yokuhlala leyo. Oku kungabandakanya ukuphumula okuphumayo okanye ukuguqula iishedyuli zomsebenzi kubantu abangenakukhubazeka ngenxa yentsholongwane kaGawulayo okanye ukuvumela ukuqeshwa kwabagqirha okanye ikhefu elingxamisekileyo kwabo ba se benzise ikhefu labo lokugula.
Umqeshi akavumelekanga ukuba afune ulwazi malunga nomqeshwa (okanye abasebenzi abangabakhoyo) isimo se-HIV okanye bacele imibuzo ephathelene nokukhubazeka. Naluphina ulwazi olune-HIV olwenziweyo olwenziwe kumqeshi kufuneka lugcinwe oluyimfihlo kakhulu.
- IiNkonzo zoLuntu : Indawo yokuhlala kawonkewonke yinkampani yabucala evulelekileyo kuluntu, kuquka iindawo ezifana neevenkile, iiofisi zonyango, amaqela ezempilo, amaziko okuthengisa, amaziko okunyamekela abantu, kunye nawuphi na isayithi okanye ishishini apho uluntu luvunyelwe khona.
Ngaphantsi kwe-ADA, ukungaphumeleli ukubonelela ngempumelelo okanye ithuba elilinganayo kulabo abanokusuleleka ngoGawulayo okwenene okanye obonelelwa nguGawulayo kuthathwa njengecalucalulo. Oku kungabandakanya utshintsho ngendlela eqhelekileyo ishishini lisebenza, elingabandakanyiyo okanye lunika iinkonzo ezincinci kumntu onentsholongwane kaGawulayo. Indawo yokuhlala kawonkewonke iyanqatshelwe ukufaka imirhumo ephezulu ngokusekelwe kwimeko yentsholongwane kaGawulayo, okanye ukubhekisela kumntu kwenye ishishini ukuba iinkonzo ziphakathi kwendawo yobungcali.
Amaqumrhu adibana nencazelo yomthetho yeclubs yangasese okanye efanelekileyo yokuxolelwa njengentlangano yenkolo ayifakiwe kwisichazi se-ADA. Akukho nendlu, ehlanganiswe phantsi koMthetho weZindlu zoLungiso lweZindlu ka-1988.
- Urhulumente kunye noRhulumente beNgingqi : I-ADA isebenza ngokucacileyo kubo bonke oorhulumente beengingqi okanye oomasipala, izithili, amasebe kunye nee-arhente, kunye naliphi na elinye iqumrhu okanye ikhomishana ewela phantsi kommandla wekarhulumente okanye wengingqi. Oku kubandakanya izikolo zikarhulumente, amaziko oluntu, iilayibrari, izibhedlele zikaRhulumente, okanye iinkonzo zokuthutha zedolophu.
Yintoni ongayenza Ukuba uye waxhaswa kuCalulo
Kwimeko apho ugqithiselwa kwindawo yokusebenzela ngenxa yentsholongwane kaGawulayo, qhagamshelana neKomishini ye-Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) . Imirhumo kufuneka ibekwe kwisithuba seentsuku ezingama-180 zesithintelo esityholo. Xa uphando, i-EEOC inokuthatha isenzo sokulungisa ukuphulwa okanye ukukhupha "ilungelo lokumangalela" kubasebenzi. Ukufunda ngakumbi okanye ukufumana i-EEOC ofisi kufuphi nawe, umnxeba u-800-669-4000 okanye u tyelele iwebhusayithi ye-EEOC.
I- Job Job Network (JAN) , inkonzo enikezelwa yiSebe leMisebenzi yase-US, inokunikela isiluleko samahhala kubaqeshi kunye nabantu abakhubazekileyo kwindawo yokuhlala yokusebenza kwindawo yokuhlala. Ifowuni 800-526-7234, okanye u tyelele iwebhusayithi ye-JAN malunga neengcebiso zokuhlala kubantu abane-HIV.
Ukuba ubandlululo lwenzeka kwindawo yokuhlala kawonkewonke, qhagamshelana neSebe lezoBulungisa base - US (DOJ) ngo-800-514-0301, okanye u tyelele i-ADA ye-HIV / AIDS portal ngolwazi malunga nendlela yokufaka isikhalazo se-DOJ.
Imithombo:
Isebe lezoBulungisa eMelika. Umxholo wangoku wama-American abakhubazekileyo uMthetho we-1990 uquka iinguqu ezenziwe ngu-ADA Amendments Act ka-2008. "IWashington, DC; ihlaziywe ngoMatshi 25, 2009.
I-Gostin, uL. kunye ne-Webber, D. "Ulwahlulo olusekelwe kwi-HIV / AIDS kunye nezinye izimo: 'Ukukhubazeka' njengoko kuchazwe phantsi komthetho we-Federal and State . I-Georgetown Law Faculty Publications; 2000: iphepha 94: 266-329.