Indlela Impembelelo Yabo Ngayo Eyive Ngayo Namhlanje
NgokukaNicoli Nattrass, umbhali we -AIDS Conspiracy: Inzululwano IlwaMva , abaphili be-AIDS bangabonwa ngeendima ezine ziselo:
- "Izazi zesayensi" - oogqirha okanye ososayensi abasebenzisa nayiphi na ingqinisiso yesayensi abangayenza ukuba benze i-patina yobungqina boluphando olungasekelwe.
- "Dumisani abaculi" - abo baxhasa ngenkuthalo isizathu sokwenqaba abantu, ngokubanzi phantsi kwakha ingxelo yomqambi.
- "Iimpawu eziphilayo" - abantu abane-HIV ababonelela "ubungqina obuphilileyo" ukuba esinye isilungiso sibagcina besaphila.
- "Abasebenzi bezoqoqosho" - abo basebenzise isicwangciso sokubambisa njengendlela yokuthengisa yesinye isilungiso okanye inzuzo yokuthengisa.
Uluhlu lwabahlanu abaphikisana noGawulayo oluphezulu lubonisa izinto ezihlukeneyo. Ababalwe kuphela kwimpembelelo ababenayo ngexesha elithile kwiimbali ze-HIV kodwa kwimpembelelo yokuba ezinye zemiyalezo zabo okanye iintshukumo zabo zisasebenza namhlanje.
YENZA UP / San Francisco
UKUSEBENZA KWENKQUBO (i-AIDS Coalition kwi-Unleash Power) yinkampani yokulwa ne-AIDS yecala lokusungula i-AIDS iqela ngu-Larry Kramer ngo-1987. Nangona iqumrhu lithathwa ngokuba lenza utshintsho olululo kwi-biomedical uphando kunye nokufikelela kwezempilo kubantu abaphila ne-HIV, UMTHETHO UP / ISahluko saseSan Francisco sasihamba ngekhosi eyahlukileyo-ukuphikisana ne-HIV njengobangela we-AIDS, kunye nokuphula ngokusemthethweni kwiqela labazali ngo-2000.
Nangona iimbambiso zabo zibandakanya amalungelo ezilwanyana, ukukhululwa kwe-gay, ukunyuka kwemifuno kunye nokukhuthazwa kwe-marijuana yezokwelapha, iziganeko zabo zazivame ukuba zenziwe njenge-disavowal esondele kufuphi neyobuhlanga kunye nokubola. Ngokwewebsite yeqela:
"Inyaniso kukuba abantu abafayo ngenxa ye-AIDS. Abantu bayagula baze bafe ngenxa yeempawu zobuninzi bemihla ngemihla ebusweni bethu obunobunobunobunqunu, unqulo loboya, i-ozone ephazamisayo, iqhutywe ngemali, intengiso yabathengi ."
Ngaphandle kokunciphisa inani lebulungu kwiminyaka kamva, ukunyuswa kwabo kwenkqubo yokulwa nokusungula kwakha inkxaso evela ekuthandweni kwabaBenzi beChina uChris Hynde (owanikela ama-$ 5,000 ngesizathu) kunye ne-People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), abo bahamba nabo ukukhusela ukuhlolwa kwezilwanyana.
Kwakukho, mhlawumbi, uhlobo olusasazekayo, olusisigxina semisebenzi yeqela eliye lavumela ukuba baxhomeke inkxaso kwabo babenokungabaza ngokunye ukukholelwa kwabo. Inkokheli ye-ACT UP / SF, uDavid Pasquarelli, wafa ngo-2004 eneminyaka engama-36 ubudala kwiinkathazo ze-HIV, ngelixa u-Michael Tfonfontaine wasemsebenzini wabulawa ngo-2007 kwiminyaka engama-41 ye-HIV.
UMatias Rath
I-German-born Matthias Rath, i-vitamin magnate eyaziwa kakhulu kunye nentloko yeDkt. Rath Research Institute yaseCalifornia, yaqhuba iindaba zeentlanga zonke xa ethi iivithamini (ezibhekisela kuye ngokuthi "izidakamizwa zamagciwane") zingaphatha ngempumelelo i- HIV ngenkqubela i- antiretroviral iziyobisi (ii-ARVs) zasiyingozi kwaye zingozi.
Ngethuba lokuphakama kobhubhane lwe-AIDS eMzantsi Afrika ngo-2005, intlangano kaRath yasasaza amashumi ezinkulungwane zeencwadana ezinokwakheka kwiilokishi ezimnyama ezikhuthaza abantu abanentsholongwane kaGawulayo ukuba bayeke ii-ARVs kwaye basebenzise iivithamini endaweni yoko.
Kungekudala emva koko, uRath wathatyathwa enkundleni yokuqhuba iimvavanyo zamavithamini ezingagunyaziswanga (apho abantu abaninzi babecelwa ukuba bafe) kwaye emva koko bevinjelwe ekushicileleni ezinye iintengiso ezikhuthaza iimveliso zakhe okanye ukuqhubeka nophando ngaphakathi eMzantsi Afrika.
Inkxaso ebonakalayo evela kurhulumente-uMphathiswa wezeMpilo waseMzantsi Afrika uManto Tshabalala-Msimang kunye neBhunga loLawulo lweeMithi nabo baqanjwa ngamagama kwi-suit-kubonisa impembelelo yezimangalo zikaRath.
Christine Maggiore
UChristine Maggiore wayeqwalaselwa ngabaninzi kuba ngumntwana wesithuba somqhubi we-AIDS. Umsunguli wenhlangano, i-Alive & Well AIDS Alternatives, uMaggiore wakhuthaza imbono yokuba i-HIV ayikho imbangela ye-AIDS kwaye yacebisa abafazi abakhulelweyo abane-HIV ukuba bangathathi ii-ARVs.
UMaggiore wafunyaniswa ukuba une-HIV ngo-1992. Nangona ekuqaleni wayesebenza njengevolontiya kunye ne-HIV njengengxaki ye-AIDS Project yaseLos Angeles kunye nabasetyhini, bekunokuhlangana kunye nomntu onguGawulayo u-Peter Duesberg ukuba waqala ukubuza imibuzo yesayensi. Wenza iintloko emva kwexesha lokujonga ii-ARV ngexesha lokukhulelwa kwaye emva koko wambele intombi yakhe, uEliza Jane ngelixa ebiza ukuba i-HIV yayingeyona nto ingenakubungozi.
Ngenxa yoko uMaggiore wayengumdlali okhuselekileyo ukuba urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika wammema ukuba abonise kwiNgqungquthela ye-AIDS ye-2000 e-Durban. Intlanganiso yakhe kunye noMongameli uThabo Mbeki kuthiwa yathintele kwisigqibo sakhe sokubamba imali kwingcaphephe yophando lwezonyango ngabafazi abakhulelwe abane-HIV.
Ngaphandle kwekhono likaMaggiore lokufumana inkxaso kwabo babembona njengobuncwane bethemba, wafumana ngokuthe rhoqo-kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ingqwalaselo yabezindaba kulabo babembuza ukuba ngaba uya kufela ukholo ngenxa yeso sizathu, njengokuba impilo yakhe yaqala ukungaphumeleli. (Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngexesha elifanayo, umgqugquzeli we-HIV uZackie Achmat wathatha ingqwalasela yamazwe ngamazwe ukwenqaba ukuthatha ii-ARVs de ukuba urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika avume ukusabalalisa iziyobisi kuluntu olukhulu.)
Phakathi kwabaxhasayo baseMaggiore babengamalungu eqela elilwalwa, i-Foo Fighters, abaye balungiselela i-khontshi enenzuzo yokuthengiswa kwayo ngo-2001 (isimo abaye basuka kuzo kwiwebsite yabo yebhanki). U-Eliza Jane wafa eneminyaka emithathu ye-pneumocystis pneumonia . UMaggiore wafa ngo-2008 eneminyaka engama-58 yokusasazeka kwe-herpes kunye ne- pneumonia ephakathi.
UDkt Peter Duesberg
UPeter Duesberg uthathelwa ingqalelo njengoyise wentsholongwane kaGawulayo. Wazalelwa ngowe-1936 eJamani, uDuesberg wafumana ukuthokoza okukhulu kwiphondo lakhe eliphambili ngokuphanda kwakhe kwiintsholongwane ezibangelwa ngumhlaza kwaye ngokukhawuleza waphakama, ekugqibeleni wanikwa umhlala-phantsi eneminyaka engama-36 ukusuka kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia eBerkeley.
Nangona kunjalo, ekuqaleni kweengxaki zikaGawulayo ngo-1987, iDuesberg yaba yimbambano yokuphikisana kwezenzululwazi ngokuxokisa ukuba iziyobisi zokuzonwabisa ezifana ne-alkyl nitrate (eyaziwa nangokuthi "abapopers") yimbangela yeGawulayo kwaye i-HIV ngokwayo ayiyingozi. Kamva waqhubeka nokubandakanya ama-ARV njengama-causative agents.
Ngoxa i-Duesberg ikwazi ukuxhasa inkxaso ngexesha lokuqala kweengxaki-kuquka iNewel Prize biochemist uKary Banks Mullis (owayehloniphekileyo, ngokugqithiseleyo, ngomsebenzi wakhe kwi-PCR iteknoloji esetyenziselwa ukuhlolwa komthamo wentsholongwane ). UMongameli waseMzantsi Afrika uThabo Mbeki ukuba impembelelo kaDuesberg yayinomdla.
Ngo-2000, uDuesberg wamenywa (kunye nabanye abaphikisayo uHarvey Bialy, uDavid Rasnick, uRobert Giraldo, uSam Mhlongo kunye no-Etienne de Harven) ukuba bahlale kwi-Advisory Panel ye-HIV kunye ne-AIDS, itanki ekhangelwe kakhulu ekhokelela ekubhengezeni iMbeki ukuba "Kwakubonakala ngathi andinakukusola into yonke kwiintsholongwane."
Ukunyaniseka kukaMbeki kwi-HIV-nokuba ukunyanzelisa kwakhe ukusebenzisa "i-HIV kunye noGawulayo" ukuzahlula ezimbini-kubonwa njengesona sizathu esibalulekileyo sokususwa kwakhe kwi-ofisi ngo-2008. Xa ebhekise indima yeDuesberg eMzantsi Afrika, uMax Essex waseHarvard School lezeMpilo kaRhulumente, wabuza ukuba i-Duesberg yayingumntu "othobekileyo kwintlalo yesayensi" okanye "enokubangela ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi" ngenxa yokufa kwabantu obangelwa yiminyaka yokungafuni urhulumente. U-Duesberg uyaqhubeka nokupapasha iingcamango zakhe ezichasayo, ngoku kutshanje kwiphepha likaDisemba ka-2011 ye- Italian Review Review ye-Anatomy ne-Embryology.
Umongameli waseMzantsi Afrika uThabo Mbeki
Kuya kuba lula kakhulu ukugqiba ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yokungafuni-uMongameli waseMzantsi Afrika uThabo Mbeki iqhutywe yinto elula "yokudibana" yeengcamango ezihambelanayo, okanye ukuba ngandlela-thile "ngongqongquthela" ngabachasene bakhetha ukuwamkela.
Ukususela kwiintsuku zakhe zokuqala njengokuba isekela likaMongameli uNelson Mandela, uMbeki wabonwa ngokukhawuleza ukuba "isisombululo se-Afrika" kwisifo ngaphezu kwezo "zesayensi" eziqhelekileyo. Ngesinye isikhathi, oku kwakuquka ukusetyenziswa kwe-industrial solvent ebizwa ngokuthi yiVrodene, eyavavanywa ngokungemthetho kubantu boMzantsi Afrika kunye naseTanzania.
Kwiintetho ezininzi ze-Mbeki okanye malunga nentsholongwane kaGawulayo, kwakuninzi ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwe-anti-colonialism okanye iziphakamiso zokuthi i-HIV yindlela yokuba "iWest" isenokusebenzisa, ukuxhaphaza okanye ukuphazamisa abantu base-Afrika.
Kwimbali epapashwe ngumthubi weendaba uMark Gevisser, kubikwa ukuba uMbeki wafanisa iingcali ze-AIDS kwiinkampu zoxinzelelo zamaNazi oogqirha kunye nabantu abamnyama abamukela isayensi ye-AIDS njenge-"self-repressed" amaxhoba engqondo. Ngokwenza isigqibo sakhe sokuthintela ukuhanjiswa kwee-ARV kumntu wonke, uMbeki wathi:
"Ndiyamangaliswa ukuzimisela kwabantu abaninzi kweli lizwe lethu ukuba banikele yonke ingqibelelo yengqondo ukuba benze njengabathengisi bemveliso yenkampani enye yezobisi."
Ngenxa yokuba uhlala engaxhaswanga ngokubhekisele ekufeni kwabantu abakhulelweyo be-HIV, abaninzi banokugqitywa ukuba ukuphika kukaGawulayo kusebenza nje ngeengcamango zezobupolitika zeMbeki, kumvumela ukuba amkele imigaqo-nkqubo engalunganga kunye ne-"experts".
Ukususela ekukhutshweni kukaMbeki kwi-ofisi ngo-2008, kuye kwaba nokuguqulwa okukhulu eMzantsi Afrika , okwenziwa namhlanje kwinkqubo enkulu ye-ARV kwihlabathi. Kodwa ngokubhekiselele kuphando lwe-Harvard University, ukulibaziseka okubuhlungu ekuphenduleni kwaphumela ekufeni kwabantu abangama-340,000, ukufa kwabantwana abangama-170 000 kunye nabantwana abangama-35 000 abazalwa ne-HIV phakathi kweminyaka ka-1999 no-2007. Kodwa uMbeki uhlala engathandabuzekiyo, esho kwi-interview ye- Newsweek Matshi 2016:
"Kutheni uburhulumente baseMzantsi Afrika ... bekulindeleke ukuba bagxininise kwisithandathu sesikhokelo sokufa njengento yokuphatha ngokungxamisekileyo kwaye kubalulekile okokuqala kwezinto ezisibhozo zokubangela ukufa, kubanjwe kunye?"
> Imithombo:
Natrass, N. "Ulwaphulo lwe-AIDS: inzululwazi iyalwa." Columbia University Press, kwisixeko saseNew York. Epapashwe ngo-2012; 225 iphe .; ISBN: 9780231149129.
Mulwo, A .; Tomaselli, K .; kunye noFrancis, M. "INTSHOLONGWANE KAGAWULAYO / AIDS kunye neentetho zokukhanyela kwi-Afrika engaphantsi kweSahara: Ingaba impendulo ye-Afro-optimist?" I-International Journal yeZifundo zeNkcubeko. 2012; 0 (0): 1-16.
I-Linzer, J. "U-AIDS 'Ufuna Uhlawulelo ... kunye neNyango yeCarcer." Fumana. Meyi 15, 2008.
Natrass, N. "Ukulinganisa iintlawulo ezilahlekileyo zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ze-antiretroviral eMzantsi Afrika." I-Journal ye-Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Disemba 1, 2008; 49 (4): 410-415.
Gaffey, C. "UMongameli waseMzantsi Afrika uThabo Mbeki uhamba ngeengxoxo zeNtsholongwane kaGawulayo. Newsweek; epapashwe kwi-intanethi ngoMatshi 8, 2016.