Iminikelo yamkelekile Ukuba Ungenalo Ulwabelana Ngosondo Ngonyaka ... okanye Ufumana Tattoo?
NgoDisemba 22, 2015, i-US Food and Drug Administration (i-FDA) yase-United States ihlaziye ngokusemthethweni imigaqo-nkqubo emashumi eminyaka evimbela amadoda angama-gay ekubeni enze iminikelo yegazi ngenxa yezinto abacinga ukuba yingozi enkulu yokudluliselwa kwe-HIV .
Kwiikhokelo zabo ezihlaziyiweyo, iphaneli ye-FDA ngoku ivumela amadoda angama-gay abangazange alalane ngesondo kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo ukuba banikele, i-celibacy eqinisekisiwe ngokuzalisa i-questionnaire esayinwe.
Bonke abanye amadoda angama-gay, kuquka abo basebenzise iikhondom rhoqo , baya kuqhubeka bevinjelwe.
Nangona abanye bebonile njengesiqalo sokuqala sokuphakamisa umgaqo-nkqubo oneminyaka engama-32 ubudala, abaninzi abasebenza ngamagunya kunye nabaphathi bezonyango baye bavakalisa isigqibo esasesikhatshane kunye nokucalula, ngokukodwa ngenxa yokuba ingozi ye-HIV ihlolwe kwimeko ye- kwimeko yecala lokuxhatshazwa kwabantu.
Xa bebuzwa ngale ngxabano ngoJanuwari, i-FDA iphendule ngokuchaza ukuba "iya kuba nzima kakhulu kumaziko okunikela ngegazi kwaye inokukhusekisa abaxhasi" ukuba iimvavanyo zenziwa ngabanye, ngelixa besithi "kwakungekho ubungqina obaneleyo" ukucacisa ukunciphisa lexesha elide lokulinda.
Phakathi kwama-critic-time-critics, i-American Medical Association, i-Red Cross, i-American Association ye-Blood Banks, i-American Association ye-Osteopaths, iBhunga leNew York City kunye neKomiti yezoBulungisa kwiNdibano yaseCalifornia nganye iyabiza ukuba iphele ukuvinjelwa ngexesha apho inani elikhulayo lamazwe-kuquka iSpeyin, iPortugal, i-Italy kunye neMzantsi Afrika-liphakanyisile ukuvalwa kwayo.
Imbali ye-US Gay Blood Ban
Ngowe-1983, i-FDA yacebisa ukuba nayiphi na indoda eye yalala ngesinye indoda ukususela ngowe-1977 ivinjelwe ekunikezeni igazi ixesha lokuphila. Umgaqo-nkqubo wasungulwa ngexesha apho kungekho unyango okanye iindlela zokuvavanya i-HIV . (Kwakuphela ngo-1985, enyanisweni, ukuba uvavanyo lokuqala lwe-HIV lwaluvunywe yi-FDA kwaye kwada kwada ngo-1987 ukuba isilwanyana sokuqala se-antiretroviral, i- AZT , samkelwa.)
Ngokuqinisekileyo ngelo xesha, kunye namadoda angama-gay ayeninzi uninzi lwe-HIV, abaninzi kuluntu banokungabaza ngokuchanileyo malunga nokuchaneka kovavanyo lwe-HIV xa ukuhlolwa kwegazi kunika. Ezi nkxalabo zazixakeke kakhulu xa uRyan White , intombazana yase-Indiana, evinjelwe ukuya esikolweni sikawonkewonke ngo-1985 emva kokufumanisa wafumana i- HIV ekumpontshelwa igazi .
Ngowe-1990, i-FDA nayo yenza isigqibo sokunqanda amaHaiti-nayo ikhutshwe kanzima yi-epidemic ephambili-ephikisanayo yokuba ekubeni i-HIV ihanjiswa ngokugqithisileyo ngokwesini esithandana ngokwesini, kuya kuba nzima ukuba bachaze abantu abasengozini. Ukuvinjelwa kwaphakanyiswa ngaphantsi konyaka olandela izibhikisho ezinomsindo ezivela kuma-activists angama-50 eNew York City.
Ngasekupheleni kwee-1990, emva kokufika kwe- antiretroviral therapy kunye nokuqaliswa kovavanyo olutsha olutsha lwe-HIV , abagxeki baqala ukubuza umyalelo wokuvalwa xa ngowama-1995 umngcipheko wokufumana i-HIV ekumponjweni kwegazi yayingama-600,000 matyala . Ngo-2003, loo mngcipheko ubonwe ukuba yi-1 kwi-1.8 yezigidi.
Ngaphezu koko, ukususela ngo-1999 ukuya ku-2003, kuphela ama-America amathathu kumazwe angama-2.5 yezigidi ezifumana igazi abaqinisekisiweyo ukuba bafumene i-HIV ekungenweni kwegazi ngokulandela ukuhlolwa kobuxoki be- HIV.
Iimpendulo kunye nokuchasene neGay Blood Ban
Kuza kube namhlanje, inani elininzi lamazwe linemigaqo-nkqubo efana neyase-US, kuquka ne-Argentina, Australia, Brazil, eJapan, eSweden nase-United Kingdom. Abanye abaninzi baye bahlala behlala kwiBelgium, iDenmark, iFransi, iGrisi kunye neJamani phakathi kwabo eBelgium.
Umxhasi we-FDA nkqubo (kuquka iSebe lezeMpilo neSebe lezeMpilo yase-United States, elidibanisa unyanzelisa unyaka owodwa) ukukhankanya amazinga aphezulu aphezulu e-HIV phakathi kwamadoda angama-gay nabesilisa nabasemabini ase-US, abantu ababalelwa kuma-63% kuzo zonke iintsholongwane zonyaka ngamnye.
Ngelixa bevuma iimanani, abachasi baye babala ukuba amadoda angama-gay kunye nabesilisa abafazi, kuquka abo bafumana i-HIV ngokusebenzisa i-injection usetyenziso lweziyobisi, abamele ubuncinane ngaphezu kwesiqingatha (57%) kwezigidi ezili-1,1 zaseMerika ezineNTSholongwane kaGawulayo. ngokutsha kunye nokungenangqiqo.
Baqhubeka bethetha ukungangqinelani kwesigwebo se-FDA, becinga ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komnye-nyaka ukuqinisekisiweyo nge-questionnaire elula-kunokubonelela uphawu olucacileyo xa kuthelekiswa, uthi, indoda engumfana ohlala ebudlelwaneni obuzimeleyo, obunomnye? Ngaba oku kubonisa ukuba amadoda angama-gay akwazi ukuthetha amanga ngezenzo zabo zesondo kuneziqabane zesini?
Ukongezelela koko, iingcebiso zokuba abantu abesilisa nabasetyhini banqatshelwe ukuba babenothambo, indlebe okanye ukubhoboza umzimba kunyaka odlulileyo-kubonisa ukuba loo misebenzi ifana nomngcipheko ofana nesondo-sele idibene nayo. Nangona i-theoretic (nanjengoko ayikho emngciphekweni), akuzange kubekho ityala elichanekileyo lokusasazwa yiyiphi na le ndlela, ngokutsho kwedatha evela kumaziko okuLawula nokuLawula izifo.
Amaqela omalungelo oluntu asekude axele ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo we-FDA ubeka ugxininiso lokungabikho komngcipheko kungekhona kakhulu kwizenzo zesondo njengoko kuthethwa ngesondo. Ngokwenza njalo, kubonisa ukuba amadoda angama-gay, njengabantu ngabanye, akwazi ukubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi enobungozi obuphezulu , ukwenza ukuhlolwa kweemeko ngeemeko ngandlela-thile kunyanzelekile kunokuba baxhatshazwe.
Abanye, okwangoku, babuza ukuba ngaba i-FDA isinconywa ngokwenene ukuphucula umgaqo-nkqubo okanye enye indlela yokwenza umyalelo wokuvalwa kwexesha lokuphila ngenxa nje yokuba indoda yongqingili igxilile.
Ngelixa i-FDA izikhulu zithintele ukuba abafazi abathandanayo okanye abalala ngesondo kunye nabasebenzi bezesondo zorhwebo nabo baxhomekeke kwiminyaka emithathu, akukho maqela afunekayo ukuba ahlale engqongqo kwelo xesha.
Imithombo
US Administration and Drug Administration (FDA). Iziphakamiso eziHlaziyiweyo zokuNciphisa iNengozi yokuThuthukiswa kweNtsholongwane kaGawulayo ngeGazi kunye neMveliso yeGazi: Imibuzo neempendulo. " Silver Silver, eMaryland.
FDA. "Ummishinala we-FDA, uMargaret A. Hamburg, ongu-FDA umgaqo-nkqubo wokuxhaswa kwegazi kubantu abalala ngesondo nabantu." Silver Spring, eMaryn; Isitatimende se-FDA esikhutshwe ngoDisemba 23, 2014.
FDA. "Imibuzo malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo we-FDA." Silver Silver, eMaryland. .
Schreiber, G; Busch, M .; Kleinman, S; okqhubekayo. "Umngcipheko wokusuleleka kwintsholongwane ye-HIV." I-Retrovirus Epidemiology. I-New England Journal of Medicine . NgoJuni 27, 1996; 334 (26): 1685-1690.
I-Cosgrove-Mather, B. "Igazi elijongene ne-HIV lichaphazela ezimbini kwiFlorida." Iindaba ze-CBS; papashwa ngoJuni 19, 2002.