I-Lupus ichongwa njani

Ukuchonga i-lupus kungaba ngumsebenzi onzima. Iimpawu ziyakwazi ukulandela iipateni ezikhohlakeleyo, nokuba ziba zicace okanye zizinze, kwaye zidibene kunye nezinye zezoxhala. Ngokumalunga nembali yakho yezobugqirha, oogqirha basebenzise iimvavanyo eziqhelekileyo kunye nezifundo zeebhanki ezikhethekileyo, kwaye mhlawumbi kunye neemvavanyo zokucinga njengeMRI okanye i-ultrasound, ukuya kwisigqibo.

Ezi zinokusetyenziswa kangako ukulawula i-lupus njengokuba ubonise isifo.

Oogqirha bajonga kwakhona iimpawu kwiimeko ezininzi zomzimba wakho, ezifana neentso kunye nekhumba, njengoko lupus isifo sesistim. Ngelishwa, abanye abantu banokubandezeleka ngenxa yeenyanga okanye iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba i-diagnostic yenziwe.

Kukho iinkalo ezininzi ezinokubangela ukuxilongwa kwe-lupus. Oyintloko phakathi kwabo kukuba i-lupus ayiyodwa isifo kodwa i-subtypes ehlukeneyo, ngasinye sinobangela kunye neempawu zabo. Iingxaki ezininzi ezijongene nabakliniki zibandakanya:

• Ayikho imigaqo-nkqubo evunyelwe kakhulu (imigaqo) yokuxilongwa
• I-Lupus yimeko yokubuyiselwa kwakhona , oku kuthetha ukuba iimpawu ziza kwaye zihambe. Kuze kubekho umzekelo obonakalayo, esi sifo sinokuthi singabonakali.
• Akukho vavanyo logalelo lwegazi olungasetyenziselwa ukulungiselela ukuxilongwa.
• I-Lupus yimeko ye "snowflake", oku kuthetha ukuba nangona abantu ababini banesimo esifanayo, iimpawu zabo zingafani ngokupheleleyo.

• I-Lupus yimeko engavamile kwaye, ngenxa yoko, oogqirha bokunakekelwa ngokusisigxina banokubheka okanye bangaphutheli iimpawu.

IiLabs kunye novavanyo

Le yile mvavanyo yezifo zokuxilonga, ezininzi iimvavanyo zokuvavanya, ukuba ootitshala bezonyango basebenzisane kunye nezinye iimvavanyo ukuze bancedise ukudibanisa i-puzzle.

Gcwalisa iAgazi yeGazi (iCBC)

Uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwegazi (CBC) lokuhlola ukuhlolwa kwamanzi luninzi lwezicelo, kwaye lunokunceda ukufumanisa izifo ezahlukeneyo zezifo. Ugqirha wakho uya kuqalisa ngoku kuhlolwa.

Ngenkcazelo yayo elula, iCBC isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa inani le-cell cell elibomvu nelomhlophe, inani elipheleleyo le-hemoglobin egazini, i-hematocrit (inani legazi elenziwe ngamaseli obomvu), kwaye lithetha umthamo we-corpuscular (ubukhulu begazi elibomvu iiseli). I-CBC inokuphinde ibone iintlobo zeeseli zegazi ezongezelelweyo njenge-neutrophils, i-eosinophil, i-basophil, i-lymphocytes, i-monocytes, kunye neeplatelet.

I-CBC ineqela leemvavanyo ezahlukeneyo zegazi kwaye isetyenziswe njengesixhobo esikhulu sokuhlola. Iimvavanyo ezenza iCBC ziquka:

• Inani leeseli legazi le-White (i-WBC): Amaseli egazini egazini anceda umzimba wakho ekulwa nezifo kwaye unokubonisa ukuba unesifo. Olu vavanyo lulinganisa inani lamaseli ezimhlophe egazini lakho. Amaninzi amaninzi okanye amancinci egazi ezimhlophe angabonakalisa ukugula.
• Ulwahlulo lwe-White White: Oku kubalwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli zegazi ezimhlophe.
• Inani elibomvu leeseli zegazi (RBC) : Le nyathelo inani lamaseli obomvu akhoyo. Iiseli zegazi ezibomvu ziqukethe i-hemoglobin kwaye isebenza njengabathwali be-oxygen. Njengaye ngeeseli ezimhlophe zegazi, zombini zanda kwaye zinciphisa kwinombolo zinokubaluleka.

• Ububanzi bee- cell distribution distribution: Lo ulinganisa uguquko ngobukhulu beeseli ezibomvu zegazi.
• I-Hemoglobin: I- Hemoglobin yiprotheyini kwiiseli ezibomvu zegazi ezithwala i-oksijini. Oku kufaka ukuba ubuninzi beprotheni ephethe i-oksijini egazini.
• Kuthetha i-hemoglobin ye-corpuscular : Oku kuchaza ukuba i-hemoglobin ininzi yeseli ebomvu.
• Kuthetha ukuxilongwa kwe-hemoglobin corpuscular: Le meythini i-hemoglobin ephakathi kwegazi elibomvu.
• I-Hematocrit: Le nyathelo liphi na inani legazi elenziwe ngamaseli abomvu abomvu (ngokuchasene ne-plasma, inxalenye yamanzi yegazi).
• Isibalo sePlatelet: Le yimibolo yeeplatelet egazini. Iiplatelet zihlobo lwegazi elithintela ukuphuma ngegalelo.

• Umthamo weplatelet ephakathi: Le nanisa ubukhulu beeplatelet kwaye unokunika ulwazi malunga nokuveliswa kweplatelet kwintolongo yakho.

Iziphumo ezivela kwiCBC zinganceda ukufumana iingxaki ezinjenge-dehydration okanye ukulahleka kwegazi, ukungavumelekanga kwimveliso yeeseli zegazi kunye nokuphila, kunye nokusuleleka kwintsholongwane, ukugula, kunye neengxaki zokugawula igazi. Ezinye iziphumo zingabonisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-anemia.

Ukuba ugqirha wakho uxolisa ukuba une-lupus, uya kugxila kwi-RBC kunye ne-WBC yokubala. Izibalo ze-RBC eziphantsi zivame ukubonakala kwizifo ezingafaniyo ezifana ne-lupus. Nangona kunjalo, izibalo ezingaphantsi kweRBC zingabonakalisa ukulahleka kwegazi, ukungaphumeleli komongo, isifo sesifo, i-hemolysis (ukubhujiswa kweRBC), i-leukemia, ukungondleki, kunye nokunye. I-WBC encinci ibalwayo ingabhekisela kwi-lupus kunye nokungaphumeleli komnxeba weethambo kunye nesifo sesibindi nesifo se-spleen.

Ukuba i-CBC yakho ibuye ngeenombolo eziphezulu ze-RBC okanye i-hematocrit ephezulu, ingabonisa ezinye izinto ezinokuquka izifo zamaphaphu, umdlavuza wegazi, ukungcola, isifo, isifo senhliziyo, kunye nezinye iingxaki zentliziyo. Ii-WBC eziphezulu, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-leukocytosis, zingabonisa isifo esithathelwanayo, isifo sokuvuvukala, i-leukemia, uxinzelelo, nokunye.

Nangona le ngcaciso ingakunceda ukuba uyichaze umsebenzi wakho webhu, qho uthetha ugqirha ukuba ufumana iziphumo ezingavamile zokuhlolwa kwegazi. Uvavanyo lwegazi luyingxenye enye yokwenza ukuxilongwa kwe-lupus.

Ireyithi yeSetythrocyte

Uvavanyo lwe-sedryation sedimentation (ESR) luvavanyo lwegazi olulinganisa ukuvuvukala emzimbeni wakho kwaye lisetyenziselwa ukukunceda ukuxilongwa kweemeko ezinxulumene nokuvuvukala okunzima kunye nokungapheliyo, kubandakanya i-lupus. Ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa ngokubambisana nezinye iimvavanyo, njengoko uvavanyo luyiyo. Ngamanye amagama, iyakwazi ukunyuka kwindlovu, kodwa ayifuni apho ukuvuvukala okanye ukukhomba kwisifo esithile. Ezinye iimeko zingathintela iziphumo zovavanyo. Uvavanyo lusetyenziswa rhoqo ngamaxesha amaninzi kwixesha elithile ukulinganisa utshintsho kwi-inflammation.

Utshintsho kwi-ESR malunga nexesha lunokunceda ukukhokela uphando lwezempilo kwi-diagnosis. I-ESR ephakamileyo ngokuphakanyiswayo ivela ngokuvuvukala, kodwa kwakhona ne-anemia, intsholongwane, ukukhulelwa, nokuguga. I-ESR ephezulu kakhulu inesizathu esicacileyo, njengokunyuka okuphawulekayo kwi-globulins ezinokubangelwa usuleleko olunzulu. Ukunyuka kwe-ESR kunokuthetha ukwanda kwesikhalazo okanye impendulo engalunganga kwonyango. I-ESR eyancitshiswayo ingathetha impendulo enhle, nangona ugcine engqondweni ukuba i-ESR ephantsi ingabonakalisa izifo ezinjenge- polycythemia , i-leukocytosis ephezulu, kunye neeprotheni ezingavumelekanga.

Urinalysis

Olu vavanyo lokuhlola lusetshenziselwa ukufumana izinto okanye izixhobo zamaselula kumchamo ezihambelana nokuphazamiseka kwemizimba kunye neentso. Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo, kwaye oogqirha basebenzise ukuba bafumane ukungaqhelekanga okuqhelekileyo kubonakale ngaphambi kokuba izigulana zikhanyele ingxaki. Kwabo abaneemeko ezinzima okanye ezingapheliyo, ukuhlaziywa rhoqo kwemizimba kunokunceda ukubeka iliso ukusebenza komzimba, isimo kunye nokuphendula kunyango. Inombolo ephezulu yamaseli obomvu okanye iprotheni ephakamileyo kumchamo wakho ingabonisa ukuba i-lupus iye yachaphazela izintso zakho.

Amanqanaba okuzalisa

Inkqubo yokucedisa igama liqela leeprotheni zegazi ezikunceda ukulwa nosuleleko. Gcwalisa amanqanaba, njengoko igama lithetha, lilinganisa inani kunye / okanye umsebenzi walezo ziprotini. Ukusebenza ngaphakathi kwinqanaba lomzimba, iiprotheni zidlala indima ekuphuhliseni ukuvuvukala. Kwezinye iifom ze-lupus, zizalise iiprotheni (zisetyenziswe phezulu) ngeempendulo ezizenzekelayo. Ukunciphisa ukunciphisa amanqanaba kunokubhekiselele ku-lupus nephritis, lupus nephritis , ukuvutha kweengso. Ukwenziwa komgangatho wokuqulunqa amanqanaba kunokubonisa impendulo efanelekileyo kunyango.

Uvavanyo lwe-Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)

Uvavanyo lwe- anti-nuclear (ANA) luyasetyenziswa ukufumanisa i-autoantibodies ezenzayo malunga neenxalenye zeseli zamzimba zomzimba. Okwangoku kukho olunye lweemvavanyo ezivelele kakhulu ezifumanekayo zokufumanisa i-lupus (SLE). Kungenxa yokuba iipesenti ezingama-97 okanye ngaphezulu zabantu abane-lupus (SLE) banesiphumo esihle se-ANA yokuvavanya. Isiphumo se-ANA esingalunganga sithetha ukuba i-lupus (SLE) ayinakwenzeka.

Ngelixa abaninzi abantu abanesifo se-lupus bafumana i-ANA, izimo zonyango ezifana nezifo kunye nezinye izifo ezizimele zinganika umphumo omuhle. Ngenxa yoko, ugqirha wakho unokuyalela ezinye iimvavanyo zegazi ukuze ahlolisise kakuhle i-lupus.

I- anti-nuclear anti-test (ANA) iyalinga nje ukulinganisa i-titer (i-concentration) ye-auto-antibodies kodwa kunye nephethini ababopha ngayo kwiiseli zabantu. Iimpawu ezithile zamatriki kunye neepateni ziphakamisa ngakumbi i-lupus, ngelixa abanye bangaphantsi.

Njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla, uvavanyo lwe-ANA oluhle ngokwalo luyakubonisa enye yezifo ezininzi, kuquka ne-lupus eyenziwa ngamachiza. Ezinye zezi zifo ziquka:

• Ezinye izifo zesisombululo, ezifana ne- scleroderma kunye ne- rheumatoid arthritis
• Ukuphendula kwamachiza athile
• Izifo ezibangelwa yi-Viral, ezifana ne- infectous mononucleosis
• Izifo ezithathelwanayo ezingapheliyo, ezifana ne- hepatitis kunye ne- malaria
• Ezinye izifo ezizimele, kuquka i- thyroiditis kunye ne- multiple sclerosis

Ngokubanzi, uvavanyo lwe-ANA lufanele lusetyenziswe ukuba ugqirha wakho uxolisa i-lupus. Ukuba umphumo wokuvavanya awubi, ke i-lupus ayinakwenzeka. Ukuba isiphumo sokuvavanya siphumelele, iimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo zifuneka rhoqo ukuxhasa ukuxilongwa.

Uvavanyo olongezelelweyo lwe-Antibody

Uvavanyo olongezelelweyo lwe-antibody lungasetyenziswa ukuxhasa ukuxilongwa kwe-lupus.

Uvavanyo lomntu ngamnye luvavanya ubukho balezi zikhusela:

• I-DNA ephindwe kabini , i-anti-antibody etholakala kuma-70 ekhulwini eengxaki ze-lupus; ukucetyiswa kakhulu kweSLE
• Ama-antibodies ase -Anti-Smith , atholakala kuma-30 ekhulwini abantu abane-SLE; ukucetyiswa kakhulu kweSLE
• Ama-antibodies anti-phospholipids , kufumaneka kwiingama ezingama-30 zeengxaki ze-lupus kwaye zize zenzeke kwi- syphilis (ichaza ukuba kutheni abantu abaninzi abane-lupus baneempembelelo ze-syphilis ezingamanga)
• I-anti-Ro / i-SS-A kunye ne-anti-La / SS-B, i-antibodies , efunyenwe kwizifo ezahlukeneyo zezifo, kuquka neSLE kunye neSjogren's syndrome
• Ama-anti-histone antibodies, abonwa kwi-SLE kunye neefom ye-lupus
• I-anti-ribonucleic antibodies, ebonwa kwizigulane ezine-SLE kunye nezimo ezizimeleyo

Ukudibaniswa kwe-ANA enokuthi kunye ne-DNA echaziweyo kabini okanye i-anti-Smith antibodies ithathwa njengesicalulo kakhulu seSLE. Nangona kunjalo, akubona bonke abantu ekugqibeleni bathatyathwa nge-SLE banaloo manantibobodies.

I-Tissue Biopsy

Kwezinye iimeko, ugqirha wakho angathanda ukwenza i-biopsy yezicubu zaso naziphi na izitho ezibonakala zibandakanyeka kwiimpawu zakho. Oku kufuthi isikhumba sakho okanye isifo kodwa sinokuba esinye isilwanyana. Izicubu ziyakwazi ukuvavanywa ukuze ubone inani lokuvuvukala kunye nokuba unomonakalo omkhulu umbutho wakho ugcine. Ezinye iimvavanyo zingabonisa ukuba unayo i-antibodies ye-auto-immune kunye nokuba ihlobene ne-lupus okanye enye into.

Ukucinga

Ugqirha wakho unokufuna ukwenza iimvavanyo zengcinga, ingakumbi ukuba unempawu ezibonisa intliziyo yakho, ingqondo, okanye imiphunga kunokuchaphazeleka okanye ukuba unemiphumo engavumelekanga yebhu.

X-ray

Unokuba ne-x-ray yesifuba sakho ukuba ukhangele iimpawu entliziyweni yakho enwetshiwe okanye ukuba imiphunga yakho iyavutha kunye / okanye ibe ne-fluid kuwo.

Echocardiogram

I-echocardiogram ingabonisa iingxaki kwiimvenge zakho kunye / okanye intliziyo yakho. Isebenzisa amaza omsindo ukudala imifanekiso yentliziyo yakho ngelixa ibetha.

I-Tomography Computed (CT)

Olu vavanyo lunokusetyenziswa xa unesisu esiswini ukuze uhlolisise iingxaki ezifana ne-pancreatitis okanye isifo se-lung.

Ukujonga umfanekiso weMagnetic Resonance (MRI)

Ukuba unempawu ezifana nemigomo yememori okanye iingxaki kwelinye icala lomzimba wakho, ugqirha wakho angenza i-MRI ukujonga ingqondo yakho.

Ultrasound

Ugqirha wakho angathanda ukwenza i-ultrasound yamalungu akho ukuba unentlungu eninzi. Ukuba unempawu ezinxulumene neentso zakho, unokufumana i-ultrasound kwindawo yakho esiswini ukuze uhlolisise ukwandiswa kwezintso kunye nokucinywa.

Ukuxilongwa okuhlukeneyo

I-Lupus isifo esiqinileyo esinzima ukuyixilonga ngenxa yokuba iimpawu zayo kunye neziphumo zokuvavanya zingabonisa ezinye izifo ezininzi. Kukho izifo ezigqithisileyo ezineempawu ezigqithisiweyo nge lupus kunokuba zingabhaniswa apha, kodwa ezinye zezona ziqhelekileyo ziquka:

• I-rheumatoid arthritis (RA): I- Lupus arthritis kunye ne-RA zinempawu ezininzi eziqhelekileyo , kodwa isifo esidibeneyo kwi-RA sisoloko sibi kakhulu. Kwakhona, ubukho be-antibody ebizwa ngokuba yi-anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide kufumaneka kubantu abane-RA kodwa kungabi yi-SLE.
• I-Systemic sclerosis (SSc): Izimpawu ezifanayo phakathi kwe-SSc kunye ne-lupus zihlaziya kunye nesifo sikaRaynaud (xa iminwe yakho ibhakabhaka okanye imhlophe ibanda). Ukwahlula omnye phakathi kwe-SSc kunye ne-lupus kukuba i-DNA ene-double-stranded-DNA (dsDNA) kunye ne-anti-Smith (Sm) antibodies, ezixhumene ne-lupus, ayifumaneki kwi-SSc. Omnye umehluko kukuba abantu abane-SSc bahlala benama-antibodies kwi-antigen ebizwa ngokuba yi-Scl-70 (i-topoisomerase I) okanye i-antibodies kwi-protein ye-centromere.
• I-Sjögren's syndrome: Amalungu afanayo anokubandakanyeka ne-lupus, njengelusu, intliziyo, imiphunga kunye neentso, nazo zingabonakala kwi- Sjogren's syndrome . Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zenye okanye enye, kwaye abantu abaneSjogren's syndrome bahlala benama-antibodies ku-Ro neLa-antigens.
• I-Vasculitis: Izimpawu ezabelwana ngazo zombini i-lupus ne-vasculitis ziquka izilonda zesikhumba, iingxaki zeengtso kunye nokuvuvukala kwemithambo yegazi. Uhlobo olulodwa lwesifo phakathi kwe-vasculitis ne-lupus kukuba abantu abane-vasculitis bavame ukuba yi-ANA-negative; Kananjalo baninzi banama-antibodies kuma-antigens e-neutrophil cytoplasmic (ANCA).
• I-Behçet's syndrome: Izimpawu ezigqithisileyo ziquka izilonda zomlomo, i-arthritis, isifo somzimba esibangelwayo, isifo senhliziyo, nesifo sengqondo. Abantu abane-syndrome ye-Behçet bathambekele ekubeni yindoda kunye ne-ANA-negative, kanti into echasene neyabo abane-lupus.
• I-Dermatomyositis (DM) kunye ne-polymyositis (PM): Nangona phantse bonke abantu abane-lupus banesicingo se-ANA esihle, kuphela malunga neepesenti ezingama-30 zabantu abane- DM kunye ne- PM . Zininzi iimpawu zomzimba ziyahluka. Ngokomzekelo, abantu abane-DM kunye ne-PM abanalo izilonda zomlomo, ukutshaya kweengso, i-arthritis, kunye nokungaqhelekanga kwegazi abantu abane-lupus.
• Isifo sabantu abadala (ASD): I- Lupus ne-ASD inokwabelana ngezinye iimpawu ezifanayo, ezifana nomkhuhlane, i-lymph nodes, i-arthritis, kunye nomkhuhlane. Nangona kunjalo, abantu abane-ASD kaninzi banokuhlolwa kwe-ANA okungalunganga kunye nokubala okuphezulu kwe-white cell, ngelixa abo abane-lupus banesicingo se-ANA esihle kunye nesibalo se-white white cell.
• Isifo sikaKikuchi: Esi sifo sisoloko sihamba sisenokuxolelwa kwisithuba seenyanga ezine kwaye sifumaneka ukuba ne-lymph node biopsy. Ezinye zeempawu ezifanayo kunye ne-lupus ziquka i-lymph nodes ezivuvukileyo, intlungu yesisu, intlungu edibeneyo, umkhuhlane, kwaye, kaninzi, i-spleen nesibindi.
• Isifo seSerum : Izimpawu ezigqithisileyo phakathi kwesifo se-serum, isifo esilungelelanisa kwisicirisi esijoyiweyo, kunye ne-lupus ingabandakanya i-lymph nodes evuyiweyo, izilonda zesikhumba, umkhuhlane kunye nentlungu edibeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, abantu abanesifo se-serum bavame ukuba yi-ANA-negative kwaye iimpawu zabo ziyahamba xa zikhange i-reaction response, ngokuqhelekileyo kwiintsuku ezintlanu ukuya kwi-10.
• I-Fibromyalgia: Le nto inokuba yinto encinci yokuhlukanisa kuba abaninzi abantu abane-lupus nabo bane- fibromyalgia , iimpawu zazo ziquka ukukhathala kunye nentlungu ehlangeneyo kunye neentlungu. Nangona kunjalo, i-photosensitivity, i-arthritis, kunye nokubandakanyeka komzimba okungenzeka nge-lupus akufumaneki kwi-fibromyalgia.
• Izifo: Abo baneempawu ezifanayo ziquka i-Epstein-Barr, i-HIV, i- hepatitis B , i- hepatitis C , i- cytomegalovirus , i- salmonella , nesifo sofuba . I-Epstein-Barr inokuba nzima nakakhulu ukuhlula kwi-lupus kuba igalelo le-ANA elihle. Le yilapho iimvavanyo ezizenzekelayo zonyango ziyakunceda.

Oogqirha banomsebenzi wokuvavanya iziphumo zokuvavanya, emva koko bahambelana nempawu zakho kunye nezinye iziphumo zokuvavanya. Kunzima xa izigulane zibonisa iimpawu ezingacacanga kunye neziphumo zokuvavanya, kodwa oogqirha abanokwazi banokuqwalasela zonke ezi ziqingqiweyo zobungqina kwaye ekugqibeleni banqume ukuba unayo i-lupus okanye into ethile. Oku kungathatha ixesha kunye necala kunye nephutha.

Iimpawu zokuxilonga

Ngelishwa, akukho migaqo yokuxilongwa ngokubanzi ye-SLE. Nangona kunjalo, oogqirha abaninzi basebenzisa i-American College yeRheumatology (ACR) 11 yeendlela eziqhelekileyo. Ezi ngqinisiso zenzelwe ukufumanisa izifundo zophando zophando, ngoko zizinzileyo. Ukuba okwangoku kukho ezine okanye ngaphezulu kwezi zi khrayitheriya okanye ukuba sele unabo esikhathini esidlulileyo, amathuba aphezulu kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ngaphantsi kwezine akuyi kulawulo lwe-SLE. Kwakhona, uvavanyo olongezelelweyo lunokuba luyimfuneko ukukwazisa ngokuchanekileyo ukuxilongwa. Ezi khrayitheriya ziquka:

1. Ukugqithisa kwama-Malar: Unokugqithiswa okuphakanyiswayo okanye ophafayo phezu kweempumlo zakho kunye nezihlathi, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-butterfly.
2. I-Photosensitivity : Ngaba ufumana ukukhawuleza ukusuka elangeni okanye olunye ukhanya lwe-UV, okanye lenza uhlaselo lube lubi kakhulu.
3. Ukukhawuleza okungafunekiyo: Ube ne-rash e-patchy kwaye iphakanyisiwe kwaye ingabangela izilonda ze-scaly ezinqabileyo.
4. Izilonda zomlomo: Ube nezilonda emlonyeni wakho eziqhelekileyo ezingenabuhlungu.
5. I-Arthritis: Ube neentlungu kunye nokuvuvukala kumabini akho angaphezulu okanye amaninzi angabhubhisi amathambo azungezile.
6. I-Serositis: Unentlungu yesifuba eyona yimbi xa uthabatha umoya kwaye kubangelwa ukuvuvukala kweminye imitha emiphakeni yakho okanye i-lining entliziyweni yakho.
7. Ingxaki yentsholongwane: Unayo iprotheni eqhubekayo okanye iselula (iibitshi zeeseli ezifanele zidlule) kumchamo wakho.
8. Ingxaki ye-neurological: Uye wafumana i-psychosis okanye i-seizures.
9. Ukuphazamiseka kwegazi: Ufunyanwe ukuba une-anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, okanye i-lymphopenia.
10. Ingxaki ye-Immunologic: Unokuchasene ne-double-stranded-DNA, anti-Smith, okanye i-antiphospholipid antibodies ezintle.
11. I-ANA engavumelekanga: Uvavanyo lwakho lwe-anti-nuclear anti (ANA) aluqhelekanga.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba akubona bonke abantu abafumene ukuba bane-lupus abadibeneyo abane okanye ngaphezulu kwezi migaqo. Abanye bahlangana ezimbini okanye ezintathu kodwa banezinye iinkalo ezinxulumene ne-lupus. Esi sisinye isikhumbuzo sendlela esiyinkimbinkimbi ngayo esi sifo esinokuba neempawu ezininzi ezibonakalisa ngokuhlukileyo kumntu ngamnye.

> Imithombo:

> Lam NC, Ghetu MV, Bieniek ML. I-Lupus Erythematosus: Indlela yokuSondeza kwiNkcazo yokuThengisa noLawulo. WaseMerika ugqirha. 2016; 94 (4): 284-94.

> Lupus Foundation yaseMelika. Uvavanyo lweLeb kwiLupus. Ukuhlaziywa ngoJulayi 8, 2013.

> Lupus Foundation yaseMelika. Yintoni ogqirha ngayo oogqirha ukuqinisekisile ukuxilongwa. Ukuhlaziywa ngoJulayi 25, 2013.

> Abasebenzi beKliniki yabasebenzi. Lupus. Clinical Mayo. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Oktobha 25, 2017.

> Wallace DJ. Ukuxilongwa kunye nokuchongwa kweNtsholongwane ye-Lupus Erythematosus kwiBantu abadala. Isemgangathweno. Ukuhlaziywa kweSeptemba 20, 2017.