Izifo Zegciwane

Ingqwalasela yeSifo seTyroid

Isifo se-Thyroid ngenye yezona zinto ziqhelekileyo, kodwa ziqondwa kwaye zihoywa, imeko eMerika. Kulinganiselwa ukuba eUnited States, ubuncinane ubuninzi beebhiliyoni ezingama-27-kunye nabangama-60 million-abantu banesifo se-thyroid.

Abasetyhini bakha uninzi lwezigulane ze-thyroid. Kwaye ngelishwa, abantu abaneengxaki ze-thyroid kodwa bengakhange bafumane iiliti ezininzi ze-thyroid.

Makhe sihlolisise ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nemibandela eyahlukeneyo yesifo se-thyroid.

Yintoni i-Thyroid?

I-thyroid yakho yincinci, i-butterfly enjenge-butterfly eyenziwe entanyeni yakho engezantsi nangemva kwe-apple yakho ka-Adam. I-thyroid ephilileyo ibinzima malunga nanye. Umsebenzi we-thyroid ukuvelisa i-hormone ye-thyroid ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yomzimba wakho wonke.

I-thyroid gland iyilungu eliphambili emzimbeni onokuyifumana iodode. I-thyroid ithatha iodine kwisondlo sakho kwaye uyiguqulela kwi-hormone ye-thyroid.

• Iimeko ezinxulumene neengxaki ze-Thyroid

• Indlela I-Thyroid Izifo Ezihluke Ngabantu

Idibanisa i-amino acid tyrosine kunye ne-iodine ukwenza i-hormone ye-thyroid.

Ama-hormone awona mabini aveliswa yi-thyroid yi-thyroxine-eyaziwa ngokuba yi-T4-ne-triiodothyronine-ebizwa ngokuba yi-T3. Le njongo ebalulekileyo ye-hormone ukulawula indlela iiseli, izitho, izicubu kunye neengqungquthela zisebenzisa i-oxygen namandla.

Yonke into emzimbeni wakho incike kwi-hormone ye-thyroid-kuquka ukugaya, ukukhula kweenwele zakho kunye nezipikili, ukuhamba ngesondo sakho kunye nomsebenzi wezitho zakho kunye nezigulane. Ingqondo yakho, intliziyo kunye ne-metabolism zixhomekeka ngokukodwa kwimilinganiselo efanelekileyo yehomoni ye-thyroid ukuze isebenze kakuhle kwaye kakuhle.

I-thyroid isebenza kwi-loop ye-feedback ne-pituitary gland.

I-pituitary ibona amanqanaba e-hormone ye-thyroid ejikelezayo kwigazi lakho kwaye ikhupha-okanye iyanciphisa ukukhululwa kwe-hormone ebizwa ngokuba yi-Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). Xa i-TSH ikhishwa, umsebenzi wayo ukukhuthaza i-thyroid ukuba ivelise i-hormone engaphezulu. Xa amazinga e-TSH ehla, umyalezo kwi-thyroid kukunciphisa umveliso we-hormone ye-thyroid.

Ziyintoni Isifo Sengqungquthela?

Kukho isibalo sezifo ezithile-kungekho iziphumo ezinjenge-hyper okanye hypothyrodism-ezinokuchaphazela i-thyroid gland. Iimeko zeTyroid zibangelwa zizifo ze-thyroid eziphantsi. Izifo ezahlukileyo ezichaphazela i-thyroid ziquka:

Izifo zikaHashimoto

Esi sisifo esingenawo umzimba, oku kuthetha ukuba isistim somzimba sakho sokuzivikela sisilungele kakubi isifo sakho se-thyroid. Isixhobo? Amagciwane okuhlasela i-Thyroid eyenziwa ngumzimba wakho, kuquka i-thyroid-peroxidase antibodies (TPO) kunye ne-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb).

Isifo sikaHashimoto ngokuyinhloko sibangele ukuvuvukala kunye nokutshabalalisa ngokukhawuleza kwe-thyroid gland ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ekugqibeleni, abantu abaninzi abaneHashimoto baphela nge-hypothyroidism, imeko ye-hormone engapheliyo.

Kodwa i-Hashimoto inakho, kubangelwa amaxesha okanye izigaba zokugqithisa, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-hyperthyroidism. Kuye kwandelwa ingozi ephezulu yeengqungquthela ze-thyroid, i-goiter (i-thyroid eyandisiweyo), kunye nomngcipheko omncinci womdlavuza we-thyroid.

Izifo zeMangcwaba

Esi sifo sisifo esizimelayo apho isistim somzimba sakho sokuzivikela singakhange siphumelele izikhuhlane ze-antibodies ezibizwa ngokuba yi-thyroid. Ezi ziqhwalazi zigqithisela i-thyroid gland kwaye zenze ukuba i-hormone ye-thyroid igqithise kakhulu.

Kwezinye iimeko, i-TPO neTgAb antibodies nazo zinokuphakanyiswa. Ukugqithisa kwe-thyroid kubangela ukuba i-hormone ye-thyroid (hyperthyroidism) okanye i-thyrotoxicosis. Izifo ze-Graves zihlala zihamba kunye ne-goiter kwaye kwezinye iimeko i-thyroid igxobhoza.

Cancer Cancer

Oku kubhekisela kumdlavuza okhulayo kwi-thyroid gland. Umdlavuza we-Thyroid udla ngokuqhelekileyo kwiigununu (ezizaliswe ngamanzi okanye eziqinileyo) kwi-thyroid gland.

Kukho iintlobo ezine zomdlavuza we-thyroid:

1. Umdlavuza we-papillary okanye umxube we-thyroid-follicular umdlalo owenza malunga nama-80 ekhulwini kuwo onke ama-cancer e-thyroid.
2. Iifolda okanye ukuphosa iseli somhlaza we-thyroid eyenza malunga nama-15 ekhulwini.
3. Umdlavuza we-thyulliyroid owenza malunga neepesenti ezintathu zegciwane le-thyroid.
4. Umdlavuza we-thyaplastic we-thyroid eyenza malunga neepesenti ezimbini zamatyala.

Uninzi lwee-cancer ze-thyroid zibhekwa njengonyango kwaye lunokusinda.

> Jonga i-anatomy ye-thyroid kunye nezigaba zomdlavuza we-thyroid.

Thyroiditis

Le ngxaki yezifo ze-thyroid ezibandakanya ukuvuvukala kwegciwane lakho le-thyroid. I-Thyroiditis ingabangelwa kukuhlaselwa kwe-antibody kwi-gland yakho, iintsholongwane kunye neebhaktheriya. Iindidi ze-thyroiditis ziquka:

• Hashimoto's thyroiditis
• I-subacute granulomatous thyroiditis / de quervain's thyroiditis / i-thybaitis i-subacute
• I-thyroiditis echaphazelekayo
• I-thyroiditis engenasiphelo / i-yourroiditis yakho
• U-Riedel's thyroiditis / thyroiditis engenawo
• Postpartum thyroiditis

Unyango luxhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-thyroiditis kunye nemigangatho yokubeka iliso kunye ne-non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication kwi-antibiotics kunye neyeza le-hormone.

• Usebenza njani ngeGrey Gland?

• I-Antiotic Antibody ye-Hashimoto Ilungile, kodwa i-TSH yam iyinto eqhelekileyo

I-Goxicity Multinodular Goiter

Esi sifo apho isifo se-thyroid siphuhlisa ama-nodules amaningi kwaye sandisa (goiter). Ngokuqhelekileyo, iigununu "zisebenza," oko kuthetha ukuba ngaphandle kwe-thyroid ye-hormone yokuvelisa i-hormone, iigununu nazo zivelisa kwaye zikhulule i-hormone ye-thyroid. I-goiter ye-goiterular goiter ivame ukudala i-hyperthyroidism.

Ziziphi izinto ezibalulekileyo zobungozi?

Izifo ezisemngciphekweni zesifo se-thyroid ziquka:

• Ubunqongophala be-iodine okanye ubuninzi
• Ukuboniswa kwi-radioactivity okanye ukuwa kwe-radioactive
• Ukugqithiswa kwe-soy kunye nokutya kwe-goitrogenic
• Ugqirha okanye utyhafile kwindawo yentamo
• Ukukhulelwa okanye ukuzala kwangoku
• Ngokwesini
• Imbali yentsapho okanye yentsapho yesifo esisodwa
• Ukubhema ugwayi

Ziziphi iimeko ezahlukeneyo zeTyroid?

Hypothyroidism

Isimo se-thyroid esiqhelekileyo sisifo se-hypothyroidism, esichazela imeko apho ungenayo i-hormone ye-thyroid eyaneleyo. Inombangela yezizathu:

• I-Hashimoto's thyroiditis-imeko eyimimandla eyenza ukuphazamiseka okanye ukutshabalalisa i-thyroid gland.
• I-post-opticroidroid-post-opticroid-emva kokuba yonke into okanye inxalenye yegloji ye-thyroid igqithwe.
• I-post-ablation hypothyroidism-iziphumo emva kokuba unyango lwe-iodine (RAI) olusasazwayo olusasazwayo, i-Graves 'disease, kunye nakwezinye iimeko ze-hypothyroidism kunye neengqungquthela.
• I-hypothyroidism yokuzalwa engumntwana-xa umntwana ezalwa engenalo isifo se-thyroid okanye ngengxaki engafanelekanga yokuvelisa i-hormone ye-thyroid eyaneleyo.
• Ukungasebenzi kwe-iodine-hypothyroidism-ngenxa yokusilela kwe-iodine ekudleni.
• Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nokuxhaswa kwe-hypothyroidism-imishanguzo yeyeza kunye nezibonelelo ezikwazi ukudala i-hypothyroidism.
• I-goitrogen-eyenziwe i-hypothyroidism- ukusetyenziswa okuphezulu kwe-goitrogens eluhlaza-ukutya okunemikhemikhali kuzo ezicotha i-thyroid.
• I-Secondary / central central hypothyroidism-ngenxa yesiphene ekusebenzeni / ekunxibelelaneni kwe-pituitary gland kunye ne-hypothalamus.
• I-hypothyroidism ephazamisayo-ingozi enkulu entanyeni, njenge-whiplash okanye ukuphula intamo, idibaniswe nokuqala kwe-hypothyroidism.
• I-Hypothyroidism engaziwa imvelaphi / idiopathic hypothyroidism-kukho imeko apho i-thyroid iba yinto engasebenzi kwaye akukho zizathu okanye izifo eziye zafunyanwa.

Hyperthyroidism

Oku kubhekisela kwimeko apho i-thyroid gland iyaphaya kwe-hormone ye-thyroid. Kwakhona unesibalo sezizathu:

• Isifo se-Graves Autoimmune-esona sizathu esiqhelekileyo se-hyperthyroidism.
• Ukuzibulala ngesifo sikaHashimoto-ngamanye amaxesha kubangele iimeko zexeshana ze-hyperthyroidism.
• I-iodine-excess hyperthyroidism-ibangelwa kukugqithisa okanye i-iodine.
• Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nokuxhaswa kwe-hyperthyroidism-kubangelwa yimithi emininzi yemithi kwakunye nezinye izongezelelo ezingaphezulu kwee-counter.
• Isifo esiyingozi kwi-multinodular disease-imeko edla ngokubangela ukwanda kwama-hormone ye-thyroid.
• I-Thyroiditis-iifom ezithile zenza i-hyperthyroidism.
• I-hyperthyroidism-eyenziwa yi-Pituitary-apho i-thyroid gland ingakwazi ukugqithisa ngokugqithiseleyo nge-pituitary gland kwaye ivelise ngokweqile inani le-hormone ye-thyroid.
• Iinqununu ze-Thyroid-kwezinye iimeko zinokubangela ukugqithiseleka komgudu we-thyroid ojikelezayo, obangela i-hyperthyroidism. Kananjalo, banokuvelisa i-hormone ye-thyroid.

Goiter

Oku kubhekisela kwimeko apho intsimbi ye-thyroid ikwandiswa ngobukhulu. I-Goiter inokubangelwa zizifo ze-Hashimoto kunye ne-Graves, iodode ezingaphezulu kunye nokusilela, kunye nesifo se-thyroid.

Iimpawu

Iimpawu zesifo se-thyroid zivame ukubonisa ukungasebenzi kwe-gland (hypothyroidism), ukugqithisa (hyperthyroidism), ukusebenza ngokuzimela, kunye / okanye ukuvuvukala / ukukhulisa / ukunyameka kwintanyeni (thyroiditis, iigununu, umhlaza.)

Izimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-hypothyroidism ziquka:

• Ukukhathala
• Ukutyeba kwakho
• Ukungakwazi ukunciphisa umzimba ngokutya kunye nokuzilolonga
• Ukutyunjwa
• Ukungenzi lutho
• Uziva kubanda
• Ukulahleka kweenwele (kubandakanye umda wangaphandle weelishi)
• Ingqungquthela yobomi
• Ubuhlungu bomzimba obunamahloni kunye kunye

Izimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-hyperthyroidism ziquka:

• Ukuxhalabisa
• Ukungabikho
• Umoya wePanicky
• Ukugubha
• Iingcamango ezixubileyo
• Ukuphakama kwenhliziyo
• Idayarrha okanye izitulo ezivulekileyo
• Uziva ukhululekile
• Ukulahleka kwesisindo esingachazwanga

Iimpawu ezisentanyeni kunye nendawo ye-thyroid ezingabonisa ukuba ingxaki ye-thyroid ibandakanya:

• Umkhuhlane ongeyonto
• Ukwandiswa kwe-thyroid okanye ubisi
• Ukungahambi kakuhle kunye nezibophelelo, iinqwelo, ii-turtlenecks, okanye iintambo
• Ukuthuka
• Umqala obuhkungu
• Ukukhathazeka entanyeni
• Unzima ukugwinya

Kwezinye iimeko, izifo ze-thyroid kunye neemeko zingenakho iimpawu kuzo zonke, njengomdlavuza we-thyroid okanye iintlobo ezithile ze-thyroiditis.

UkuVavanya nokuHlola

Ukuxilongwa kwesimo se-thyroid kubandakanya amanyathelo athile aphambili:

• Uviwo lwe kliniki
• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi : I- ypically, oku kuquka ukuhlolwa kwe-thyroid (TSH), i-thyroxine yamahhala (i-T4 yamahhala) kunye ne-triiodothyronine yamahhala (i-Free T3) yamachiza okuhlola ukuhlola i-Hashimoto kunye ne-Graves, kunye nokuvavanywa kwamazinga e-T3.
• Iimvavanyo zokujonga : Iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo ziyenziwa ukuqhubela phambili ukuvavanya ubukhulu, ukuma kunye nomsebenzi weglozi ye-thyroid. Le mvavanyo iphinda ikhangele iinqununu okanye izilwanyana kwaye zivandlakanye nokuba ngaba ziyikrokre kumdlavuza we-thyroid kwaye zifuna ukuhlolwa kwakhona. Ezi zivivinyo ziquka ukuhlaselwa kwe-iodine yama-radioactive (RAI-U), i-CT, i-IMM) kunye ne-ultrasound.
• Isalathisi esilungileyo isifiso sokuphefumula : I- good nucleus aspiration (FNA) i-biopsy yenziwa xa iigulane ze-thyroid zicingelwa ukuba zikhankanywe kwaye kufuneka zihlolwe ngumhlaza we-thyroid.

Unyango

Hypothyroidism

Le meko iphathwa ngeziyobisi ze-hormone zokutshintsha . Le miyeza yonyango eyenza i-hormone ye-thyroid engekho emzimbeni.

• I-ethyroidroxine ebizwa ngokuqhelekileyo ye-thyroid ebizwa ngokuba yi-levothyroxine, uhlobo oluthile lwe-thyroid hormone thyroxine.
• Kukho ifom yokwenziwa kwe-hormone ye-T3, ebizwa ngokuba yi-liyronronine, ngamanye amaxesha ifakwe kwi-levothyroxine ye-T4 / T3 yonyango.
• Kwakhona, kukho i-hormone ye-substituted drug ebizwa ngokuba yi-thyroid ekhethiweyo yendalo, ngezinye izibhengezo i-NDT okanye i-"extract". Nangona sele ifumaneke ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka kwaye isasetyenziswa namhlanje, i-NDT ithathwa njengengxabano ngumphakathi wezonyango oqhelekileyo.

Izifo zeMangcwaba kunye neHyperthyroidism

Kukho iindlela ezintathu ezibalulekileyo ukuba izifo ze-Graves kunye ne-hyperthyroidism engapheliyo iphathwa:

1. Ukwelashwa kweziyobisi ze- Antithyroid -Izidakamizwa zama-antithyroid, eziquka i-methimazole (tapazole), i-carbimazole (neo-mercazole), kunye nepropylthiouracil (PTU), inokunciphisa imveliso ye-thyroid ye-hormone.
2. Ukwelashwa kwe-iodine ye-radioactive (RAI) -Given kwi dose enye, mhlawumbi kwi-capsule okanye isiphuzo, ingena kwi-thyroid, idlulisa amaseli e-thyroid, kunye nemonakalo kwaye iyababulala. Oku kunciphisa i-thyroid, kuthintela umsebenzi walo, kwaye kuguqula i-hyperthyroidism.
3. Utyando lwe-thyroid / thyroidectomy- Kwezinye iimeko, oku kwenziwa njengonyango lwezifo ze-Graves kunye ne-hyperthyroidism, ingakumbi kubantu abangakwazi ukunyamezela izidakamizwa ze-antithyroid okanye abakhulelwe kwaye i-RAI ayikhethi.

Cancer Cancer

Unyango lomhlaza we-thyroid phantse uhlala uquka ukususwa kwe-thyroid gland . Ngezinye iintlobo zesifo somdlavuza we-thyroid, oku kunokulandelwa yonyango lwe-RAI ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iiseli ze-thyroid zitshabalaliswa, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-ablation.

Emva kokutshatyalaliswa kokugonywa kwe-thyroid gland, izigulane zisebenza nge-hypothyroid kwaye zifuna unyango lwama-hormone oluhlala ixesha lonke. Ngokuqhelekanga, ezinye iindlela zokwelapha-kubandakanywa ukukhanya kwemitha yamaphandle, i-chemotherapy, i-radiofrequency ablation kunye ne-ethanol injections-ezisetyenziswayo.

I-Autoimmunity kunye neHashimoto

Ngamanye amaxesha oogqirha bezonyango kunye nabasebenzayo baphatha isifo sengqondo se-autoimmune, ikakhulukazi iHashimoto, kunye ne-dose ne-naltrexone (LDN) encinci yezilwanyana ezinokuthi zancede i-antibodies.

Ezinye iindlela zonyango ziquka:

• Ukuncedisa nge-selenium ukuya kuma-antibodies aphantsi
• Ukujongana nokungalingani kwe-adrenal echaphazelekayo enokuba nzima ukunyango lwe-thyroid
• Utshintsho lwezondlo ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala
• Ukuphelisa i-gluten ekudleni ngenxa yoxhumano phakathi kwe-gluten kunye nokuzimela
• Ukunciphisa uxinzelelo nolawulo

Ukuzala nokukhulelwa

Inkqubo yokuzala iyonaxesha elibaluleke kakhulu lokunyamekela impilo ye-thyroid kunye nomsebenzi. Umsebenzi we-thyroid ufunekayo ukuzala, ukukhulelwa okuphumelelayo , kunye nempilo ephumayo .

Xa kukho i -roid ye-thyroid-engaqhelekanga-okanye ingaphathwa kakubi, ingaba nemiphumo emininzi, kuquka:

• Ukukhubazeka ukuzala
• Ukuncedisa unyango lokuncedisa (efana ne-vitro fertilization)
• Ukwanda komngcipheko wokukhulelwa kwangaphambili
• Umngcipheko ophezulu we-preeclampsia kunye ne-prematurity
• Ukwanda komngcipheko wokuzala
• Ingozi eyongeziweyo yokuxinezeleka kwangemva kokuphuma
• Umngcipheko wokwanda kweengxaki zokuncelisa

Isiqalo esihle sokuqala sihlola izikhokelo ezisemthethweni zokulawula isifo se-thyroid ngexesha nangemva kokukhulelwa .

Indlela Yokusebenza Ngokufanelekileyo Ngogqirha

Okumangalisa kukuba, enye yemingeni ekuxilongweni kwakho kwe-thyroid, unyango, kunye nokuphulukiswa kweempawu kunokwenzeka ukuba ngaba ngabagqirha bakho bezempilo. Udokotela ochanekileyo unokuyenza yonke imohluko. Kulolu hlobo, kubalulekile ukwazi indlela yokukhetha ngokuchanekileyo uhlobo olulungileyo logqirha kwiinkonzo zakho ze-thyroid kwaye ufunde indlela yokuthetha nabo ngokufanelekileyo

Omnye umbuzo onokuzibuza ukuba ngaba ungayidinga i-endocrinologist . Impendulo incike kwiimeko zakho kunye neenjongo zakho. Ukuba ufuna i-endocrinologist, uya kufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba ufumene i-endocrinologist namava kunye neziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo . Kwakhona, ufuna ukuqiniseka ukuba ugqirha wakho unikezela ngononophelo olungcono kakhulu kwiimeko zakho ze-thyroid.

Ukuphila Nezifo Ze-Thyroid

Ukuba nolwazi, ukunika amandla kunye nokusebenza kunye neengcali ezifanelekileyo kubalulekile ukuphumelela ngesifo se-thyroid. Ngezinye iingcamango ezibonakalayo, khangela:

• Iindlela ezili-10 zokuba ngumonde we-Thyroid
• Iingcebiso ezili-14 zokuphila kakuhle ngeengxaki ze-Thyroid

Ukutya, Ukulahlekelwa Kwisisindo, kunye nokuXhotyiswa kweFitness

Enye yezindlela abanye abantu abazifumanisa ukuba baneengxaki ze-thyroid kukuqala ngokukhawuleza kokufumana ubunzima okanye ukungakwazi ukulahlekelwa isisindo . Ukufumanisa izigulane ze-thyroid kwaye uphatha izigulane ze-thyroid, enye yeengxaki eziqhelekileyo kunzima ukulahlekelwa isisindo okanye ubunzima bokunciphisa umzimba, naphezu kokutya okunempilo kunye nokuzilolonga.

Ikhonkco phakathi komsebenzi we-thyroid kunye ne-metabolism icacile. Nangona kunjalo, unyango oluqhelekileyo lusalugxininisa ubudlelwane obuphakathi kwe-hypothyroidism kunye nokufumana ubunzima, ubunzima abantu abane-hypothyroidism banciphise ubunzima , kwaye impembelelo yeengxaki ze-thyroid inokugulisa impilo, ukugonya, ishukela egazini kunye ne-metabolism enempilo.

Uninzi lwezigulane ze-thyroid ezinzima ukufumana ubunzima ukuqonda izinto ezichaphazela ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo kunye ne-hypothyroidism . Oku kubandakanya iindima ze- T3 kunye ne-leptin , ii-hormone ezibini ezichaphazela izigulane ze-thyroid ukunciphisa umzimba.

Ngolunye ulwazi, khangela:

• Yintoni Eyona Impilo Eyona Mdla Ngayo?
• Iindlela ezingama-30 zokwenza isidlo sakho sisebenze
• Isidlo seTyroid kunye neCandelo loLwazi loLwazi lokuLawula isisindo

ILizwi

Naliphi na ixesha xa ufumanisa ukuba unenkinga yezempilo engapheliyo, inokudideka kwaye iyothushe. Ithuba lakho elihle kwimpumelelo yempilo libandakanya ukubandakanyeka kwaye uphakamise unyango lwakho lwe-thyroid. Kwaye enye yezinto eziphambili zokuba ngumguli ophumelelayo wegciwane lengqondo uhlale unolwazi. Oko kuthetha ukufunda, ukulandela uphando lwangoku, kunye nokudibanisa nabanye abanokubelana ngeengcebiso zabo eziphumeleleyo.

Funda ngokusemandleni akho kwaye uqiniseke ukuba ulawula ukuxiliswa, umzekelo, unokuncedisa kunye nonyango lwakho lwe-thyroid. Kwaye nangona uvakalelwa kukuba ulwa nelokuhlaselwa kunye noogqirha, unyango kunye neempawu eziphosakeleyo, ungalilahli ! Izigidi zabantu ziphila kakuhle ngeemeko ze-thyroid kwaye nawe unokuba yinto yezo mpu melelo.

_Imithombo:

_{Bahn, R., Burch, H, Cooper, D, et al. "Hyperthyroidism kunye Nezinye Izizathu Ze-Thyrotoxicosis: Izikhokelo Zokulawula I-American Thyroid Association kunye ne-American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists." I-Endocrine Practice. I-Vol 17 No. 3 ngoMeyi / ngoJuni 2011.}

_{Braverman, L, Cooper D. Werner & Ingbar's The Thyroid, 10 Edition. WLL / Wolters Kluwer; 2012.}

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