Abaphandi bahlula i-extract plant "engcono kune-AZT"
Ukususela kwiintsuku zokuqala zeNTSHOLONGWANE KA-HIV, izazinzulu ziye zajonga ukusetyenziswa kwezicatshulwa zezityalo ukujongana nosuleleko lwe-HIV . Izifundo ezininzi zokuqala zijolise kwiipropati ezithile ze-anti-viral izityalo ezithile, ngokukodwa ukukwazi ukubulala i-HIV ngelixa lihlala likhuselekile (okanye ubuncinci ngokukhuselekileyo) ngokusetyenziswa komntu.
Namhlanje, ubuninzi beli sebe lenzululwazi lijolise ekusebenziseni ezinye izicatshulwa zezityalo ukuze ziphazamise ukukwazi ukuphendulela i-HIV, kakhulu ngendlela efanayo nezidakamizwa ze-antiretroviral .
Ezinye zezi zicatshulwa zisetyenziselwe kwizizukulwana zenkcubeko zenkcubeko ukuphatha ezininzi izifo kunye nezimo zonyango.
Nangona ezininzi zezifundo ziphumelele ngempumelelo, iqela labaphandi abavela kwiYunivesithi yase-Illinois e-Chicago baye bathi bafumene isityalo, esibizwa ngokuba nguJusticia gendarussa, okwazi ukunqanda i-HIV, ngamazwi abo, "ngempumelelo ngakumbi kune-AZT . " Ibango elinesibindi elinikezelwa ukuba izidakamizwa ze-AZT (ezaziwa nangokuthi i-Retrovir kunye ne-zidovudine) sele zakuba yintloko yegciwane le-HIV.
Kodwa ngaba ezi zibango ziyabambelela, kwaye, ngokubalulekayo, ngaba ziguqulela kwimodeli entsha "yemvelo" yonyango lwe-HIV?
Imbali emfutshane yeeNtshukumo zeZityalo kwiPhando loPhando lwe-HIV
Xa i-HIV ifunyanwe okokuqala , abantu abanentsholongwane banesifo esinokukhetha unyango. Enyanisweni, bekungekho ngowe-Matshi 1987-iminyaka epheleleyo emihlanu emva kokuba iimeko zokuqala ze-HIV zichongiwe-ukuba i-AZT yagqitywa ekusebenziseni kunyango lwe-HIV.
Ngelishwa, njengesixhobo sokuqala kunye nesilwanyana kuphela, asizange sisebenze konke oko, kwaye abantu bekufuneka balinde enye iminyaka eyisibhozo ngaphambi kokuba isilwanyana sesibini, lamivudine (3TC), siza kuvunywa ngo-1995.
Ngethuba le window le-13 leminyaka, abaninzi abantu kunye neeklabhu zomthengi ezingabhalwanga ziphendulela kwiinkqubo zendabuko ukuze zizalise unyango lwe-AZT okanye zithathe unyango lwe-HIV zodwa ngaphandle koyiko lwemiphumo emibi.
Ezinye zezifundo ezisekuqaleni zinezifundo zijoliswe kule miyeza, enethemba lokuba "ziyakwenza" ukukhusela umzimba womntu, ukuthintela ukusuleleka , okanye ukubulala i-HIV ngqo.
Ezi zibandakanya uphando olubandakanya i- laetrile , unyango olungumdlavuza olusuka kwiifompo ze-apricot, kunye ne- melon e- Asia enomuncu ( iMomordica charantia ), enokuthi ezinye izazinzulu ziye zacebisa ukuba zibuyisele ukusebenza komzimba xa zilwa nezifo zokuphefumula ezichaphazelekayo ne-HIV.
Nangona iindwendwe ezininzi zazifakwe kule ndawo kunye nezinye izifo zendalo, akukho nanye yabonisa inzuzo kwaye ngokwenene "wayedlala ebumnyameni" ebangelwa ukunyanzelwa koluntu ukuba afune unyango, nayiphi na unyango, enokuthi isebenze.
Ukusuka kwiiNtsholongwane zoLuntu ukuya kuphando lweZikliniki
Ngowe-1996, kwanjengokuba izidakamizwa ezisebenzayo zikhutshwe kwaye izixhobo zokudibanisa ziqala ukubuyela emva kokufa kwe-AIDS, kwahlala abaninzi kwiindawo zophando ezizimisele ukufumana iindlela ezingokwemvelo kwezinye izidakamizwa ezinobuthi (njenge-stavudine ne-didanosine) tyenziswa kwi-HIV.
Uninzi lwale mizamo ijolise kwiintlobo zezityalo kunye nemifuno esetyenzisiweyo kwiinkcubeko zenkcubeko, uphando ngezokhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kwazo kwindlela yokwenza uphando olunzulu lweeklinikhi.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, iziphumo zaphela.
Olunye uhlaziyo lwamachiza aseShayina lugqiba ukuba akukho namanyathelo athandwayo ayenziwa ukuphatha unyango lwe-HIV (njenge-jingyuankang kunye ne-xiaomi) ayinomphumo kumntu we- CD4 okanye umthamo we-viral (nangona abanye babonelela ukukhuselwa kwezifo ezincinci njengengonyama yomlomo kunye ihudo elula).
Uphando olufanayo luphanda ukusebenzisa i-mbatata yaseAfrika (i- Hypoxis hemerocallidea ) kunye nesityalo samayeza esabizwa ngokuba yiSutherlandia frutescens, zombini ezo zivunyiwe nguRhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika ukuphatha i-HIV. Akuzange nje kuphela ukuba amayeza awasebenzanga, abonakaliswa ukuba aphikisana namanye amachiza asetyenziswa ukuphatha izifo ezinxulumene ne-HIV ezifana nesifo sofuba.
Nangona bekuya kuba lula ukugxotha la mayeza "njengezonyango zamadoda" (okanye okanye i-contrarian science), ukuphazamiseka kwiphando esekelwe kwisityalo, abanye bathi, abazange bazuze ngakumbi kunabo babonwa kwi-HIV yokugonya kwimeko yegciwane eziye zachithwa kunye akukho mviwa ofanelekileyo ozayo .
Phinda Ucinga Ngomzekelo Wonyango
Insimba yophando lwe-HIV esekelwe kwisityalo ishintshile kakhulu kunye nokufikelela kwizixhobo zemizimba engazange ibe malunga nama-20 edlulileyo. Namhlanje, sinokuqonda okukhulu kakhulu kumatshini we-HIV-ukuba uyayichaza njani, indlela echaphazela ngayo-kwaye ingakwazi ukubona ukuba yiziphi iinkqubo esizifunayo ukuphazamisa ukunika intsholongwane engenazo.
Kulo hlobo olufanayo olusetyenziswa ngonyango lwe-antiretroviral apho izidakamizwa ziphazamisa i-enzyme ethile efunekayo ukuzalisa ukujikeleza kwe-HIV . Ngaphandle kokukwazi ukwenza njalo, i-HIV ayikwazi ukusasaza nokuthelela ezinye iiseli. Ngokusebenzisa udibaniso lwamachiza -eva ngokukwazi ukuvimba i-enzyme eyahlukileyo-sikwazi ukunqanda intsholongwane ekuthiwa ngamanqanaba angabonakaliyo.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inani lezitshixo zezityalo liye lakwazi ukuphindaphinda le nkqubo, ubuncinci kwi-tube test. Ezinye zazo ziquka i- Cistus incanus (i-pink rock) kunye ne- Pelargonium sidoides (i- Geranium yaseMzantsi Afrika), ezo zibini zibonakala zikhusela i-HIV ukuba idibanise kwisitokethi esikhulu.
Njengoko konke oku kunokubakala-ukusebenzisa i-geranium ukunyanga i-HIV-ngumzekelo oyenawo, sele sele unesicatshulwa-mbono kwisifo se-malaria.
Ukuphuhliswa kweMalariya yokuHluma kweeNtsholongwane unikeza ubungqina-nge-Concept ye-HIV
Uninzi lweengcamango zengxelo ezikhoyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i- malaria efunyenwe ngumcuphi wayo, usosayensi waseTshayina Tu YouYou, umvuzo weNobel kwiMithi ngo-2015.
Ukufunyanwa kwakusekelwe kuphando lwezityalo ezibizwa ngokuthi nguArtemesia annua (umhlonyane omnandi) osetyenziswe kumayeza aseTshayina ukususela ngekhulu le-11. Ekuqaleni kwee-1970, Wena Wena kunye nabo osebenza nabo baqala ukuhlola imiphumo yesityalo (esaziwa ngokuqhelekileyo njenge-qinghao) kwi-malaria-ebangela iipasasites.
Kwiminyaka elandelayo, izazinzulu zakwazi ukucoca ngokucokisekileyo ukucocwa kwi-compound ebizwa ngokuba yi-artemisinin namhlanje ekhethwe unyango olukhethiweyo xa lisetyenziswe ngonyango. I-Aritemisinin ayizange iboniswe kuphela ekususeni iipesenti ezingama-96 zamachiza e- malaria engaxhatshazwayo, iye yaxhaswa ngokulondolozwa kwezigidi zabantu ababenokulahlekelwa yile sifo.
Uluhlu lweMedicine Ubonisa "lungcono kune-AZT"
Ukugqithisa isithembiso se-artemisinin efanayo, iqela lezenzululwazi ezivela kwiYunivesithi yase-Illinois e-Chicago, kwiYunivesithi yase-Hong Kong eBhabhinethi, ne-Vietnam Academy yeSayensi kunye neThekhnoloji yaqalisa umzamo wokubambisana ukukhangela izicatshulwa ezingaphezu kwama-4,500, ukuvavanya isiphumo sokulwa ne-HIV, isifo sofuba, i-malaria, nomhlaza.
Kulaba baviwa, isicatshulwa esivela kuJusticia gendarussa (i-willow-leaf justicia) ithathwa njengeyona nto ithembayo. Ukuhlanjululwa kwesicatshulwa kukhokelela ekuhlukaniseni i-compound eyaziwa ngokuba yi-patentiflorin A leyo, kwiibhubhu zokuvavanya, yakwazi ukuvimba i-enzyme efanayo (i-reverse transcriptase) njenge-AZT.
Enyanisweni, ngokwecandelo lophando, likwazi ukuphucula isenzo se-AZT ngeendlela ezininzi:
- I-Patentiflorin A ibonakala iphumelele ngakumbi ekuthintela ukuphindaphinda kwi-HIV engaxhatshazwa yiziyobisi. I-AZT, ngokuthelekisa, ineprofayili ephantsi yokuchasana, nto leyo ithetha ukuba ezinye iinguqu eziqhelekileyo ze-HIV zingenza ukuba izidakamizwa zingabalulekanga. Ngaloo ndlela, i-patentiflorin A iya kubonakala ibe neprofayili yokuchasa ngakumbi
- I-Patentiflorin A yayikwazi ukwenza okufanayo kwi-macrophage , iiseli zegazi ezimhlophe ezikhonza njengomzimba wokuqala wokukhusela umgca. Oku kubalulekile kuba i- macrophages iiseli ezibethayo kwaye zithwala amabhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane kwii-lymph node zokungagcini. Nge-HIV, oku akunzeki. Endaweni yoko, intsholongwane "ijika iitafile" kwaye ichaphazela iiseli (ezibizwa ngokuba yi- T cell lymphocyte ) zenzelwe ukukunceda ekutshatyalaliswa kwayo. Kunconywa ukuba ngokunciphisa intsholongwane kwintsholongwane yokuqala-kunye nakwi-macrophages ngokwabo-kunokwenzeka ukukhusela intsholongwane ngokupheleleyo.
Ubuncinane ke indlela efundwa ngayo kwi-tube yokuhlola.
Imiqobo ebalulekileyo yokunqoba
Nangona kungenakuqinisekiswa ukuba i-patentiflorin A ibaluleke kakhulu, kwaye iyancomeka, umgqatswa wokwenza uphando olongezelelweyo, akunakwenzeka ukuba iziphumo ezivela kwisifundo se-tube test zibonakalisa izilingo zabantu. Ngaphezu koko, ngelixa ukuxabana "okubhetele kune-AZT" kunokuchaneka, akunakwenzeka ukuba abaphenyi (okanye abanye kwiimidiya) bacebisa.
Kulula nje, i-AZT yilezi zidakamizwa endala. Ngowokuqala kwezidakamizwa ezisibhozo kwiklasini kwaye enye inokuthi ixhaswe ngokutsha kwezidakamizwa eziza kutsalwa njenge- tenofovir ne-abacavir. Ngaloo ndlela, ukusebenzisa i-AZT njengesiseko sokuthelekisa kufana nokuthelekisa i-VW Beetle endala kwi-VW Beetle entsha. Bobabini basebenze, kodwa awuyi kubonakalisa ukuba ulandelelwano lwenqanawa ngemodeli yayo endala.
Kwaye inxalenye yento. Ekugqibeleni, injongo yonyango olusisigxina izityalo luya kufuna ukuphumeza inqanaba elifanayo lokusebenza njengalo mlingana wayo wezobisi okanye ukuphucula ubuncinane. Ukuze wenze oku, umgqatswa osisigxina esinezityalo ezifana ne-patentiflorin A kufuneka ukuba anqobe inani leengxaki eziphambili:
- Kuya kufuneka kufinyelele ingxube yolondolozo kwigazi. Emva koko, yinto enye ukuveza iiseli kwiqumrhu kwi-tube yokuhlola; yinto enye yokutya loo mveliso kwaye ibe nesithako esisebenzayo esaneleyo ejikelezayo kwigazi. Ekubeni izitshalo zityalo zivotshwa ngokukhawuleza emzimbeni ngokukhawuleza, izazinzulu ziza kufuneka zenze i-formulation concentrated ekwazi ukufezekisa intsingiselo yokwelapha xa iphephe ukutyhefu.
- Kuya kufuneka ukuba uwele iimbumba zamathumbu. Uninzi lwezicatshulwa zezityalo zizinzileyo kwaye zinzima ukuwela iimbilini zamathumbu. Ukunciphisa umonakalo kuguqulela ukunciphisa ukungabikho kokufumaneka (ipesenteji yezidakamizwa ezingena kwigazi).
- Kuya kufuneka ukuba igcinwe kumazinga onke egazini. Iidakamizwa ze-HIV azifani ne-antipolalarials, enenjongo yokubulala i-parasite kwaye yenziwe nayo. Ngonyango lwe-HIV, ukuxilwa kweziyobisi ezithile kufuneka kugcinwe ngamaxesha onke ukugcina intsholongwane igxothwe ngokupheleleyo. Ekubeni izityalo zikhutshwa ngokukhawuleza, zithinteka ukuguqulwa okungalunganga kwi-HIV. Ngokomzekelo, u-Artemisinin unesicatshulwa sempilo esineeyure ezimbini ukuya kwezine kuphela xa kuthelekiswa ne-tenofovir enesigamu seeyure ezingama-17 kunye ne-half-intracellular half-life of up to 50 hours.
Nangona kukho izixhobo ezininzi abaphandi abangasebenzisa ukunqoba iingxaki zokuxhamla (njengendlela yokuhambisa i-lipid-based systems), ngaphandle kokuba bangakwazi ukunqoba iingxaki zokungabikho kwenkunkuma ezibonwe kwizidakamizwa ezisisityalo ezifana ne-artemisinin, akunakwenzeka ukuba baya kuba unyango oluxhasa.
ILizwi
Yintoni eyenza indlela esekelwe kwintlobo kuthi ithandeke kuthi, ubuncinci ukusuka kwingcamango yembono, kukuba izinto azikho nje zendalo kodwa zisetyenziswe ngokukhuselekileyo kwizizukulwana. Kodwa ikwaxhomekeka ukuba izityalo ezisekelwe kwintlobo "zikhuselekile ngakumbi" kwaye izidakamizwa zeHIV "zininzi zityhefu," kwaye akunjalo njalo.
Izidakamizwa ze-HIV esazisebenzisileyo namhlanje azikho ngaphandle kweempembelelo zabo, kodwa ziphuculwe kakhulu kwixesha elidlulileyo. Abayinyamezelo kuphela, bayadinga njengepilisi enye ngosuku kwaye baxhomekeke kakhulu ekuchaseni iziyobisi.
Ngoko ke, ngelixa yonke inzame kufuneka yenziwe ukuqhubela phambili uphando lwe-HIV olusekelwe kwisityalo, kusekuninzi ukunqotshwa ngaphambi kokuba sinokuqiqa ngokufanelekileyo izinto ezikhethwa kuzo ngekamva.
> Imithombo:
> Helfer, M .; Koppensteiner, H .; Schneider, M .; okqhubekayo. "I-Extract Root ye-Medicinal Plant Pelargonium sidoides Ngaba i-HIV-1 Attachment Inhibitor." PLoS One. NgoJanuwari 14, 2014; 9 (1): e87487.
> Zhang, H; Rumschlag-Booms, E .; Guan, Y; okqhubekayo. "I-Inhibitor enamandla ye-Drug-resistant-1 Strains Identified from the Medicinal Plant Justicia gendarussa." Umbhalo weMveliso yeNdalo . 2017; INGXELO: 10.1021 / acs.jnatprod.7b00004.
> Rebensburg, S .; Helfer, M .; Schneider, M .; okqhubekayo. "Isisombululo se- vitrov e- antitiviral yeCistus engenakucatshulwa ngokuchasene ne-HIV kunye ne-Filoviruses iithagethi zeprovinsi." Iingxelo zeSayensi. NgoFebruwari 2, 2016; 6: e20394.
> Wen, Z; Liu, Y .; Wang, J .; okqhubekayo. "Amachiza aseMzansi aseShayina okuPhatha iiNtsholongwane kaGawulayo kunye noGawulayo." Ulwabiwo-olusekelwe kwiMicrotheli eSebenzayo. 2012; 2012: inqaku 950757.
> Wilson, D .; Coggin, K .; Williams, K; okqhubekayo. "Ukusetyenziswa kwe- Sutherlandia i-frutescens yi-HIV -Seropositive South African Adult : I-Adaptive Double-Blind i-Randomised Placebo . Julayi 17, 2015; 10 (7): e0128522.