Ngaba i-X-Ras Can Plain I-Plain I-Can Find the Cancer?
Abantu abaninzi baye babuza umbuzo othi, "Ngaba i-x-ray isifuba isifo somhlaza wamaphaphu ?" Okanye, mhlawumbi unokuba uzibuza ngezinye iintlobo zemibuzo, "Ukuba unesiqhwithi somzimba esifanelekileyo kodwa usenomkhuhlane oqhubekayo , ukuphefumla okufutshane , okanye intlungu, ngaba unomdlavuza wamaphaphu? "
Umbuzo malunga nendima yesifuba x-rays ekuxilongeni komhlaza wamaphaphu ngokwenene uluhlu lwemibuzo emibini ebaluleke kakhulu ukuphendula.
Makhe sijonge ukuba yintoni i-x-rays ingasitshela yona, into abangenako ukusitshela yona (kunye nendlela abayiphuthelwa ngayo umdlavuza wamaphaphu) kunye noko kufuneka ukwazi ukuba ufuna le mibuzo.
Kubaluleka kokuqonda Imisebenzi ye-X-rays kwi-Diagnosing Cancer Lung
Siyazi ukuba imilinganiselo yomdlavuza wemiphunga yamaphaphu ibhetele ngaphaya komntu. Ngelo xesha, malunga nesiqingatha sabantu bafunyaniswa xa umhlaza wabo wamaphaphu usuqwalaselwe " umhlaza wesifo somdlavuza wamaphaphu " -abadlali abangasakwazi ukuphiliswa ngumhlaza womphunga.
Ukuba unenkxalabo yokuba unokuba nempawu zomhlaza wamaphaphu , okanye ukuba unobungozi bomdlavuza wamaphaphu , qhubeka ufunda. Ukuqonda indlela umhlaza wemiphunga ufunyaniswa ngayo, ukulinganiselwa kweminye yeemvavanyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuxilongwa, nokuba ngummeli wakho unokugcina ubomi bakho.
Oku kuyinyaniso nokuba utshayile iminyaka emininzi okanye awuzange uthinte i-cigarette. Ukutshaya kuyona nto ibangela umdlavuza wamaphaphu jikelele, kodwa umhlaza womphunga ongeze waphawula usisihlandlo sesithandathu esibangela ukufa kwabantu abanomdlavuza eUnited States.
Enyanisweni, abangabhemiyo banokuthi bafumane ukuxilongwa kwaye bafumaneke kwizigaba ezilandelayo zesifo. Yintoni umntu ofuna ukuba azi?
Ngaba i-X-Ray isifuba esaneleyo ukuxilonga okanye ukukhupha umdlavuza we-Lung?
Impendulo yombuzo malunga nokuba i-x-ray isifuba isanele ukuxilonga okanye ukungabandakanyi umdlavuza wamaphaphu. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba kutheni i-x-ray yesifuba yodwa ayanele kwaye amanyathelo afanelekileyo athathathwe xa ukhathazekile.
Ukuba unempawu okanye umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga, i-x-ray isifuba ayikwazi ukuphelisa ukuba unomdlavuza wemiphunga. Oku kuya kuxoxwa ngeenkcukacha ezingakumbi emva koko, kodwa kucinga ukuba i-chest x-rays eyenziwa kwindawo yokukhathalela eyona nto ukujonga umhlaza wamaphaphu ulahlekelwe phantse ama-25 ekhulwini lamanomdlavuza emiphunga. Ngelishwa, siva kubantu abanomdlavuza wamaphaphu kaninzi abaye baqinisekiswa ukuba babengenayo umdlavuza wamaphaphu esekelwe kwiziphumo zesifuba x-ray kuphela, kwaye emva koko-emva kokuba i-tumor yabo inikwe ixesha elingakumbi lokukhula elingakhange lihlolwe- ngaba bafumene ukuxilongwa kwabo.
Ngamaxesha amaninzi Ngaba i-X-rays i-Chest Miss Missing Discerosis of Cancer?
I-x-rays eplasini ayifuni ukuxilongwa komhlaza wemiphunga kakhulu. Kukho izihlandlo ezimbalwa zandul 'uvavanyo lwangoku nje olujonge ingxaki ekhoyo "yeengxaki zokuxilonga" zomdlavuza wamaphaphu, kodwa uphando olwenziwe lukhuni.
Kulabo abaneempawu zomhlaza wemiphunga, uphando olukhulu luka-2006 e-UK lufumene ukuba malunga neepesenti ezingama-25 zesifuba x-rays ezenzelwe ukunyamekela okuphambili kwizigulane zomdlavuza wamaphaphu zazingalunganga xa zenziwa ngunyaka wokuxilongwa. I-x-ray i-rast i-Negative yenzeke kubantu abaneempawu eziqhelekileyo zempawu zomhlaza wamaphaphu ngaphandle kwezinto eziphazamisayo.
Ukujonga ngale ndlela ngendlela eyahlukileyo, ukuhlaziywa kwe-radiological malpractice suits okubandakanya i-thorax (isigxoba sesifuba), ukufumanisa ukuba ubuncinane ubuncinane ama-40 ekhulwini lamatyala ahlobene nokuxilongwa komhlaza wemiphunga.
Ukuba umdlavuza wamaphaphu uphoswa kwi-x-ray esifubeni, oku kungakulibala ngokukhawuleza unyango. Okona kunzima, ukuqwalasela ixesha eliphindwe kabini lomdlavuza wamaphaphu luyiintsuku ezingama-125 (kwaye lunokukhawuleza kangangeentsuku ezisixhenxe) ukulibaziseka ekuxilongeni kunokuthetha umahluko phakathi kokufumana umhlaza kwimigangatho yokuqala xa unyango lunokwenzeka kwaye iinqanaba ezizayo apho sele ingasebenzi . Yaye kungekhona nje kuphela imingcingo yamapayipi okuqala okunokwenzeka ukuba yonyango, ukuphucula okukhulu kwizinga lokusinda kumdlavuza wamaphaphu kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo kuphakathi kwalabo abahlala kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni.
Ukuba unempawu zomhlaza wamaphaphu, ukuvavanya okuqhubekayo, ngokuqhelekileyo kuqalwa nge-CT scan kuyadingeka ukulawula ukuba kungenzeka umhlaza wemiphunga.
Kutheni i-Radiologist Ngamanye amaxesha i-Miss Lung Cancer kwi-Chest X-Rays?
Ukuba wena okanye umntu obathandayo unomdlavuza wamaphaphu ephosakeleyo kwisixhwama x-ray mhlawumbi uyabuza, "Oku kwenzeka ntoni?" "Umntu angaboni njani umhlaza kwisifo se-x-ray?" Kwaye kutheni ezinye iidlers zibonwa ekubuyiseleni, zijonge emva kwexesha elidala x-rays, kodwa zingabonakali ekuqaleni?
Inokukunceda ukucacisa okufutshane malunga naziphi izaziso ze-radiologists ezibonayo kwi-x-ray esifubeni. Iibhokisi x-ray zibonwa njengemifanekiso emnyama nemhlophe; oogqirha bajonga ngokwenene kwiimithunzi zegrey kunye nezithunzi. Izinto ezinobungakanani obufanayo zinokubonakala zonke zifana. Ngokomzekelo, igazi, i-pus (ukususela kwintsholongwane), kwaye amanzi angabonakala afana kakhulu. Ukongezelela, kukho izakhiwo ezininzi ezigqithisiweyo kwisifuba. Iimpawu ezilumkileyo emva kwe-collarbone-i-clavicle, ngokomzekelo-kunokuba nzima ukuyijonga.
Ezinye iinkqubo kwimiphunga ziyakwazi ukuqhubeka nomhlaza ongasondeli. I-pneumonia iyakwazi "ukufihla" umdlavuza wamaphaphu kwaye ayifumaneki ngokungaqhelekanga isandla somdlavuza wamaphaphu, njengoko ukuphazamiseka kwendlela yokuhamba ngomoya ephuma kwisiqhumane kungakhokelela ekubeni ne-pneumonia. Isifo sesifo sofuba (TB) ngumngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga, kodwa akuqhelekanga ukuba umdlavuza wamaphaphu ufumaniswe ngephutha njenge-TB- ayifani nje efana neefub-rays kodwa ehlala eneempawu ezifanayo.
Ukongeza, iifub-x-rays zisinika ulwazi malunga nesakhiwo, kodwa musa ukuxelela indlela indawo "esebenza ngayo". Umzekelo obonakala ngokuphindaphindiweyo "indawo" ebonakala kwisixubeni x-ray emva kokuba umntu unamayeza omzimba womhlaza wemiphunga. Kunzima ukuxelela kwi-x-ray (okanye nokuba yi-CT) ukuba loo ndawo isifo esitsha esiye savela, okanye ukuba kukhwankqisa ukuxhatshazwa kweyeza. Ngombulelo ukongezwa kwe- PET ukukhangela kuye kwandisa ingqiqo kule mibuzo. I-PET yokucwaninga (okubandakanya ukutyhulwa kweshukela e-radioactive ngokukhulayo kweeseli) kunokunceda ama-radiologists abone "amabala" emiphakeni ekhula ngokukhawuleza, ngokubhekiselele kumabala, anjengezikhwebu ezinqabileyo, azikhulayo.
Ukufumana i-Cancer kwi-Xst Ray: Yintoni Kutheni Kunzima Kangako?
Umzekeliso olula oye wanikwa umhleli kwiphephancwadi I- Radiology inokukunceda ukuchaza ubunzima bokufumana i-cancer ye-lung-lung e-x-ray esifubeni.
Ngaba uke wafunda incwadi ethi "Kuphi iWaldo" okanye ukhangele "Fumana umfanekiso ofihlakeleyo" kwikopi ye "Iingqonge"? Ezi mpapasho kunye nabanye abakucela ukuba uthole iimpawu ezifihliweyo kumfanekiso, kunokusetyenziswa ukunceda uchaze ukuba kutheni ukufumana umdlavuza kwisixhwama x-ray kunokuba nzima. Nangona ii-radiologi ziyingcali ekufumaneni iWaldo kwiifilimu, ezinye izicubu zinokulingana neengxaki ezifihlakeleyo ezifihliweyo.
Usenokuba uqaphele into enye ukuba usebenze kwii-puzzles ezimbalwa. Emva kokuba ufumene umfanekiso ofihliweyo, unokuzibuza ukuba kutheni kunzima ukuwufumana kwindawo yokuqala. Nangona uchithe iiyure usebenza kwi-puzzle, unokukubona ngokukhawuleza, ngokukhawuleza kukukhawuleza, xa usuxazulule iphazili. Inqubo efanayo iyenzeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngesibindi x-ray. Emva kokuba indawo "ye-tumor efihliweyo" yenziwe yaziwe, yithetha nge-x-ray yokulandelelana okanye ezinye iimvavanyo ezifana ne-CT scan, i-tumor engabonakaliyo ekuqaleni ingaba yinto ecacileyo.
Ngandlela-thile, nangona kunjalo, iifub-x-rays zilukhuni ngakumbi ukufunda ngaphezu kwepastiki yemifanekiso efihliweyo. Ngokungafani nale ipuzzles, isibetho x-rays asinaso isitshixo kwicala ekutshilo ukuba into eneneni kwindawo esesithombeni. Enyanisweni, xa ufunda ii-x-rays, ikakhulukazi ezivela kubantu abangenazo iimpawu ezicacileyo okanye izinto ezinobungozi bomdlavuza wamaphaphu, amathuba kukuba into (i-tumor) ayikho kwaye ayize ifumaneke emfanekisweni ( iifilimu). Isitatisti, akukho nto efihliweyo yokufunyanwa.
Ukwahlula kokugqibela phakathi kwento "Kuphi u-Waldo" umfanekiso kunye ne-x-ray yesifuba yimi puzzle eyimfihlelo efihlakeleyo iphrintiwe ngombala kunomnyama kunye nomhlophe kunye nemithunzi yegrey.
Musa ukuba le ngxoxo ikushiye uziva udimazekile, khumbula ukuba kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa umngcipheko weziphene. Kwisifundo esinye isizathu esivamekileyo sokuxilongwa kwesifo somhlaza wamaphaphu kukungaphumeleli kwe-radiologist ukuthelekisa ezintsha iifilimu ze-x-ray kwiifilimu zangaphambi kokuba zithathwe. Njengokuba uhlangothi lweminye imizobo efihlakeleyo ebonakalayo kwinto enye eyenza kube lula ukuyifumana kwenye, ukuba nefilimu endala ekufuneka ufanise ngayo ingozi yokulahleka isisu.
Ukuxilongwa okungafunekiyo: Xa i-X-Rays Mostly Commonly Miss Lung Cancer?
Kukho imeko ezithile apho umhlaza uphelelwa lula kwi-x-ray yesifuba kwaye oku kubandakanya ukuqwalaselwa kwe-anatomic, iimpawu zesisu, kunye nemingcipheko
I-Anatomically, iisifo ezinomdla kwiindawo ezithile zemiphunga zinzima kunokuba zibonwe kwaye ziyakwazi ukuphoswa kwi-x-ray yesifuba. Njengoko kuphawuliwe kwangaphambili, izakhiwo ezinamandla ezinjengethambo "zifihla" amancinci amancinci. Enyanisweni, kwiphando elithile, iipesenti ezingama-72 zeengcingo zamaphaphu ezilahlekileyo zazingekho kwi-lobes ephezulu kunye nalezi zepesenti ezingama-22 zazifihliwe ngamathambo e-collar (i-clavicles.) I-Cancer efunyenwe kwimida yemiphunga (njenge- lung adenocarcinoma ) ephosakeleyo kunezo ezenzeka phakathi kwendawo ehamba phambili ehamba phambili (njengomdlavuza omncinci wamaphaphu kunye ne- squamous cell carcinoma yemiphunga .)
Kukho impawu ezimbalwa zeengqungquthela zomdlavuza eziphakamisa ithuba lokulahleka. Ubungakanani bubaluleke kakhulu, kwaye iimvumi ezincinci kune-1.5 centimeters ziyakwazi ukuphoswa ngaphezu kweekliniki ezinkulu. Izibilini ezinomfanekiso "wembonakaliso weglasi" -into into efumaneka rhoqo ngamaphaphu adenocarcinomas, kwakhona iphakamisa umngcipheko wokuthi abayi kubonwa.
Ekugqibeleni, umngcipheko wokuba umntu unomdlavuza wamaphaphu unokwandisa ithuba lokuba i-tumor ilahlekile. Amanye amaqela abantu athambekele ekubhabheni phantsi kwesikrini somdakirha we-radar xa kufikeleleke kwimeko yokuba umdlavuza wamaphaphu, kwaye kula bantu, kunokwenzeka ukuba uhlaziyo luya kulahlwa. Iziphumo eziliqela ziye zafumanisa ukuba ukuxilongwa kudlaleleka kumdlavuza wamaphaphu kwabesetyhini ngokumalunga namadoda, kwabangabhemiyo ngokumalunga nabantu ababhema, kunye nabaselula abasemdlavuza womphunga ngokumalunga nabantu abadala.
Ubukhulu bee-Tumors, ii-X-Rays ze-Chest, ii-CT Scans, kunye nekhompyutha
Ukuqonda ubungakanani beemvumi ezingabonwa kukunceda ekuqondeni imida yeengcingo. Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, i-chest x-rays iyakwazi ukuphosakela umdlavuza wamaphaphu ngaphantsi kwe-1.5 cm ububanzi. Ngokwahlukileyo, isicatshulwa se-CT sinokuchaneka ngakumbi ukuya kwi-1 millimeter (nangona banokuphosa ezinye i-cancer.)
Abaphandi baseNorway baphawule ukuhlukana okukhulu phakathi kwesibindi x-rays kunye ne-CT scans ekufumaneni umdlavuza omncinci wamaphaphu. Ngokubanzi bafumanisa ukuba iingxaki zokufumana ezi ncinci zamanomdla zihamba ukusuka kuma-18 eepesenti kwi-radiyo x-ray ukuya kuma-82 ekhulwini kunye ne-ultra-low-dose CT scans.
Kutheni okungaqhelekiyo kwi-X-ray yesifuba?
Kubalulekile ukuthatha isikhashana kwaye uchaze ezinye zeempazamo ezididayo oza kuziva xa uthetha ngeemvavanyo zompopu. Iinkcazo, kunye namaqhosha kumanqaku achaza ezi nkcukacha ngokubanzi, zibandakanya:
- I-nodule ye-Lung - I-nodule yamaphaphu ichazwa njengendawo ene-3 cm (1½½ intshi) okanye ngaphantsi ububanzi.
- Ubuninzi bomlenze - Ubunzima bomphunga bubhekisela kwindawo ephakamileyo kune-3 cm (1 ½ intshi) ububanzi okanye ngaphezulu.
- Umthunzi emphumputheni - Isithunzi kwi-x-ray esifubeni sinokuthi nantoni na ivela kwisifo esiqhekezayo ukuya kwindawo eqhelekileyo yokuqokelela izakhiwo ezikhoyo esifubeni.
- I-neoplasm ye-Lung - Igama elithi neoplasm liguqulelwe "ukukhula olutsha" kwaye lingasetyenziselwa ukuchaza nayiphi na uhlobo lokukhula kubandakanye nalabo abanobuhle.
- Isilonda sesilonda - Ixesha lesilonda semiphunga lithetha ngokungaqhelekanga. Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziswe ukuchaza izicubu zomzimba zibuhlungu kwaye zibi kodwa zingathetha nantoni na.
- UBenign vs i-malignant - Izibilini ze-Benign zinokukhula zikhulu kwaye zibuye zibuye, kodwa zingabonakali kwezinye iindawo zomzimba. Iimvumba ezibulalayo (ezinomdlavuza) yizo ezinokuthi zenze i-metastasize. (Funda kabanzi malunga neentlukwano phakathi kwezicathulo ezinobungozi .
Ngaba ii-X-Rays ze-Chest zingasetyenziselwa ukukhenkcelela i-Lung Cancer?
Njengokuba isifuba sama-x-rays akwanele ukulawula umdlavuza wamaphaphu kulabo abaneempawu, abayindlela efanelekileyo yokukhusela umdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ekubeni abanye oogqirha besala i-x-rays kubantu abaye bavutha, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba kutheni le nto kwaye kufuneka ukwazi ukuze ube ngummeli wakho kwonyango lwakho.
Ngesinye isikhathi i-chest x-rays ifumana umdlavuza wamaphaphu kubantu abanomdlavuza wamaphaphu abangenazo iimpawu. Enyanisweni, ukuba uthetha ngomdlavuza wemiphunga yamaphaphu, ukufumanisa okuqhelekileyo kukuba banesifo se-x-ray esenzelwe isizathu esingahambelani kunye nomhlaza wenziwa. Konke kulungile xa kunjalo, kodwa awukwazi ukuxhomekeka kwi-x-ray esifubeni ukuze ufumane umhlaza.
Ngexesha elidlulileyo, amaxesha amaxesha odokotela babecelwa ukuba bahlolisise i-chest x-rays kubantu ababenomngcipheko womdlavuza wamaphaphu (kwaye le nto iqhubekile kwezinye iindawo namhlanje.) Uphando oluninzi lwabantu abangaba ngu-150 000 okwenziwa ngo-2011 apho abo basengozini yomdlavuza wamaphaphu fumana i-x-rays minyaka yonke ngeminyaka emine, yafumanisa ukuba i-chest x-rays ayiyikunciphisa izinga lokufa kumdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ezinye iintsholongwane zithe zafunyanwa, kodwa ngeli xesha la ma-cancer afunyanwa kwi-x-ray yesifuba yayinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukwenzela ukuba ubude bomntu bube bufana nokuba bekuya kuba ngaba bantu babelinde de babe neempawu zomhlaza wemiphunga.
Esi asikho isizathu sokuphelelwa lithemba. Ngokungafani ne-x-rays esifubeni, ukuhlolwa kwesifo se-CT esezantsi kunokunciphisa umngcipheko wokufa kumdlavuza wamaphaphu (jonga ngezantsi).
Ndingazijonga Njani I-Cancer?
Ukuhlolwa kweengxaki zomhlaza ngoku kufumaneka kulabo bahlangabezana nemigangatho ethile. Qaphela ukuba ukuphonononga kubhekisela ekufumaneni umdlavuza kumntu ongenayo impawu. Ukuba unempawu, kuya kufuneka iimfuno ezongezelelweyo. Kwakhona, gcinani engqondweni ukuba wonke umntu uhlukile. Abanye abantu abangayithobeli le miqathango bangathanda ukuba bahlolwe kwaye abanye abantu abahlangabezana nemigqaliselo abanakunqwenela ukuba bahlolwe. Isetyenziswe ngokuya kwezi zikhokelo zivakalelwa kukuba ukuphonononga kunganciphisa ukufa (izinga lokufa) kumdlavuza wamaphaphu ngama-20 ekhulwini eMelika.
Imilinganiselo yangoku yomhlaza wemiphunga i-CT yokuhlola iquka:
- Ukuba phakathi kweminyaka eyi-55 no-80
- Emva kokutshaya ubuncinane iminyaka emithathu yeepakethi
- Abo baqhubeka beshiya okanye bayeka ukutshaya kwiminyaka eyi-15 edlulileyo
- Abo baza kuba nako ukunyanga xa umhlaza wenziwe
Yintoni Ongayenza Ngayo Ukukhusela I-Misdiagnosis okanye Ukungafumani I-Cancer?
Kunokubangela ukuvakala ukuva malunga nesiganeko seentsholongwane zamaphaphu ephosakeleyo esifubeni x-rays, kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba ufuna ukuphelelwa lithemba. Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, ukuhlolwa kwe-CT kunokunciphisa umngcipheko wokufa komdlavuza wamaphaphu phakathi kwalabo abanomngcipheko. Kanti nangenxa yabo abangenazo izinto ezinobungozi, kukho izinto ezininzi onokuzenza:
- Ukuba une-x-ray esifubeni, qiniseka ukuba ugqirha uyazi-kwaye ufumaneke ukuthelekisa-nayiphi na i-x-rays ubudala. Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, ukungayiqhathanisi ukuthelekisa isifuba esitsha se-x-rays ukuya kumdala yimbangela enye yokufunyaniswa kokulahlekelwa.
- Qinisekisa ukuba zonke iimpawu zakho kunye nemeko yengozi zidweliswe kwifom yohlobo oluza kubonwa yi-radiologist. Ezi zinto zinika i-radiologist iintloko ukuba "umfanekiso ofihliweyo" kwi "thola umfanekiso" unokwenzeka ukuba ukhona.
- Musa "ukuyeka" ukuba uqhubeka unempawu zomhlaza wamaphaphu njengokuphefumula okanye ukukhwehlela okuqhubekayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba uxilongwe, iimpawu zakho zifanelwe inkcazelo. Uvavanyo oluqhubekayo luya kufuneka. Hlalani nikhumbule ukuba nokuba i-CT i-scans ingaphuthelwa ngamanomdla emiphunga emiphunga, kunye nokuvavanya ngaphaya kwe-scan scan kungadingeka. Ukuba awufumani iimpendulo, cinga ukufumana umbono wesibini. Ngamanye amaxesha iingqondo ezimbini (okanye ngaphezulu) zingcono kunomnye.
- Khangela ukuba kukho nantoni na ongayenza ukuze unciphise umngcipheko wokuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Hlola ezi ngcebiso eziphezulu ezi- 10 zokukhusela umhlaza wemiphunga .
Okukwintsusa
I-x-rays i-Chest ingaba luncedo ekufumaneni umdlavuza wamaphaphu kodwa ayikwazi ukukhuphela ukuvela komhlaza. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-x-ray yesifuba esifanelekileyo ingabonisa ukuqinisekiswa okungamanga ukuba konke kulungile. I-x-rays i-Chest iyakwazi ukuphosa amancinci amancinci amachiza amancinci. Ukuba unempawu ezingachazwanga okanye ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu, qiniseka ukuba uthetha nodokotela wakho.
Imithombo:
Baker S, Patel R, Yang L, uLelkes V, Castro A. Ukuchithwa kwezinto ezifanelekileyo kwi-Chest Radiology: UkuVavanywa kweeMbali ze-8265 ze-Radiologists. Umbhalo we-Thoracic Imaging . 2013. 28 (6): 338-91.
Ersek J, Eberth J, McDonnell K, et al. Ulwazi lweeMbono, Ukujonga, kunye nokuSebenza kweSomography ekhompyutheni ephantsi kwe-Lung Cancer Screening Among Physicians of Family. Cancer . 2016. 122 (15): 2324-31.
> I-Oken M, uHocking W, uKvale P, et al. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Radiograph kunye ne-Lung Cancer Mortality -Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, kunye ne-Ovarian (PLCO). JAMA . 2011. 306 (17): 1865-1873.
Phinda iHI. Iimigaqo kunye nokuSebenza kweCarcer yeLung: I-Official Reference Reference ye-IASLC. Philadelphia: IWolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010. Print.
> Stapley S, Sharp D, Hamilton W. I-X-Ray i-Negative Chest kwi-Primary Care Patients with Cancer Lung. IBritish Journal of General Practice . 2006. 56 (529): 570-573.