Iimerika azizange zibone ezininzi iintsholongwane eziqhelekileyo e-Afrika nakwi-Asiya, kodwa iiMerika zinemiyane kunye nezinye izilwanyana. Ezi zinto zihlala zifana nokuba zimiyane ezifanayo ezifunyenwe kwihlabathi jikelele; njengoko nje ukudibanisa ihlabathi kukusasaza ii-virus, kwasasaza ummiyane. Ngaloo ndlela, xa igciwane elitsha lihlala, ukuba liyakwazi ukusasaza ngenye yezimiyane (okanye ezinye iimvenge) ezitholakala kumaMerika, zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza.
Ehlobo emva kwehlobo, kukho iintsholongwane ezintsha kwiiMerika ezithwalwe yimiyane, kwaye njengoko utshintsho lwemozulu ludala indawo yokuhlala eminwe, iikethi kunye nezinye izilwanyana, ezi zifo zingasasazeka.
Ngaba siyazi ukuba iyintoni intsholongwane elandelayo? Impendulo elula ayikho, asiyi. Kwaye kungekabikho enye igciwane elisenza sisimangele, kuya kuba kuhle ukukwazi ngokubanzi malunga neentsholongwane ezinokuthi zisasazeka, njengeZika, Chikungunya, kunye neengxaki ezahlukeneyo zeDengue esizibonayo kwiminyaka yamuva BaseMerika. Njengoko sikhangele ngakumbi, sifumana ngakumbi, kwakhona. Ukuxilonga okungcono kukusinceda sibone izizathu zentsholongwane, iintloko, kunye neengqungquthela esele sasikwazi ukuzichonga ngexesha elithile lokuqikelela.
Kukho neentsholongwane esiza kuqala ukuzibona njengoko ziqala ukusasazeka ngokuqhubekayo. Enye yale ntshoyiza, ebonakala ibumnene kodwa inokubamba imimangalo, yi-virus ye-Usutu.
Luhlobo luni lweVirus Isuti?
I-flavivirus. Oku kufana nezinye iintsholongwane ezisasazwa yizinyoyi. Ihambelana kakhulu ne- Japanese Encephalitis kunye ne-Murray Valley Encephalitis. Ezinye izihlobo ezikude kakhulu ziquka ezinye iintsholongwane esaziyo , njengeDengue, Powassan, West Nile , kunye neZika , zonke i-flavivirus eziye zanyuka kwiintloko zethu.
Uphi u-Usutu Ufunyenwe Ngoku?
Intsholongwane ka-Usutu yafunyanwa kuqala eMzantsi Afrika ngo-1959. Yafunyanwa kwimiyane kwaye yathiwa ngumlambo osondeleyo (owaziwa ngokuba nguMlambo waseMaphuuto owela eMzantsi Afrika, eSwazini naseMozambique). Akukho ziphi na izifo ezichazwe ukuba zinxulumene nale ntsho longwane.
Intsholongwane ifunyenwe kwezinye iindawo zaseAfrika: IBurkina Faso, iCote d'Ivoire, iMorocco, iNigeria, i-Uganda, iCentral African Republic (CAR) neSenegal. Nangona kunjalo, kwakukho isigulane esisodwa esabonwa ukuba sinesifo (in CAR) esabonakala senza kakuhle kwaye sino-fever and rash.
Intsholongwane yagqalwa kamva eYurophu. Kwakunokwenzeka ukuba yazisa amaxesha amaninzi eYurophu. Ngaphawuleza, ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe kuqala e-Austria ngo-2001 mhlawumbi yayisasazeka kwezinye iYurophu, njengase-Italy, ukuhlolwa kweentaka kuye kwabonisa.
NjengaNtsholongwane yaseNtshonalanga yeNayile , i-virus ye-Usutu iye yahamba, ngokwenene, ngeentaka. Inani elikhulu lababusikazi abafayo baxwayisa abaphathi base-Austria kwiingxaki; Le ndlela yenziwa ngayo intsholongwane njengokuba isasazeka kwiYurophu. Njenga-Nayile eNtshona, intsholongwane inokubulala iintaka, kodwa isasazeka kuthi. Kuye kwabonakala kwamanye amazwe eYurophu (okanye ubuncinci be-antibodies afunyenwe) kwaye uye waqhubeka ehambelana nokufa kweentaka-e-Italy, eJamani, eSpain, eHungary, eSwitzerland, ePoland, eNgilani, e-Czech Republic, e-Greece naseBelgium.
Ungayifumana njani iWindows Virus?
Uyifumene kwimlingo yokuluma. Kodwa akusiyo yonke inambuzane inokuthi (okanye iya kuthi) ithwale intsholongwane. Intsholongwane ibonakala ithwalwe yizinyoyi zeCulex, ngakumbi iCulex pipiens. Le nto ifana neNtsholongwane yeNayile yaseNtshonalanga, iphinda isasazwa yizilumko zeCulex, ngoko igosa le-Usutu lingafunyanwa apho kukho i-Virtual Nile Virus. Enyanisweni, ukuhlolisiswa kweNtsholongwane yeNtshonalanga yeNayile kwakhokelela ekuchongwa kwegciwane le-Usutu kwezinye izigulane zase-Italy.
Le ntsholongwane inokuthi iqhutywe ngamanye umiyane njengo-Aedes albopictus. I-Aedes albopictus ifumaneka e-US, ngokukodwa eMzantsi kunye nakwiinkalo kulo lonke elaseMelika ezibonile ukugqabhuka okukhulu kweZika, eqhutyelwa yimiyane.
Intsholongwane ibonakala ijikeleza ngeentaka, ikakhulukazi izibhakabhaka, kodwa kunye nezinye izilwanyana, i-jays, i-magpies, i-owls, neenkukhu. Iintaka zinezibindi, i-spleen, kunye nomonakalo we-neurologic, phakathi kwezinye iziphumo ezinentsholongwane.
Iintaka ezinokufunyanwa ngentsholongwane zivame ukuhamba imida emide, nakwi-Asia. Iintaka ezifanayo zifumaneka kwi-Amerika. Imimandla engaphezulu kunokuba nje i-Afrika ne-Yurophu, ngoko, inokuthi ingengozini.
Ezinye izilwanyana zibonakala zikhulelwe. Intsholongwane sele ifunyenwe kwiilwimi (eJamani) kodwa ayengaziwa kodwa yintoni indima edlala ngayo (ukuba ikhona). Ezinye izilwanyana ezinjengeehashe kunye namagundane ziye zafunyanwa zitheleleke, kodwa ezi zibonakala zingabandakanyekanga kwi-virus. Uninzi lwentsholongwane kaGawulayo lubonakala luphakathi kwamanqwane kunye neentaka.
Yintoni I-Virus ye-Usutu?
Intsholongwane ingabangela ukukhawuleza kunye nomkhuhlane. Usulelo luya kuba ludolo kwaye lunokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, kukho inkxalabo yokuba kwinani elincinane, usulelo luya kuba lukhulu kakhulu.
Ekuqaleni, encinci yayaziwa ngentsholongwane. Kwakungekho kwaziwa kakhulu malunga nokusuleleka e-Afrika. Kwakukho imeko echazwe kwiCentral African Republic ngo-1981 kwaye isigulane sasibonakala sisesimweni esihle, ngaphandle kwe-rash kunye ne-fever eyayihamba. Nangona kunjalo, kwakungekho ncinane ukuhlola okanye ukuvavanya intsholongwane kwaye akukho mntu wayesazi ngokwenene ukuba kwakunjani kwaye akukho mntu wayesazi ukuba izifo nezigulane ezingabonakaliyo kunye nezifo zazinjalo izifo ezifana ne-Usutu apho kwakungekho iilabhu kunye neemvavanyo ezifunekayo ukuchonga .
Xa intsholongwane yaziwa e-Austria ngo-2001 kuba kungenxa yokuba kwakukho abantu abamnyama abafa. Kwakungabikho izifo zoluntu ezichaziweyo. Uphando lwabantu abanzi lubonisa kuphela inani elincinci kakhulu elisuleleke eYurophu. Abanye abaxhasi begazi baye bafunyanwa babe ne-antibodies eYurophu, kodwa oku akunqabile. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwabantu ababenokugqithisa kwiindawo apho intsholongwane leyo yabesasazeka khona kwaye wabonisa ukuba ngokwenene phakathi kwalabo bafuna ukuba banesifo se-1 kwi-4 babeneempawu zokulwa, kodwa zonke zivakalisa ukugula okucokisekileyo. Ngoko kubonakala ngathi le nto inokuba yintsholongwane ekhoyo ngakumbi kunokuba ibonakale, kodwa kwakubonakala ingenayo imiphumo emibi.
Nangona kunjalo, kwakukho iziganeko ezimbini e-Italy ezazinzulu kakhulu kwizigulane ezingabonakaliyo kwi-immunocompromised ngo-2009 (enye yayikwichemotherapy; enye yayinexinzelelo enkulu yegazi). Kule meko, intsholongwane ibonakala ibangele ukuba i-meningoencephalitis, kodwa kunikwe ubunzima bezifo zabo ezikhoyo kakade. Oku kubonisa usulelo kunye nokuvuvukala kwengqondo kunye neentambo ezizungeze ingqondo kunye nomgca wesipelini. Kwesinye seziganeko, isigulane senze ukuhluleka kwesibindi ngokunjalo.
La matyala aphakamisa inkxalabo yokuba intsholongwane ingaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwabanye abantu. Uninzi lwabantu luhlala kakuhle ne-Virtual Nile Virus kunye neZika, kodwa i-subset encinci ibhekene nemiphumo emibi. Kungenzeka ukuba i-Usutu ingabonakalisa ingozi yangempela kwabanye, nangona ininzi inene.
Uvavanya njani kwiWindows Virus?
Uninzi lwamabhanki aluyi kukwazi ukuvavanya. Umqeqeshi wezempilo uyakufuna ukuqhagamshelana ne-laboratory yokuhanjiswa kweelabhoratri ukujongana nesampula.
Ngaba kukho unyango kwi-Virus ye-Usutu?
Hayi ngoku. Ngethamsanqa, abaninzi abantu abasempilweni kubonakala banobulali ngoku.
> Imithombo:
> Ashraf U, et al. I-virus ye-Usutu: i-flavivirus ephumayo eYurophu. Iintsholongwane. 2015; 7 (1): 219-38.
> Amacandelo okuLawula nokuLawula izifo. Ukugqalwa kwegciwane le-Usutu, i-African Mosquito-Borne Flavivirus yeqela laseJapan le-Encephalitis Virus, eYurophu ephakathi.
> Izifo ezithathelwanayo zonyango. Usutu: I-Flavour elandelayo ye-Flavivirus ye-United States?
> Vázquez A, et al. Intsholongwane kaTsuutu - ingozi ebantwini beYurophu. Euro Surveill. 2011; 16 (31): pii = 19935.
> Pauli G, et al. Ukuguqulwa kweMithi kunye neHemotherapy. 2014; 41 (1): 73-82.