Iimpawu kunye neemvavanyo zokuSebenza ngokuPhezulu kweVistim
Awuzange uqonde intetho encinci, kwaye mhlawumbi uthetha kwikhompyutha kunomnye umntu. Ngaba oko kuthetha ukuba unayo i-Asperger Syndrome (AS)? Enyanisweni, ukususela kwipapasho ye-diagnostic ye-diagnostic yakutshanje, akukho sisifo esibizwa ngokuba ngu-Asperger Syndrome. Kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba unomntu omdala onokuxilongwa ngesimo esifanelekileyo (ephezulu) ifomu ye-autism (disorder disorder disorder).
Iimpawu zoPhakamileyo oluSebenzayo lwe-Autism kubantu abadala
Ukuba ungumdala oye wakwazi ukukwenza esikolweni esiphakamileyo okanye kwikholeji kwaye ufumane okanye usebenze (nangona iimpawu ezinokuthi zihambelane ne-autism), amathuba okuba i-autism yakho ibuhlungu. "Ubumnene" okanye i-autism ephezulu isebenza, nangona kunjalo, inokuba nzima kakhulu. Kungenxa yokuba ezininzi iimpawu zibhekiselele ekunxibelelweni kweentlalo nakwiimpendulo zengqondo- kwaye ukuba uphume ekhaya lakho kwihlabathi leminyaka le-21, kufuneka ukuba uthathe inxaxheba kuluntu kwaye ubhekane neentlobo ezininzi zokuhlaselwa kwintliziyo malunga nayo yonke indawo .
ZoNxibelelwano lweNtlalo
Ezi ezinye zeempawu onokuhlangabezana nazo imihla ngemihla. Zingaba ziimpawu ozibonayo njengomntwana osemncinci kodwa ufunde ukulawula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Zingaquka:
- Ubunzima ngokutolika "i-ajenda efihliweyo" kwimeko yoluntu. Umzekelo, wonke umntu kodwa ubonakala ngandlela-thile uyazi ukuba uthetha nini, nini ukuzola, okokugqoka, yintoni ithoni yelizwi lokusetyenziswa.
- Ubunzima ngokusebenzisa ilungelo elifanelekileyo okanye ithoni yezwi, okanye ukhetha amagama "alungileyo" kwimeko. Ngokomzekelo, ungasebenzisa ulwimi olusemthethweni kwisimo esingacwangciswanga, khulume ngokukhawuleza kwimeko "yokuzola," okanye sebenzisa itoni ephathekayo xa uvakalelwa kukuba uvakalelwa.
- Unenkathazo yokutola ulwimi lomzimba kunye netoni yezwi ngokuchanekileyo. Umzekelo, umntu ofumana ukumamatheka xa ehamba, okanye ukumema ukuba ujoyine iqela ekuphumeni. Ngaba oko kuthetha ukuba babonisa umdla wokuthandana okanye ubuhlobo obulula? Ngaba ibinzana lomphathi wakho libonisa uburhala okanye ingqumbo?
- Iingxaki ngokugcina ingxoxo, ingakumbi ukuba ingekho kwisifundo esikuthandayo. Abantu abanamava aqhelekileyo bakuthola kulula ukugcina "intetho encinci" kuyo nayiphi na imeko yeemeko, ukusuka kwimiboniso yeTV ukuya kwingxowa. Baya kwenza oku nangona umboniso okanye abantu bebanomdla kubo kuphela. Abantu abane-autism, nangona kunjalo, banqwenela ukuthetha ixesha elide kuphela ngezifundo ezithandayo; banokuba neengxaki zokuqaphela ukuba iqabane elixubusha nabo liyaxhalabisa.
- Ukugxininisa kakhulu kwisihloko somdla. Abanye abantu abadala abane-autism bayamangaliswa kakhulu ngesihloko esithile somdla ukuba bafumanisa ukuba akunakwenzeka ukutshintsha isihloko. Oku kunokuba yingxaki engabonakaliyo xa abahlobo bakho nabalingani bakho basebenzisana nabo banomdla omnye kodwa kungabangela umba xa usebenzisana nosapho okanye ngabazalwana abanomdla ohlukileyo.
- Ubunzima ngokuzibuza nini kunye nendlela yokubuza imibuzo okanye wenze ingxelo oyazi ukuba uyinyaniso. Umzekelo, nini na ukuthetha nomphathi wakho ukuba iingcamango zabo aziyi kusebenza? Ngaba kulungile ukubuza umntu "Yintoni eyabangela ukuba uqhawule umtshato?" Abantu abane-autism bakuthola kunzima ukwazi ixesha lokuthetha; ngenxa yoko, banokukhetha ukuthetha nto nhlobo.
- Bunzima kunye noshintsho. Uninzi lwabantu abane-autism bakhetha ukwazi kakuhle oko kuza kwenzeka ntoni emva koko. Abaninzi bakhetha ukwenza izinto ezifanayo kwimihla ngemihla, badle ukutya okufanayo, bathathe iindlela ezifanayo, njl. Ubomi, nangona kunjalo, uphonsa ezininzi iibhola zengongoma; kunokuba nzima kubantu base-autistic ukwenza utshintsho ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle komgudu omkhulu okanye ukukhathazeka.
Izibonakaliso eziQondayo kunye nezenzo
Iimpawu zokugqibela ze-autism ziquka imingeni evelelekayo eqhelekileyo kubo bonke abantu kwibala. Iingxaki ezinomdla (kunye nemingeni yomphakathi echazwe ngasentla) kunokukhokelela ekuziphatheni okungalindelekanga.
- Ukuqonda ukukhanya, isandi, iphunga, ukuthintela, kunye nenambatho. Njengabantu abaninzi abanezinye iziphazamiso (ezinjenge-migraine), abantu abane-autism abanomdla ngokungaqhelekanga. Nangona abaninzi abantu abanomdla, ngokomzekelo, banokuchitha yonke imini phantsi kwezibane ze-fluorescent kwindawo enkulu, abaninzi abantu abane-autism abanako. Abantu abane-Autistic bangasabela ngokukhawuleza ukuvumba okanye ukunambitha, okanye kunzima xa usondelene.
- Ufuna ukunyanzeliswa ngokomzimba ukuthoba. Umkhulukazi weTempile, umzekelo omkhulu kwi-selfistic-defense, empeleni wakha "umshini wokucoca" njengendlela yokuzinceda ukuba ahlale ekholejini.
- Kufuneka uhambe okanye ufunde ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo. Le mfuneko, ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuvuselela," yindlela yokuzihlaziya kwaye ingabandakanya ukuhamba, ukugubungula, ukunqumla izinwele, ukuxuba, njl. Kunzima ukulawula kwaye kunokubangela ukuba ungaboni kakuhle abantu abakufutshane nawe.
- I-Autistic-downs. Abanye abantu abadala abane-autism, kwanabo abane-IQs eziphezulu, banokukhungatheka kwaye bacaphuke kwaye bakuthole kunzima ukulawula amagama kunye nezenzo zabo. Ngamanye amaxesha impendulo kuthiwa yi-"autistic melt-down". Nangona kunqabile ukuba umntu omdala ene-autism asebenze ngendlela enobugonyamelo, nangona ukungabikho kobundlobongela obuninzi kunokusongela abantu abababonayo.
Ukuzivanya kunye noVavanyo lwaBasebenzi
Unokuqala inkqubo yokuxilongwa ngokuzivocavoca okufana ne "AQ" eyenzelwe ngo-2001 nguDkt. Simon Baron-Cohen okanye i-RBQ2, ekhoyo kwi-intanethi, "inqanaba elithintekayo kunye nokuziphatha okuphindaphindiweyo njengemigqaliselo kunye neendlela, ukuphindaphinda imoto ukuziphatha, iimfuno zengqondo kunye nezenzo eziphindaphindiweyo ngezinto. "
Nangona ezi zizame ziyakunceda ukuba uqinisekise ukuba unokuba yi-autistic, nangona kunjalo, abayifaki indawo yokuxilongwa kwezonyango ezenziwa ngumqeqeshi. Uninzi lwama-psychiatrist abaneziganeko ze-autism kufuneka bakwazi ukulawula iimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo kwaye banikezele ukuxilongwa okuncedo, nangona uninzi lwabantu abanamava a-autism asebenza nabantwana.
UDkt. Shana Nichols we-Fay J. Lindner Isikhungo se-Autism e-Long Island eNew York ngokukhethekileyo ekuxilongeni nasekuphatheni abantwaba kunye nabantu abadala abaneempawu ezinxulumene ne- autism esebenzayo (Asperger Syndrome).
Xa abantu abadala beza kwiziko leLindner lokuxilongwa, uDkt. Nichols uqala uvavanyo lwakhe ngovavanyo lwe-IQ . Kananjalo ulawula uvavanyo lwezakhono eziguquguqukayo ezivavanya amandla omguli wokulawula imeko ezinzima zoluntu.
Nangona esebenzisa izixhobo ezithile zokuxilonga ukufumanisa iimpawu ezithile, uthi ngisho nazo zixhobo zivela kumhla.
U-Nichols uthi, "Ukuba ngaba umzali ufumanekile, siqhuba intetho yodliwano-ntanethi ebizwa ngokuba yi- ADI (i-Autism Diagnostic Interview-Ihlaziywe . ) Sibheka kwimisebenzi esebenzayo kunye nembali yokuqala ukuze sifumane ingqiqo yezakhono zesigulane kwizentlalo, zonxibelelwano neendawo zokuziphatha. " Emva koko, njengoko uthi, "i-autism ayibonakali ngokukhawuleza xa uneminyaka engama-25, ngoko abaninzi abantu abane-autism babonisa iimpawu ukususela ebuntwaneni babo." Ukuba abazali abafumaneki, uNichols kunye noogxa bakhe babuza isiguli ukuba sikhumbule ubuntwana babo, kubuza imibuzo enjengokuthi "Ngaba unayo abahlobo abaninzi?" kwaye "Yintoni oyithandayo ukuyenza?"
I-Nichols nayo ilawula i-ADOS Module IV. I-ADOS (iShedyuli yokuThengisa i-Autism Diagnosis Schedule) yi-autism schedule diagnostic observation schedule, kwaye imodyuli emine yenzelwe abantu abadala nabasemagunyeni abakhulayo. Ngokuhambisana ne-ADI, ivumela oogqirha ukuba bajonge ngokucophelela kwizentlalo nakwizakhono zonxibelelwano nokuziphatha. Umzekelo, uthi uNichols, iimvavanyo zijonge imibuzo enjengokuthi "Ngaba unakho ukuxoxa ngengxoxo yomntu? Ngaba unomdla kwiingcamango neemvakalelo zeemviwo? Ngaba ubonisa ukuqondisisa ubudlelwane? Ngaba unomdla ongathandanga okanye ogqithiseleyo ? " Iimvavanyo zivumela oogqirha ukuba banamathele ibakala kwidilesi nganye ukuqinisekisa ukuba isigulane sihlangabezana neempendulo ze-autism .
Uvavanyo olutsha, iNgcaciso, iNguquko kunye noLwazi lokuThengisa-i-Adult Version (i-3Di-Adult), sele ikhoyo kwaye (ngokutsho kwabaphandi) kulula kwaye mfutshane kune-ADOS, kwaye ichanekile. Ilinganisa intsebenziswano yoluntu kunye nokusebenzisana, kunye neminqweno enqandekileyo kunye nokuziphatha. I-3Di-Adult ihamba ngokukhawuleza ibe yinto efanelekileyo yokuhlola abadala.
Xa i-Diagnosis ayi-Autism
Akuyinto engavamile, uthi uNichols, ukuba isiguli sifumane ukulindela ukuxilongwa kwe-autism kunye nokuhamba ngesifo esithile. "Ukwahlula phakathi kwe-phobias yentlalo okanye ukunyaniseka kunye nokuphazamiseka okwenene ne-autism kunokuba nzima kakhulu kumntu omele," ushilo. Ezinye iziphazamiso, ezifana nokukhathazeka okugqithisileyo (ukunyanzeliswa, ukunyamezela, ukufuna ukwenza izinto ngokugqithiseleyo), ukuxhatshazwa kwintlalo yoluntu , okanye ukuxhalaba kwintlalo ngamanye amaxesha kungabonakala ngathi yi-autism. Ukuba ngaba oogqirha bafumana ezinye izifo, banokucetyisa unyango olufanelekileyo kunye / okanye amayeza.
Imithombo:
> Barrett SL, Uljarevic M, Baker EK, et al. Umbuzo omdala wokuziphendulela umbuzo-2 (RBQ-2A): umlinganiselo wokunika ingxelo wokukhawulela nokuziphatha okuphindaphindiweyo. Umbhalo we-Autism kunye neengxaki zokuPhuculo. 2015.
> Mandy, W. Ukuvavanya i-autism kubantu abadala: ukuvavanya kwintetho yophuhliso lwangaphakathi, oluyingqungquthela kunye noxilongo-i-adult (3Di-Adult). I-Autism Dev Disord. 2018 Feb; 48 (2): 549-560. > i-doi >: 10.1007 / s10803-017-3321-z.
> Tavassoli, T. et al. Ubume obunamkeleko obuninzi kubantu abadala abaneemeko zemigangatho ye-autism. Autism. 2014 ngoMeyi; 18 (4): 428-32. > iphoni >: 10.1177 / 1362361313477246. Epub 2013 Oktobha 1.