Iimpawu Zomntwana Wakho Mhlawumbi Ungabonakalisa I-Autism
Inkxalabo yoNxibelelwano lwezeNtlalo yi-"diagnostic", eyadalwa xa i- DSM-5 (incwadana yokuxilonga) yaphinda iphetshwe ngo-2013. Le ngxaki iquka ezinye kodwa ingezona zonke iimpawu ze-Autism Spectrum Disorder , eyenza uhlobo lwe "lite" okanye " ulula "we autism.
Ukuba uye wazi ukuba i-autism nayiphi na ixesha elithile, ingcamango yokuxilongwa kwe-autism i-"vibrator" ingavakala kakhulu.
Enyanisweni, iNgcaciso yoNxibelelwano lweNtlalo inokuxhatshazwa ngokukodwa kunye noxilongo ezimbini oluye lwasuswa kwi-Manual Diagnostic (DSM) ngo-2013. Ezi zimbini eziphazamisekile ngoku ziyi-Asperger syndrome kunye ne- PDD-NOS (i-Disorder Development Disorder Without Other Specified) .
Ngamafutshane, xa i-Asperger syndrome kunye nePDD-NOS zisuswe kwiNcwadana yokuDinga, iNgcaciso yoLwazi lweNtlalo yenziwe ukuba ithathe indawo yayo.
Inkcazo yokuxilongwa kweNgcaciso yoNxibelelwano lweNtlalo
Ezi ndlela zilandelayo ukusuka kwi-DSM-5 ka-2013 zichaza iimpawu ze-SCD:
A. Iingxaki zobomi ekusebenzisaneni kwezentlalo zokunxibelelana ngomlomo kunye nokungabonakali njengokuba kuboniswe ngabo bonke oku kulandelayo:
1.Izithuba zokusebenzisa unxibelelwano kwiinjongo zentlalo, njengokubingelelana nokukwabelana ngolwazi, ngendlela efanelekileyo kwimeko yentlalo.
2.Ukukhubazeka kokukwazi ukutshintsha uxhulumaniso kumxholo womdlalo okanye iimfuno zomphulaphuli, njengokuthetha ngokwahlukileyo kwigumbi lokufundela kuneendawo zokudlala, ukuthetha ngokwahlukileyo kumntwana kunomntu omdala, nokuphepha ukusetyenziswa kolwimi olusemthethweni.
3.Iimfono zilandela imigaqo yengxoxo kunye nokubhala ibali, njengokutshintshana kwintetho, ukuphindaphinda xa ungaqondwa kakuhle, kwaye ukwazi ukusebenzisa izibonakaliso zezandi kunye nezingenanto zokulawula ukusebenzisana.
4. Ukuqonda iingcamango ezingacaciswanga ngokucacileyo (umz., Ukwenza iingqinisiso) kunye neentsingiselo ezingabonakaliyo okanye ezingathandekiyo zolwimi (umz., Iidemon, ihlazo, izalathisi, intsingiselo ezininzi ezixhomekeke kumxholo wokutolika).
B. Ukulahleka kubangelwa ukunciphisa ukusebenza ekusebenzisaneni ngokufanelekileyo, ukuthatha inxaxheba koluntu, ubudlelwane boluntu, ukuphumelela kwemfundo, okanye ukusebenza komsebenzi, ngokwabelana okanye ngokudibana.
C. Ukuqala kweempawu kukuqala kwithuba lokuphuhlisa (kodwa ukungaphumeleli kungabonakali ngokupheleleyo kubononxibelelwano loluntu lufuna ukudlula ubuncinane obukhulu).
D.Iimpawu azibonakali kwezinye iimeko zonyango okanye ze-neurological okanye izikhundla eziphantsi kwimimandla yesakhiwo segama kunye negrama, kwaye akuchazwa bhetele yi-autism i-disorder spectrum, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo (ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo yengqondo), ukubambezeleka kokuphuhliswa komhlaba, okanye enye ingxaki yengqondo.
Ingxaki yoLonxibelelwano lweNtlalo (SCD) Njengaye kwaye ingafani ne-Autism?
Lapha, ngokwe-DSM-5, indlela yokuXhatshazwa kweNtlalo yezoLuntu ihluke ngayo kwi-autism: "Iingxaki ezimbini ziyakwazi ukwahlukana ngokubonakala kwimeko ye-autism yintlupheko yeendlela zokuziphatha , iimfuno, okanye imisebenzi kunye nokungabikho kwabo kwintlalontle ( i-pragmatic).
Ngamanye amazwi, abantwana abane-autism banomngeni wokunxibelelana noluntu kunye nokuziphatha okuphindaphindiweyo, ngelixa abantwana abaneengxaki zokunxibelelana kwezentlalo banomngeni wolonxibelelwano loluntu kuphela .
Ngokutsho kwinqaku kwi-Journal ye-Neurodevelopmental Disorders, ininzi yaloo mingeni yoqhagamshelwano loluntu inxulumene nobunzima kwiintetho ze-pragmatics (ukusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo kwentetho yentlalo):
I-SCD ichazwa yintlupheko ephambili ekusebenzisaneni koluntu kokuxhumana okungabonakaliyo nangomlomo ... Abantu abane-SCD bangabonwa ngobunzima bokusebenzisa ulwimi kwiinjongo zentlalo, ukudibanisa ngokufanelekileyo uonxibelelwano kumxholo woluntu, ngokulandela imithetho yomxholo wokunxibelelana (umz. , ngokubuya nangengxoxo yencoko), ukuqonda ulwimi olungabonakaliyo (umzekelo, amahlaya, iidayim, izalathisi), kunye nokudibanisa ulwimi ngeendlela zokuthetha ezingabonakaliyo.
Kodwa ke akunakwenzeka ukuba ube neengxaki ngokusebenzisa intetho yentlalo xa usencinane kakhulu ukuba usebenzise ulwimi oluthethiweyo okanye ungenzi. Ngaloo ndlela, abantu abane-SCD kufuneka babe ngamazwi kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu, kwaye kufuneka bafumaneke xa bekhulile ngokwaneleyo ukusebenzisa ulwimi oluthethiweyo:
Izakhono zolwimi ezaneleyo kufuneka ziphuhliswe phambi kokuba iziphumo eziphezulu ze-pragmatic deficits zifunyenwe, ngoko ukuxilongwa kwe-SCD akufanele kwenziwe ukuba abantwana baneminyaka engama-4-5 ubudala. Ingxaki yokunxibelelana kwezentlalo inokubakho ngokubambisana nezinye iingxaki zokunxibelelana kwi-DSM-5 (ezi ziquka ukuphazamiseka kolwimi, ukuphazamiseka kwentetho yesifo, ukukhubazeka komntwana ukuphazamiseka kwengxaki kunye noxinzelelo olungabonakaliyo), kodwa alukwazi ukufunyaniswa phambi kobuchopho be-autism ( ASD).
Kutheni ukuNxibelelana koLuntu kulukhuni ukuhlukana kwi-Autism
Nangona kufanele, kwinqaba, kube lula ngokwaneleyo ukuhlukanisa i-autism kwi-SCD, kunene kunzima kakhulu. Ngokwengxenye, okokuba ukuziphatha okuphindaphindiweyo akumele kube khona ukuxilongwa kwe-autism . Enyanisweni, ukuba ukuziphatha okuphindaphindiweyo kwakunjalo , kwiminyaka eyishumi eyadlulayo, kwaye sele sele yanyamalalala, unokwazi ukufumana ukuba ne-autism . Nantsi indlela le caveat engavumelekanga ichazwa ngayo kwi-DSM:
Abantu abane-disism disorder disorder bangabonisa kuphela iipatheni ezithintekayo / eziphindaphindiweyo zokuziphatha, iimfuno, kunye nemisebenzi ngexesha lokuphuhliswa kwexesha lokuqala, ngoko kufuneka imbali ebanzi ifumaneke. Ukungabikho kwempawu kwangoku akuyi kuthintela ukuxilongwa kwe-autism disorder disorder, ukuba iimfuno ezikhawulelweyo kunye nokuziphatha okuphindaphindiweyo kwakukho ngaphambili. Ukuxilongwa kwengxaki yomnxibelelwano (social pragmatic) yokuxhatshazwa kwengxaki kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo kuphela ukuba imbali yophuhliso ihluleka ukubonakalisa nawuphi na ubungqina bendlela yokuziphatha / yokuphindaphindiweyo yokuziphatha, iminqweno okanye imisebenzi.
Ngoko, ubuncinane kwiingcamango, nabani na obenokuziphatha okuphindaphindiweyo kwaye ngoku banemingeni yokuthetha inzululwazi ingafunyanwa njenge-autistic. Ngaloo ndlela (kwakhona kwimbono) ayinakwenzeka ukuqhubela phambili kwi-autism ukuxilongwa kwi-SCD. Ingakumbi, ukuxilongwa kwe-SCD kunokwenziwa kuphela emva kokuba ugqirha uhlolisise imbali yengqondo yomntwana ngokubanzi.
ILizwi
Abazali banokuziva bexhalabile ukuba umntwana wabo ufumana ukuxilongwa nge-autism kunokuxilongwa kwe-SCD enamandla, ngakumbi ukuba umntwana wabo wenza kakuhle kwiindawo ezingaphandle kwezonxibelelwano zoluntu. Basenokukhetha ukunqanda ukuziphatha okudala kwe-autism-okufana nomntwana wabo "ogqamile," ukuze agweme ukuxilongwa kwe-autism. Kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuxilongwa kwe-autism kuya kunceda umntwana wakho ngeendlela ezininzi kunokuba ungalindela. Umntu onokuthi "kuphela" Uxinzelelo lweNtlalo yonxibelelwano alinakufumana inqanaba elifanayo leenkonzo njengomntu oneempawu ezifanayo kunye ne-Autism Spectrum diagnosis. Ngoko nangona umntwana wakho ekhulile okanye efunde ukulawula iimpawu ze-autistic , kunokufanelekile ixesha lakho ukuchaza iimpawu ezidlulileyo ukwenzela ukuba uncede umntwana wakho afanelekele ukuxilongwa okubonelela ngeenkonzo ezingaphezulu kunye ezingcono kunye nenkxaso
> Imithombo:
> I-American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Incwadana yokuxilonga kunye neenkcukacha zeengxaki zeengqondo (5th ed.). EWashington, DC.
> Gibson, J., Adams, C., Lockton, E. kunye noGreen, J. (2013), ukuxhatshazwa kweentlalo ngaphandle kwe-autism? Indlela yokwahlula ukuchaza ukukhubazeka kweelwimi, i-autism esebenzayo kunye nokukhubazeka kolwimi. J Child Psychol Psychiatr, 54: 1186-1197.
> Swineford, uLauren et al. Intlalo yoluntu (pragmatic) ingxaki yokunxibelelana: ukuphonononga uphando lwalolu hlobo olutsha lwe-DSM-5. I-Journal ye-Neurodevelopmental Disorders 2014 6 : 41