Ingozi ibaluleke kakhulu xa ukhulelwa kunye nabantu abane-HIV
I-Toxoplasmosis (eyaziwa nangokuthi "toxo") ibangelwa i-single-celled parasite ebizwa ngokuba yi- Toxoplasma gondii. Ngokuqhelekileyo kubangelwa kukutya ukutya okungahlambulukanga okanye ngokuxhamla ngomlomo ngomnxeba. I-parasite inokudluliselwa ukusuka kumama ukuya kumntwana ngexesha lokukhulelwa kwaye, ngokungaqhelekanga, ngexesha lombutho okanye ukutshintshela kwe-cell stem.
Ngokwezibalo ezivela kumaziko okuLawula nokuLawula izifo, ama-13,2 ekhulwini labantu base-US abangaphezu kweminyaka emihlanu banesifo sikaT. gondii (okanye abantu abayizigidi ezingama-39).
Nangona isifo sidla ngokubangela ukuba bambalwa, ukuba kukho na, iimpawu , ziyakubhubhisa abantu ababenesistim e-immune okanye abasetyana abanegciwane ngexesha lokukhulelwa.
Ngokuqonda izizathu kunye nobungozi be-toxoplasmosis, unokuthatha amanyathelo afunekayo ukukhusela ukusuleleka kwinqanaba lobomi.
Iindlela zoThutho
I- t. gondii i- parasite ifunyanwa kwihlabathi jikelele kunye nakuzo zonke izilwanyana ezifudumalayo. Ukudluliselwa kwe- T. gondii kuyingqayizivele kwinto yokuba inokuthi ivele ngeendlela ezimbini: mhlawumbi ngokutya inyama enesifo okanye ukungena ngengozi.
Inyama echaphazelekayo
Xa usulelekile, umzimba womzimba womninimzi (nokuba isilwanyana okanye umntu) uya kukwazi ukulawula ukusuleleka. Nangona kunjalo, i-parasite ayichitha. Kunoko, kungena kwimeko ye-dormancy, ukwenza ama-cysts amancinci (ama-bradyzoites) kuwo onke amanqamzana omzimba.
Ukuba umntu uyidla isilwanyana esilulelekileyo, ezi zicubu zenyama ziyakwazi ukwenza kwakhona iipasasites ezizimeleyo (ezaziwa ngokuba tachyzoites) kwaye kubangele ukusuleleka.
Amathambo
Amakati, nokuba asemakhaya okanye asendle, ahlukile kwiyo T. gondii inokuphila kwaye ivelise kwisilwanyana samathumbu esilwanyana. Phakathi kwezi zicubu, i-parasite inokuvelisa i-cysts encinci, ebizwa ngokuthi i-oocysts, ekhutshwa zizigidi kwiingxube zekati.
Ezi zi-oocyst zikulungele ukuphindaphinda kwaye zikwazi ukusinda ezinyangeni ezininzi ezifudumeleyo okanye ezibandayo ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esinezandla.
Bangakwazi nokuba basinde kwaye baninzi kwizinto zokuhambisa amanzi.
Emva kokugwinywa, i-oocyst iqhutywe kwinkqubo eyaziwa njenge-excystation apho i-parasite ikhutshwe kwaye iyakwazi ukuchaphazela iiseli zendlela yokutya, imiphunga kunye nezinye iinkqubo zesebe.
Izizathu eziqhelekileyo
I-Toxoplasmosis isoloko iyenzeka xa i- T. gondii i- oocysts okanye i-cysts ye-tissue idliwa ngengozi. Oku kuya kwenzeka xa:
- Uyidla inyama enesifo esesibhakabhaka okanye esingaphelwanga (ikakhulu ingulube, imvu, okanye inyamazane).
- Uphethe inyama enesifo okanye iindawo zokuthintela okanye izinto ezihlambulukileyo ngenyama eluhlaza.
- Ngengozi utyisa amatye ekhatywayo xa uhlamba ibhokisi yenkunkuma okanye ukulima kwimihlaba engcolileyo.
- Udla izithelo ezingatshanjwanga kunye nemifuno ethintele umhlaba owonakaliswe ngetekisi.
- Usela amanzi ahlambulukileyo ngetekisi.
- Unokutya iimveliso zobisi ezingasetyenziswanga.
- Uyidla inyama yokutya eluhlaza.
Ingozi ngexesha lokukhulelwa
I-toxoplasmosis yintsholongwane iyenzeka xa iT. gondii idluliselwa ukusuka kumama ukuya kumntwana ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Oku kuya kwenzeka xa umama ekhulelwe ngethuba lokukhulelwa ngokwaso okanye kwiinyanga ezintathu ezikhokelela ekukhulelweni.
Ukutheleleka akuthethi ukuba umntwana wakho uya ku suleleka. Enyanisweni, ngexesha lokuqala kwekota yokuqala, umngcipheko uya kubaphantsi (ngaphantsi kweetesenti ezithandathu).
Nangona kunjalo, njengoko ukukhulelwa kuqhubeka, umngcipheko uya kukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngekota yesithathu, iziganeko zokudluliselwa kwazo ziyakwazi ukuhamba ngaphaya kwama-60 ukuya kuma-80 ekhulwini.
Ngokuqhelekanga, ukuhanjiswa kungenzeka kumama osuleleke kuT. gondii. Siyabona oku kakhulu kubasetyhini abane-HIV . Phakathi kwala manani a mabhinqa, ama-bradyzoites angadla ngokuphindaphindiweyo aze athathwe. Umngcipheko ukhula ukwanda ngokubambisana nokuncipha komzimba.
Ngubani Osemngciphekweni?
Nangona ingozi ngexesha lokukhulelwa likhulu okanye lingaphantsi kwalaba bantu ngokubanzi, uphando olwenziwa kwiZiko loLawulo lweZifo kunye nokuKhusela lubonakalisa iimpawu ezili-11 ezibeka umfazi okhulelweyo kwingozi yokunyangwa kweT. gondii :
- Uphethe ikati
- Ukucoca ibhokisi leetter
- Ukutya ingulube okanye i-ingulube, inyama, imvana, inyama yenkomo, okanye imveliso yenyama
- Ukulima
- Ukutya imifuno eluhlaza okanye engahlambulukanga okanye iziqhamo
- Ukutya imifuno eluhlaza ngaphandle kwekhaya
- Ukudibanisa nomhlaba
- Ukuhlamba iintshini zekhitshi
- Ukuba nobuthakathaka besandla
- Ukuhamba ngaphandle kweYurophu, eKhanada, okanye eUnited States
- Ukusela amanzi angatshitshiyo kwimvelaphi engcolileyo
Ingozi ngeHIV
I-Toxoplasmosis ithathwa njengentsholongwane echaphazelekayo (i-OI) kubantu abanentsholongwane kaGawulayo ngenxa yokuba kubangelwa ukugula xa isistim somzimba siphelile. Sinokukulinganisa oku ngenani lama- CD4 T-seli egazini lethu. Abantu abaphilileyo baya kuba no-800 ukuya ku-1,500 kwezi seli kwi-sampuli yegazi. Abo bangaphantsi kwama-200 basengozini yokukhula kolunye uhla lwe-OIs olunzulu kwaye lube lukhuni.
Kuba abaninzi abantu abanesifo sengculaza, isifo soT-gondii asifumaniswanga ngokutsha kodwa kunokwenziwa kwakhona kweentsholongwane zangaphambili. Xa inani le- CD4 lomntu liphosa ngaphantsi kwama-50, isistim somzimba sokuzivikela asiyi kusakwazi ukugcina i-bradyzoites ehleliyo.
I-bradyzoites, ukuthatha ithuba, iya kuguqula ibe yi-tachyzoite kwaye ivuke izibonda kunye nezitho apho zifakwe khona. Ezi zinto ziza kubandakanya ubuchopho kunye nenkqubo ye-nervous system (i-CNS toxoplasmosis), amehlo (i-toxoplasmosis eye-ocular), kunye nemiphunga (i-toxoplasmosis yamapulmonary).
Ngethamsanqa, unyango lwe-antiretroviral esetyenziswa ekuphatheni intsholongwane kaGawulayo lunokuvimbela igciwane "ukuphindaphinda. Ngokwenza njalo, i-viral population inokukhutshwa kumanqanaba angabonakaliyo , ukuvumela i-immune system ukuba iphinde ibuye ibuye ibeke uT. gondii kwakhona.
Umngcipheko ovela kwi-Organ Transplants
Ukutshintshwa kwezilwanyana ezitheleleke ngeT. gondii kunokukhokelela ekusulelekeni kumlamkeli wombutho. Oku kudla ngokubonakalayo ngentliziyo, iimpso, kunye nokufakelwa kwesibindi kunye ne- hematopoietic kunye ne- allogeneic stem cell transplants.
Nangona kunokuba kunengqiqo ukucinga ukuba oku kuya kuba yingozi ukuba ummkeli akanakho ukukhusela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kukaT. gondii , uphando oluya kumhla luye lwaphikisana kakhulu.
Olunye uphando oluqhutyelwe eNetherlands ngo-2013 lwagqiba ukuba ukuhanjiswa kweT. gondii ngexesha lokutsalwa kwentliziyo kwakungekho mpe mbelelo kumaxesha angama-577 abaye bafumana unyango lokufakelwa kwe-transplantation phakathi kuka-1984 no-1011. Kule ndawo, i-324 ivavanyelwe i- T. gondii.
Ngokwahlukileyo, isifundo esincinci esivela eMexico ngo-2017 sibheke kwiimeko ezingama-20 ze- T. gondii ezithintelo ezenzeka ngenxa yokufakelwa kwesibindi. Ngokutsho kwabaphenyi, izigulane ezili-14 (okanye iipesenti ezingama-70) zafuneka zonyango ku- T. gondii kwakhona emva kokufakelwa. Kule ndawo, ezisibhozo (okanye ama-40 ekhulwini) zafa ngenxa yesifo.
Nangona kukho ubungqina obuphikisanayo, i- Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) eyasungulwa yi-US Congress ngo-1984, inqume ukuba zonke izitho ezixhaswe zihlolwe rhoqo kwi- T. gondii. Abo bavavanyayo abanokuthi basuswe kwiinkqubo zokubonelela kodwa kunoko bahambelana nabaxhasi abavavanya kakuhle.
> Imithombo:
> Amacandelo okuLawula nokuLawula izifo. "Izidumbu - I-Toxoplasmosis (i-Toxoplasma Disease): Ukuthintela nokuLawula." E-Atlanta, eGeorgia; hlaziywa ngoJanuwari 10, 2013.
> Galván-Ramírez, M .; Sánchez-Orozco, L .; Gutiérrez-Maldonado, A. et al. "Ngaba i-Toxoplasma gondii isifo sesifo sithintela iziphumo zokufakelwa kwesibindi? Ukuphononongwa ngokufanelekileyo." J Med Microbiol. 2018. INGXELO: 10.1099 / jmm.0.000694.
> Jones, J .; Kurzson-Moran, D .; Rivera, H. et al. "I- Toxoplasma gondii Ukulungelelaniswa kwe-Seroprevalence e-United States 2009-2010 kunye nokuqhathaniswa neZithuba eziMibini ezedlulileyo. " U- J Trop Med Hyg. 2014; 90 (6): 1135-1139. INGXELO: 10.4269 / ajtmh.14-0013.
> Isebe lezeMpilo laseMzantsi Afrika kunye neNkonzo zoLuntu. "Izikhokelo Zokuthintela Nokunyangwa Kwezonyango Ezichaphazelekayo Kwi-HIV-Abathintekayo Abantwana Neengxaki Zomntwana. " I- AIDSInfo. Rockville, Maryland; hlaziywa ngoOktobha 28, 2015.
> van Hellemond, J .; van Domburg, R .; Caliskan, A. et al. "I-Toxoplasma gondii uSerostatus Ayinxulumene Nokungapheliyo Kwangexesha Elide emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwentliziyo." Ukutshintshwa kwezinto. 2013; 96 (12): 1052-58. INGXELO: 10.1097 / TP.0b013e3182a9274a.