I-White House ithatha injongo kwiluhlu lokulinda iqumrhu
Okwangoku, kukho abangaphezu kwama-120,000 aseMerika abadinga ukuguqulwa kwamalungu. Kulinganiselwa ukuba abantu abangama-22 bafa ngalunye ngelixa belinde ilungu. Njengamanye amaninzi ehlabathini, iUnited States ibhekane nokunqongophala okukhulu kwamalungu okutshintshwa. Ngako oko, ukwandisa inani leminikelo yombutho libe yinto ephambili ephambili.
Ngo-2016, ulawulo luka-Obama lwatyelela izicwangciso ezintsha ezingagcini nje ekujoliseni ekunqongopheni kweminikelo yombutho kodwa kunika inkxaso kubantu abanikela ngamalungu, okanye abaxhasi abaphilayo .
Kule nqaku, siza kujonga ngokucokisekileyo kwezi zicwangciso zokuphucula ukufumaneka kwamalungu kunye neenkuthazo zamanqaku ezinikezelwa kubantu abazinikele kwiminikelo yombutho kwamanye amazwe anjengeSirayeli.
Amagama ambalwa malunga nokufakelwa kwe-Organ Transplantation
Ukufakelwa komzimba kwaba yinkqubo eyingozi kunye novavanyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngentuthuko yezokwelapha, siye sakwazi ukutshalisa ngokuthe ngcembe izitho kubantu abaphethwe zizifo zesigxina sokugqibela, apho iqumrhu liye layeka ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo. Xa iqumrhu elibalulekileyo, njengeentso, isibindi, intliziyo okanye imiphunga yeka ukusebenza, ukufa kulandela.
Nalu uluhlu lwezinto ezihambayo kwi-descending order of frequency:
- Zezintso
- Ibindi
- Intliziyo
- Imiba
- Pancreas
- Amathumbu
Ingqalelo, izicubu, ezifana ne-cornea, ithambo, isikhumba, i-fascia, i-veen spinoid kunye neentsimbi zentliziyo, zinokutsalwa kwakhona.
Iintlobo zokufakelwa kweebindi kunye neenxalenye ezinokuthi zingathengwa kwi-donor ephilayo. Ezinye izitho, njengentliziyo nemiphunga, zivela kumnikeli osanda kufa.
Ngokukodwa, umntu angaphila ngeentso ezilodwa aze anike omnye. Ukongezelela, umntu onesibindi esinempilo unokunikela ngengxenye yesibindi sakhe kwaye isibindi siya kuvuselela. Abantu abanikela ngamalungu xa besaphila kuthiwa ngabanikeli abaphilayo .
Iminikelo yombutho kaninzi ivela kwizigulane ezibhedlele kwaye zifa ngenxa yokubetha okanye ukulimala.
Ikhomishoni Edibeneyo, eqinisekisiwe kwaye iqinisekisa amaziko enkxaso yezempilo kulo lonke, kufuna ukuba oogqirha kwiSebe elijongene nexesha elijongene noonxibelelwano neseburhulumenteni ekuthengayo malunga nazo zonke ezifayo ezenzeka kwisebe elingxamisekileyo. Ngamanye amazwi, ii-arhente ezithengisa izixhobo mazixelelwe ngamathuba anokuba khona ukuba amalungu atholakalayo atshintshwe.
Imvume yentsapho iyona nto inqande kakhulu ekuthengeni izitho zokufakelwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba intsapho iqala ngokuthe ngqo kwiingcamango zomnikelo, ke amathuba okuba umnikelo uya kwenzeka. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba umntu ofileyo uye wabonisa ukhetho lomnikelo wecandelo ngokuvuma nokubhalisa kwiSebe lezithuthi (DMV), ngoko amalungu omndeni anokuvunyelwa ukuba nawo avume.
Ukuba intsapho ingavumelani nomntu ofileyo ofanele ukunikela ngamalungu, iingcali eziqeqeshwe ngeenkonzo zentengiso kunye nolwazi olukulolu hlobo oluthile lokusombulula ingxabano zibizwa ngokuba. Ezi ngcali ziyaziwa kwimithetho yelizwe malunga nokunikezelwa komzimba kunye nokuthengwa kwempahla kwaye inokukwenza ukuba kwenziwe izigqibo.
Ukuba uceba ukunikela ngamalungu akho kwaye ubhaliswe ukuba wenze njalo, yinto efanelekileyo ukuxelela amanye amalungu osapho osondeleyo kule njongo.
Ukwenza njalo kuya kunceda ukuxazulula ukudideka kunye nokuwa phakathi kwamalungu entsapho xa usweleka kwaye uqinisekise ukuba izifiso zakho ziyahlonishwa.
Ukuphucula iiRhafu zoTshintshiso lweeMzimba
Nangona ama-95 ekhulwini lawo onke amaMerika axhaswa ngeminikelo yombutho ngokusemthethweni, kuphela ama-50 ekhulwini aseMerika abhalisiwe ukuba abe ngabanikeli bombutho. Ngokubambisana neyunivesithi ezahlukahlukeneyo, izibhedlele, iinkampani, iziseko kunye nemibutho yokukhuthaza isigulane, urhulumente wesigqeba ujonge ukukhawulela ukungafani.
Ngama-million, i-$ 200 yezigidi iya kunikwa ngemigudu yophando ejoliswe ekuqhubeni uphando kunye nophuhliso olubandakanya ukufakelwa kwequmrhu.
Ngo-2016, ulawulo luka-Obama luchaze ukuba le migudu iya kunyusa inani leminikelo engama-2,000 ngonyaka.
Nazi ezinye izicwangciso ezibekwa ngu-Obama Administration ukuphucula nokwandisa umnikelo we-Organisation eMelika kunye nokunciphisa uluhlu lokulinda ilungu:
- Ukwandisa ukuphumelela kwiNqanaba likaZwelonke. I-United Network Network for Sharing Sharing (UNOS), i-Organ Procurement Network kunye neTransplant Network, icebo lokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwinkqubo yokuthengwa kwequmrhu kunye nokutshintshwa kwenkqubo. I-UNOS iceba kwakhona ukwenza iinkcukacha ezintsha kunye nobuchwepheshe bufumaneka kwiindawo zokupasa kunye nabaphandi.
- Ukubopha amandla eMithombo yezoLuntu. I-Facebook, iTinder, Twitter, NOKUBHALISA kunye nemibutho eminye iqulunqa amathuluzi amatsha ukwenzela ukuba abaninikeli abanakho bakwazi ukubhalisa ngokulula. Le mibutho isebenzisa ijelo loluntu ukuba lisasaze iiprogram zokukhuthaza uluntu ezijoliswe kubantu abatsha. UKUBHALISWA akuyona inzuzo eyenza yokuqala irejista yokubambisa. Okwangoku, wonke urhulumente unelungelo lokubhalisa. Nangona kunjalo, xa abantu behamba, isimo sabo somnikelo wesigqeba silahleka ngokukhawuleza. I-ORGANIZE icwangcisa le ngxaki kunye ne-registry yayo ebanzi ekhoyo ngokuzimeleyo kubhaliso-karhulumente-ebhalisini esemfutshane ukuba nayiphi na inhlangano yokuthenga impahla ingasebenzisa ukufuna abaxhasi.
- I-Organic and Tissue Biofabrication. ISebe lezoKhuseleko (iDOD) lihlawulela i-$ 160 yezigidi zemali yoluntu-bucala ukuze kuveliswe i-Advanced Tissue Biofabrication Manufacturing Innovation Institute. Eli sebe liya kuphuhlisa ubuchwepheshe bezobugcisa obuya kwenza ukuba ukulungiswa nokutshintshwa kweeseli kunye nezicubu. Le teknoloji ingasetyenziswa ngenye imini ukudala izitho zokufakelwa. Ngaphezu koko, i-DOD iphinde ibeke i-$ 7 yezigidi kwiibhaso kumashishini amancinci azama ukuphucula ilungu kunye nokugcinwa kwamathambo.
- Izifo Zengqondo XPRIZE . I-American Society of Nephrology ibeka i $ 7 yezigidi ukulungiselela isifo se-Kidney XPRIZE. Ngokutsho kwewebhusayithi yayo, i-XPRIZE "yintcintiswano ebonakalayo ephakanyisiweyo, ekhupha umda wezinto ezinokwenzeka-ukutshintsha ihlabathi ibe ngcono."
- Ukuphucula iziPhumo zoTshintshiso lweebindi. I-Cystic Fibrosis Foundation iya kuxhaswa imali yezigidi ezili-15 ukuya kutshintsho oluphucula iziphumo emva kokufakelwa kwemiphunga
- Iminikelo enezibini. UWalter Reed uBethesda uyakha "kwinkqubo yesabelo sabasemkhosini," edibanisa iintsapho zemikhosi yesevisi esebenzayo kunye nezigulane kuWalter Reed abafuna intsongo kwaye kunzima ukufanisana. Kwinqaku edibeneyo, amaziko angaphezu kwama-30 asebenzisana ukwabelana ngolwazi kunye neendlela ezifanelekileyo zokuguquka kweengtso kumalungu abamkelekileyo.
- Ukudluliselwa kwe-Organ-positive. IYunivesithi yaseJohn Hopkins kunye neZiko leSizwe loLwaphulo lweZifo kunye neZifo ezithintekayo zidala isifundo esininzi esinokuphanda iminikelo yombutho phakathi kwabantu abane-HIV kunye neeprotoki zokusebenzisa i-pool-donor pool.
Ukunikezwa kweMigudu yoMnikelo
E-Israel, inani elincinci labantu linikezela ngamalungu. Ukulwa neli qumrhu kunqongophala, ngo-Matshi 31, 2008, iphalamende yase-Israel yadlulisela umthetho obeka phambili umnikelo wequmrhu kula maqela alandelayo:
- Abantu ababhalisayo njengabaxhasi bomzimba ngokusayina ikhadi lomnikeli
- Izihlobo zokuqala zabaxhasi bomzimba oshonile
- Abaxhasi abaphilayo
Umthetho okhuthaza ukunikezelwa komzimba kwaye ke unikezele ngokubaluleka kokuzikhethela ukukhetha abantu ngabanye indlela yinkcazo yeengxaki zokunqongophala kwelungu. Ngaphambi kokuba u-Israyeli adlulisele umthetho ukuvuselela umnikelo wequmrhu, kuphela iSingapore eyamisela umthetho onjalo onika inkxaso phambili ngokusekelwe kwimeko yobhaliso lombutho. Kwinqaku edibeneyo, kwiminyaka ukususela ngo-Israyeli wadlulisela umthetho onjalo, iChile nayo yenze umthetho ukuba ubeke phambili amalungu omndeni kwabaxhasi belifa.
Kwathatha iminyaka emine kulo myalelo omtsha wokukhuthaza umnikelo womzimba ukuba usebenze. Ngeli xesha, iipolisi zokwabiwa kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza zanyanzelwa ngurhulumente wase-Israel. Ukongezelela, ngeli xesha lexeshana, urhulumente wase-Israel ubambe ukuvakalisa ukuphelisa umkhankaso wezemfundo malunga nalo mgaqo-nkqubo womnikelo omtsha.
Ngomhla ka-Apreli 1, 2012, lo myalelo omtsha waqalisa ukusebenza. Abantu ababhalise ukuba babe ngabaxhasi bomzimba phambi kwalo mhla bafanelekile ukuba bafumane indawo yokufumana umbutho oqala kuqala kulo mhla. Abantu ababhalise emva kolu suku bafanele balinde iminyaka emithathu ukuze bafumane phambili. Eli xesha leminyaka emithathu lokulinda lenzelwe ukuphazamisa abantu ukuba bangabhalisanga ukuba babe ngumnikeli womzimba kuphela emva kokuba befumene ukuba baneimeko eziza kuguqulwa komzimba.
Kwinqaku le-2016 elipapashwe kwi- Economics yezeMpilo , abaxhasi kunye nabalingane basebenzise idatha yokubhalisa umbutho ukuba bafumane ingxenye ukuba ingaba umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha wokuvuselela iminikelo yombutho isebenza. Ngokwababhali beli phofu:
- Umgaqo-nkqubo omni unikezela phambili kubanikeli bombutho obhalisiweyo usebenze kwaye "ngokubanzi" inani leenombolo zokubhaliswa komzimba.
- Abantu abaninzi babhalisiwe ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uqalise ukusebenza ngo-Apreli 1, 2012, onengqiqo kuba abantu ababhalisile emva kwalolu suku babefanele balinde iminyaka emithathu ukuba bafumane isikhundla esiphezulu.
- Iiprogram zokuqwashisa zoluntu ezijoliswe ekuveliseni lo mgaqo-nkqubo wokubhaliswa kwabanikezeli-nxaxheba abangenayo.
- Ukwenza kube lula ukurejista usebenzisa iifowuni okanye iindlela ze-intanethi kwandiswe umnikelo womzimba.
Iziphumo zezifundo zikhuthaza ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni ngokubonelela ngokukhuthaza abaxhasi beziko. Nangona kunjalo, esi sifundo sinokulinganiselwa kwayo. Iziphumo zolu cwaningo zibonisa kuphela umbutho phakathi kokumiselwa kwalo mgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokunyusa ukubhaliswa kombutho. Ngamanye amagama, akukho buhlobo obunobangela-ngqo kunye nefuthe phakathi kokumiselwa kwalo mgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokwanda kwirejista yobunikazi bomzimba.
Ezinye izinto, njengemikhankaso yemfundo karhulumente kunye nokwanda okukhulu kokubhaliswa (ngefowuni okanye kwi-intanethi), kunokuncedisa nokwandisa kwiminikelo yombutho. Ngenxa yokuba esi sifundo siphezulu kwaye singenalo iqela lolawulo, kunzima ukucacisa ngokuthe ngqo umphumo ngamnye walo mgaqo-nkqubo wokuvuselela inxaxheba kumanani omnikelo womzimba.
Ngokweengcali eziphendula kwiziphumo zolu cwaningo, ukuyila komthetho wase-Israel obonelela phambili kubantu abhalise njengabaxhasi bombutho unesiphako esithile esikhulu. Ngokukodwa, isihlobo esilandelayo singakwazi ukuguqula isishumo somnikeli wokunikela ngokunikela ngamalungu emva kokufa komntu. Ngaphandle koko, "ukubhaliswa" kokubakho kungabonakala apho umntu ebhalisa ukuba abe ngumnikeli womzimba ukuba athole izinto eziphambili xa ephila kodwa eyala ukuba oonyana bokuqala baphendule esi sigqibo emva kokufa. Ngokutsho kwezi ngcali, indlela yodwa yokuthintela ukuguqulwa kunye nokubhaliswa kwabaxhasi bombutho kuxoxise umgaqo-nkqubo ukwenzela ukuba okokuqala ukuba inzala ingakwazi ukucwangcisa inkqubo yenkxaso yomzimba kwaye inqabe ukugunyaza umnikelo.
Isiphelo
Ngokutsho kweengcaphephe, i-ententivization yomzimba ngokumalunga noko kwenzekayo kumaSirayeli mhlawumbi ayiyi kusebenza kakuhle eUnited States kuba i-United States ihluke kwiindlela ezininzi ezivela kwaSirayeli. Ngaphezu koko, nangona amaMerika amaninzi efuna iinhengo, iUnited States isihambelana "nesigqeba esisityebi" xa siqhathaniswa noSirayeli.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba wena okanye othandekayo ngoku unesidingo sombutho okanye ulindele i-future need of organ (ukuhlala nokuphela komzimba), amatsha amanyathelo athatyathwe ngu-Obama kufuneka awanike ithemba. Nangona kungathatha ixesha lokuba le miqathango iqalise ukusebenza, iya kukhuthaza ukufumaneka kwamalungu eUnited States ngokunyusa amaxabiso abaxhasi, ukuphucula izixhobo kunye nokususa ezinye "ezikhohlisayo" njengeendleko kunye nokulahleka kwemali efunyanwa ngabanikeli abaphilayo.
Kwinqaku lokugqibela, ukuba unomdla wokuba ngumnikeli wombutho, nceda uqaphele ukuba ngaphezu kokubhalisa njengomnikeli kunye ne-DMV yakho yelizwe ungabhalisa kwi-intanethi kumaziko afana ne-ORGANIZE kunye ne-organdonor.gov, ebanjwe yiSebe le-US lezeMpilo kunye neenkonzo zoLuntu.
Imithombo:
I-Weaver L, i-Hobgood C. Isaziso soKufa, kunye neZikhokelo eziPhambili. Ku: Tintinalli JE, Stapczynski J, Ma, Yealy DM, Meckler GD, Cline DM. eds. I-Tintinalli Yonyango Elijongene Noxinzelelo: Isikhokelo Sokufunda Esipheleleyo, 8e . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2016. http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.proxygw.wrlc.org/content.aspx?bookid=1658&Sectionid=109449064.
IGoldberg DS, iTrotter JD. Isipho esiqhubekayo ekunikeni: Ukunyuka kweeNkxaso zeMali ngokunikela ngeNkuthazo. I-American Journal of Transplantation 2016.
Umnikelo womzimba uxhomekeka kwiTrust [editorial]. ILancet 2016.
Stoler A et al. Ukukhuthaza ukuBhaliswa kwabaBoneleli beMpilo kunye noBebenzi beZiko eziPhambili. Uqoqosho lwezeMpilo 2016; 387: 2575.
Ukulondoloza Ubomi nokunika Ithemba ngokunciphisa uLuhlu lokulindela komzimba. Whitehouse.gov.