EUnited States, i-deer ne-elk i-harbor isifo esasigxina
Ngasekuqaleni kuka-2018, ukuxhalabisa nge "zombie deer" ukusasazeka kwezigulane kubantu kubandakanyeka uluntu. Nangona kunokwenzeka, amathuba okusulelwa isifo sokuphazamiseka esingapheliyo (CWD) -yinto efana nesifo sesilwanyana esibi-emva kokuba sidle inyama yezilwanyana. Okwangoku, amaninzi amaninzi anesifo esiphantsi kweCWD. Ngaphezu koko, akukaze kubekho imeko eqinisekisiweyo yesifo esingasigxina esasigxina kwi-deer okanye elk kubantu.
Kwizondlo kunye ne-elk, i-CWD iphumela ekufeni okucothayo, okubuhlungu ekugqibeleni kubamba isilwanyana sokukwazi ukutya nokusela. Kubantu, i-CWD ichitha ingqondo. Yisifo esinjengesifo segazi esasasazwa yi-reindeer, elk, inyamazane kunye ne-moose. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-CWD ingabalwa njengesifo "esicothayo" sisifo. Izifo ezithathelwanayo ezisezantsi zibangelwa kwiintsholongwane kunye neebhonononi; I-CWD ibangelwa ngamabhonasi.
Izifo zokuchitha isifo esingapheliyo ziqondwa kakuhle kwiimeko zesifo se-prion. Masiqale ngokuthatha ukujonga ngokubanzi kwisifo se-prion.
Yintoni i-Prion Disease?
Uphando olutshanje luye lwabonisa ezine iingongoma malunga neeprinon.
Okokuqala, iithayoni ziyaziwa kuphela izifo eziphathekayo ezingenayo i-nucleic acid. Amanye amayeza asulelayo njengama-bacteria kunye ne-virus ane-DNA kunye ne-RNA ekhokela ukuveliswa kwazo. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezibhengezo zibangelwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesifo.
Okwesibini, izibhengezo zibangelwa izifo ezithintekayo, izifo zofuzo kunye neentsholongwane.
Azikho ezinye izifo ngenxa yesinye sezizathu ezibonakalisiweyo kwi-gamut ebanzi yeentetho zeklinikhi.
Okwesithathu, ii-prions ziyi-protein ezithengiswayo kwi-ingqondo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iprotheni ye-prion kucatshangelwa ukuba idlale indima ekubonakalisweni kwemisipha. Le prothini eqhelekileyo ebizwa ngokuthi iP PrP C (i-prion protein cellular) ine-alpha-helical form.
Ngesifo se-prion, lo luhlu lwe-alpha-helical lushintshela kwiphepha le-beta-pleated ebizwa ngokuba yi-PrP SC (i-prion protein scrapie). Ezi zi-PrP SC ziqokelela kwi-filaments eziphazamisa ukusebenza kwe-cell-cell kwaye zenze ukuba iseli sifele.
Amaphononti asasazeka xa ama-sheetshi (bethi-SCP) ayifumana iifom ze-alpha-helical (PrP C ) ukuba zibe ngamaphepha e-beta-pleated. I-RNA yamaselula ethile ithetha le nguqulelo. Inqaku, i-PrP SC kunye ne-PrP C inomxholo ofanayo we-amino-asidi kodwa iimeko ezifaniyo okanye imilo. Ngokungafaniyo, ulwahlulo kwezi zimbini zihambelana zingacingelwa njengezikhalazo okanye iifolthi kwintsimbi.
Isifo esiphathelene ne-Prion-Mediated Persons
Kubantu, iibhonononi zibangela izifo "eziphucayo" ezithintekayo. Ezi zifo zinexesha elide lokuxubusha kwaye kuthatha ixesha elide ukubonisa. Ukuqala kwabo kuhamba ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ikhosi yabo iyaqhubeka. Ngelishwa, ukufa akuphepheki.
Izifo eziphambene ne-Prion zabantu zibizwa ngokuba yi-encephalopathies (spseiform encephalopathies). Ezi zifo "zi-spongiform" kuba zibangela ukuba ingqondo ithathe ukubonakala kwintlanzi, iguqulwe ngemingxuma emathinjeni engqondo.
Iintlobo ezintlanu ze-TSE zenzeka kubantu kuquka ezi zilandelayo:
- Kuru
- Isifo seCreutzfeldt-Jakob (iCJD)
- I-Variut Creutzfeldt-Jakob isifo (vCJD)
- I-Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) isifo
- Ukulahla kweentsapho ezibulalayo
Inkcazo yekliniki ye-CJD iquka ukugula komzimba, ukulahleka kweempawu zomzimba, ukuxubha, ukulahleka kweso, kunye nokukhubazeka okuchaphazela kwelinye icala lomzimba. Nangona kunjalo kufana ne-kuru, echaphazela iintlanga zangaphambili eNew Guinea emva kokungena kwengqondo yabantu, i-kuru ayibangele ingqondo. Ukongezelela, i-CJD ifumaneka kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye ingahambelani nemikhwa yokutya, umsebenzi, okanye ukukhutshwa kwezilwanyana. Enyanisweni, izityalo zemveliso ziyakhula iCJD. Ngokubanzi, i-CJD ithintela umntu omnye kwisigidi kwaye ivela kumazwe apho izilwanyana zinesifo se-prion kunye nakumazwe apho izilwanyana zingaboni izifo ze-prion.
Isifo sokuchitha isifo esingapheliyo sihlobo lwe-vCJD. Ifomu eqhelekileyo ye-vCJD isifo se-spongiform encephalopathy okanye isifo seenkomo. Isizathu sokuba i-CWD kunye nesifo seenkomo ezidengekayo zibizwa ngokuba "i-variant" i-CJD kukuba eso sifo senzeke kwizigulane ezincinci kunezona zihlala zikhona ngeCJD. Ukongezelela, kukho iziphumo ezithile zokufumana izifo kunye neklinikhi ezihlukileyo kwi-vCJD.
Ngowe-1996, isifo seenkomo esibudenge sagxeka emva kokuphuma kwetyala kwi-Great Britain. Abantu abagulayo babesidla inyama yenkomo ehlanganiswe neengqondo zenkomo. Ukongezelela, abantu abodwa abanesilwanyana esithile se-prion-prion protin homozygous for methionine-bahlakulele ukugula. Kubonakala ukuba, i-prion proteins homozygous ye-methionine ilula ngokulula kwifom ye-beta-pleated (PrP SC ).
Izifo eziguqayo
Kuza kubekho namhlanje, akubangakho na matyala awaziwayo okudluliselwa kwe-CWD kubantu. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ubungqina obunjalo. Ngo-2002, i-neurodegenerative disease yafunyaniswa kumadoda amathathu adla inyama yezilwanyana kwi-1990s. Omnye wale madoda waqinisekiswa ukuba neCJD. (Khumbula ukuba i-CJD "iphuza" kwaye ithatha ixesha lokubonisa.)
Ngokwe-CDC, ngoJanuwari 2018, i-CWD kwi-deer-deing-deing, e-elk, ne-moose ibhengezwe ubuncinane kuma-22 nakumaPhondo amabini ase-Canada. E-United States, i-CWD iye yachongwa eMidwest, kuMzantsi-mpa, nakwezinye iindawo zoLwandle lwaseMpuma. Kwakhona kungenzeka ukuba i-CWD ikhona kwiindawo zase-United States ezingenazo iinkqubo zokulinda ezinamandla. Nangona ininzi ifunyenwe e-United States naseKhanada, i-CWD ifunyenwe eNorway naseMzantsi Korea.
Okuthakazelisayo, i-CWD yaqale yabonwa kwidiya ekuthunjiweyo ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960. Ngo-1981, kwafunyaniswa kwizilwanyana zasendle. Nangona ukusabalalisa kwe-CWD kwimihlaba yezilwanyana zasendle ngokuqhelekileyo kuphantsi, kwezinye iindawo, ukusabalalisa kwezifo kunokugqitha iipesenti ezili-10, ngokufikelela kuma-25 ekhulwini kwintsholongwane echazwe kwiincwadi. Ingqalelo, kwiindawo zokuthunjwa kwamadlelo, ukusabalalisa kwe-CWD ingaba phezulu. Ngokukodwa, malunga neepesenti ezingama-80 zeentlanzana emhlambini owodwa wokuthumba i-CWD.
Izifundo zezilwanyana zibonisa ukuba ii-CWD zinokudluliselwa kwiinkwenkwe ezingezizo zomntu, ezifana neenkwenkwezi, ezidla inyama yondla ecocekileyo ngengqondo okanye ngamanzi omzimba.
Kwizondlo kunye ne-elk, kunokuthatha unyaka ongaphambi kweempawu zeCJD. Ezi zimpawu zibandakanya ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo, ukungabikho nto, nokukhubeka. Akukho zonyango okanye izitofu ze-CWD. Ukongezelela, ezinye izilwanyana ziya kufa ngeCWD ngaphandle kokuba zivelise iimpawu.
Ngo-1997, i-WHO yacebisa ukuba zonke ii-arhente ezibangela izifo ze-prion-kuquka i-deer ne-CWD-zigcinwe ngaphandle kokutya ngenxa yokwesaba ukudluliselwa.
Thintelo
Ukuba i-CWD yayiza kusasazeka kubantu, indlela efanelekileyo yokukhusela oku kuhanjiswa kukungadli inyama yezilwanyana okanye inyama ye-elk. Umkhuba wokutya inyama yezilwanyana zinyuka e-United States. Ucwaningo olwenziwa ngo-2006-2007 olwenziwa yi-CDC, iipesenti ezingama-20 zabaphenduli babika ingxelo yokuzingela okanye i-elk, kwaye i-sibini kwisithathu yabika ukutya kwesidlo okanye inyama ye-elk.
Ngokusetyenziswa kwenzana kunye ne-elk esasazekayo kwaye akukho bungqina obubonakalayo bokusasazwa kodwa kubhaliwe, akunakwenzeka ukuba ininzi yezilwanyana kunye ne-elk inyama aficionados izakuyeka ukusetyenziswa kwazo. Ngoko ke, kucetyiswa ukuba abazingeli bathathe ingqalelo xa bezingela.
Amanye amaziko aseburhulumenteni aseburhulumenteni abhekisa ubungakanani be-CWD kwiindawo zasendle zezilwanyana kunye ne-elk ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo. Kubalulekile ukuhlolisisa ngewebhusayithi yelizwe kunye namagosa aseburhulumenteni bezilwanyana zasendle ukuze bakhokele kwaye baphephe ukuzingela abantu apho iCWD ibonwa khona.
Kubaluleke kakhulu, akusiyo yonke into ekujonga ngayo i-CWD kwiduna lezilwanyana zasendle kunye ne-elk. Ngaphezu koko, uvavanyo olubi lwe-CWD aluthethi ukuba intlawu okanye i-elk ayikho isifo. Nangona kunjalo, ithuba lokuba inambuzane okanye i-elk enovavanyo olungalunganga ayinalo i-CWD ephakamileyo.
Nazi ezinye iingcebiso kubazingeli malunga neCWD:
- Musa ukuphatha, ukudubula okanye udle inyamazane okanye i-elk ekhangeleka ngokugula okanye yenza izinto ezingaqhelekanga
- Gwema indlela-bulala
- Nangona i-field-yokugqoba iimbombo, gqoka i-latex okanye iiglavu zerabha, unciphise ukuphatha kwakho ubucholu okanye ezinye izitho, kwaye ungasebenzisi izityhi zasekhaya okanye izitya zasekhishini
- Cinga ukuba neyondo okanye i-elk oceba ukuyidla i-CWD
- Ukuba unomdlalo oqhutywe ngorhwebo, cela ukuba inyama yakho ilungiselelwe ngokwahlukileyo kwezinye iilwane kunye ne-elk
- Ungalokothi udle i-deer okanye i-elk ukuba iimvavanyo ezintle kwi-CWD
- Hlola kunye namagosa aseburhulumenteni aseburhulumenteni ukuba bafunde ukuba ngaba kuhlolwa kwenzana okanye i-elk ye-CWD kuphakanyisiwe okanye kuyadingeka
Ngokubhekiselele kwi-venison ye-venison kunye ne-elk inyama, iNkonzo yezoLimo lweZilwanyana kunye neNdawo yokuHlola iMpilo yeSebe lezoLimo isebenza kwiprogram ye-CWD ye-certified program. Le nkqubo inokuzithandela, kwaye abanini beenkomo bavuma ukuxhomekeka kweenkomo zabo. Akunabo bonke abanikazi bemfuyo bathatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo. Kungaba yinto efanelekileyo yokutya kuphela inyama yokutya okanye inyama ye-elk kubathengisi bezorhwebo abathatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo.
Iibhondi kwiNdidi ezithile zeNhlabathi
Ngo-2014, uKuznetsova kunye nabalingane bakhe bafumene ukuba iintlobo ezithile zomhlaba eningizimu-mpuma ye-Alberta kunye naseningizimu yeSaskatchewan (iinxalenye zeCanada) zingabamba ii-prions ezijongene neCWD.
Ngokutsho kwabaphandi:
Ngokuqhelekileyo, inhlabathi enotye ngobuncwane ingabopha ngokukhawuleza kwaye ikhulise ukunyanzeliswa kwayo ngokufana ne-aluminum clay minmorillonite. Izixhobo zezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba zihlukeneyo kwaye azibonakali kakuhle, kodwa zinokuchaphazela ukusebenzisana komhlaba. Ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo zibandakanya umgangatho we-pH, ukwakhiwa kwesisombululo somhlaba kunye nenani lezinyithi (i-oxides zensimbi) .... Inhlabathi enkulu kwi-CWD-indawo yesigodi se-Alberta neSaskatchewan yi-Chernozems, ikhona kwi-60% yendawo yonke; Ngokuqhelekileyo zifana nokubunjwa, ubumbano obunobumba kunye nomxholo wezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba, kwaye unokuthiwa njengobumba lobumba, i-montmorillonite (smectite) kunye ne-6-10% ye-carbon carbon.
Izilwanyana zidla umhlaba ukuze zihlangabezane neemfuno zazo zeemigodi. Lo mhlaba uphinde uqaliswe emhlabathini ngohlobo lweentsimbi okanye izidumbu. Ngaloo ndlela, iibhononi zingenziwa ngebhayisikili emhlabathini. Kubonakala ngathi iibhondi zidibanisa kakuhle nodongwe.
ILizwi
Kuza kubekho namhlanje, akubangakho ukuhanjiswa okuqinisekisiweyo kwesifo esingasigxina esivela kwizinyamazane okanye i-elk kubantu; nangona kunjalo, iingcali zixhalabele ingozi. Isifo sokubhubha esingapheliyo sifana nesifo seenkomo esibi, esiye saqulunqwa ukuba sisasaze kwiinkomo kubantu.
Xa udla inyama yezilwanyana okanye inyama ye-elk, yinto efanelekileyo yokuthatha amanyathelo okukhusela kwaye ukhangele ulwalathiso oluvela kumagosa aseburhulumenteni aseburhulumenteni. Ngomdlalo wasendle, ungalokothi udle inyama kwidumbu okanye i-elk ebonakala igule. Ukongezelela, yinto efanelekileyo yokufumana inyama yezilwanyana zasendle okanye inyama ye-elk ihlolwe i-CWD.
Xa uthengisa inyama yezorhwebo okanye inyama ye-elk, qiniseka ukuba le nyama iqinisekisiwe njengokuba ingenayo i-CWD.
> Imithombo:
> Izifo eziguguleyo. CDC.
> Kuznetsova A et al. Indima enokubakho yempahla yomhlaba ekusasazeni kwe-CWD entshonalanga yeKhanada. Prion. 2014; 8 (1): 92-9.
> Prusiner SB, uMiller BL. Izifo zePeron. Ku: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, uLongo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Imigaqo yeHarrison ye-Medicine yangaphakathi, i-19e eNew York, i-NY: i-McGraw-Hill; 2014.
> Iintsholongwane ezisezantsi kunye neePheron. Ku: Levinson W. eds. Ukuphononongwa kwe-Medical Microbiology kunye ne-immunology, 14e eNew York, NY: McGraw-Hill.