Ezininzi ezininzi izibonelelo; I-Autism Spectrum
I-Autism "yintlupheko yembonakalo," oko kuthetha ukuba abantu abane-autism banokubakho ubuninzi beempawu ezinobunzima, ezilinganayo okanye ezinzima. Kodwa ngaba bonke abantu abane-autism-diagnostic disorder bafumana ingxaki efanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziphi iimpawu zabo?
Indlela i-Autism Diagnoses Has Changed ngayo kwiminyaka ezayo
Ukususela ngo-1994 ukuya kuMeyi ka-2013, i-autism i-spectism yayimelwe yimilinganiselo emihlanu ye-autism i-diagnostic kwi-fourth version ye-Manual Diagnostic Manual. Baquka i-Asperger syndrome, i-Disperveve Developmental Disorder ngaphandle kokuchazwa ngokucacileyo (PDD-NOS), i-Autistic Disorder, i-Childhood Disintegrative Syndrome kunye ne-Rett Syndrome.
Ngelishwa, ezi zixilongo zadideka. Akunzima kuphela ukucacisa, kodwa ootitshala abahlukeneyo bakhetha ukuxilongwa okuhlukileyo kwezigulane ezifanayo. Ukucacisa ukuxilongwa kwabo, oogqirha (kunye nootitshala kunye neengcali) ezisetyenziselwa "njenge-autism enzima," "i-autism elula," kunye "ne-autism esebenzayo." Le migaqo, nangona kunjalo, ayiyiyo i-diagnostic yeyona nto yonke; zichazwe nje. Kwaye ngoxa bejoliswe ekuncedeni abazali nabafundisi ukuba baqonde kangcono isimo somntwana kwi-autism spectrum, isicatshulwa ngasinye sineengcamango zabo zolu hlobo "olunobumnene" okanye "olunzima" olunokubonakala ngathi.
Indlela Esicinga Ngayo Nge-Autism Namhlanje
Ngo-2013, inguqu yesihlanu yeNcwadana yokuDinga ipapashwe. Kwi-DSM-5, kukho enye "i-autism disorder disorder." Wonke umntu onokuxilongwa nge-autism, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yimpawu zakhe, sele esetyenziswe phantsi kwesi sifo. Amanqanaba amathathu e-autism, kunye neenkcazelo ezifana ne "ezingabonakaliyo" zenzelwe ukuba ufumane ukuxilongwa lula kwaye kucace.
Kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba siyeka ukusebenzisa amagama asebekhulile okanye angaqhelekanga, amanye awo acacile ngakumbi kune-Autism Spectrum Disorder Level II. Enyanisweni, oogqirha kunye nabanye oogqirha banokusebenzisa amagama afana neAsperger Syndrome ngelixa besebenzisa ikhowudi entsha ye-autism yeenjongo zokuhlawula.
Siyakwamkelwa kwihlabathi eliyinkimbinkimbi ezininzi.
Yintoni i-Autism Spectrum?
"I-autism spectrum" ichaza isicwangciso sokulibaziseka nophuhliso oluchaphazela izakhono zoluntu nezonxibelelwano, kwaye kumgangatho ophezulu okanye ongaphantsi, izakhono zezithuthi kunye nolwimi. Ukuxilongwa ngokubanzi ukuba kunokubandakanya abantu abane-IQ ephakamileyo kunye nokulibala kwengqondo. Abantu abane- autism bangaba neengxoxo okanye bathule, abanomdla okanye ababandayo, abaqhelanisiweyo okanye abangahlambulukanga.
Kuze kube ngo-Meyi 2013, ukuxilongwa ngokusemthethweni kwisiganeko se-autism kubandakanya ukuphazamiseka kwe-autistic, ingxaki yokuphuhliswa kwintlalo-engekho enye (PDD-NOS), i-Asperger syndrome, i-Childhood Disintegrative Disorder kunye ne-Rett Syndrome. Namhlanje, kukho enye i- Autism Spectrum Disorder , enezigaba ezintathu zobunzima-kodwa abaninzi beengcali, oogqirha, abazali kunye nemibutho bayaqhubeka nokusebenzisa imiqathango efana ne-PDD-NOS kunye ne-Asperger syndrome.
Ziziphi iingxaki eziphuhlisayo zoPhuhliso?
I- " Ingxaki yokuPhuhliswa ngokuPhezulu " iyisigqeba esisemthethweni sokuthi, phakathi kuka-1994 no-2013, kwakuthetha into efanayo ne "autism spectrum disorder." Ukuba umntwana wakho wafunyaniswa phambi kuka-2013 usenokuba ulivile eli thuba kumhloli okanye ugqirha, kodwa akusetyenziswe ngokubanzi.
Yintoni iAsperger Syndrome?
I-Asperger syndrome ichaza abantu kwisiphelo esiphezulu sokusebenza se-autism. Ixesha - kunye nokuxilongwa - kususwe kwinqununu yokuxilonga ngo-2013, kodwa phantse wonke umntu kwindawo yoluntu i-autism iyaqhubeka ukuyisebenzisa ngenxa yokuba luncedo ekuchazeni iqela elikhethekileyo labantu . Abantu abane-Asperger syndrome ngokuqhelekileyo bavelisa ulwimi oluthethwa ngolwimi ngendlela efana nokukhulisa abantwana, kodwa babe nexesha elinzima kunye noqhagamshelwano loluntu. Ezi ngxaki ziba zibala ngakumbi njengoko zikhulayo kunye nokulindela uluntu. Ngenxa yokuba abantu abane-Asperger syndrome bahlala bengengqiqo-kodwa "bathe" - ngokuthe ngenye indlela i-disorder ibizwa ngegama elithi "geek syndrome" okanye "isifo seso senzululwazi."
Yintoni I-Autism Engenayo?
Igama elithi " autism elula " akuyiyo i-diagnostic esemthethweni. Kuphela nje ixesha elichazayo ngakumbi kune "Asperger syndrome" okanye "autism." Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa abantu basebenzisa i-autism ye-autism ebonakalayo bhekisela kubantu abathile abaneempawu ezifanelana nokuxilongwa kwe-autism, kodwa ngubani onamandla okuthetha ngomlomo kunye nemiba embalwa yokuziphatha. Kodwa ke, abantu banokuba neengxaki ezibalulekileyo zonxibelelwano loluntu. Basenokuba neengxaki zokujamelana negalelo elininzi kakhulu (ingxolo enkulu, izibane ezikhanyayo, njl.).
Yintoni ephakamileyo yokusebenza kwe-Autism?
Njenge-autism, i-autism ephezulu esebenzayo (ngamanye amaxesha ifutshane kwi-HFA) yimizuzu eyenziweyo eyenziwa ngokuqhelekileyo. Ngesinye isikhathi (ngaphambi ko-2013), eli gama lisetyenziselwa ukwahlula "i-autism" kwi "Asperger syndrome." Ukwahlula okusemthethweni okwenziwa ngabagqirha phambi ko-2013 kukuba abantu abane-HFA babenayo okanye banokubambezeleka kwenkulumo ngelixa abantu abane-Asperger Syndrome banokuphuhliswa kwentetho evamile. Ewe, le mihla ayikho i-Asperger syndrome ... eyenza ukuhlukana.
Yintoni i-PDD-NOS?
" Ingxaki yokuPhuhliswa okuPhezulu ngokungaqhelekanga " ingumlomo wamagama, de kube ngo-2013, ayetyenziselwa ukuchaza abantu abangazange bafanelane neendlela ezithile zokuxilonga kodwa zize zenzeke. Ngenxa yokuba ayikho indlela elula yokuchaza iimpawu zePDD-NOS, ezinokuthi zihluke kwiindawo ezincinci zize zibe nzima kakhulu, isigaba sokuxilonga asikho, nangona ukuxilongwa ngokutsha, iNgcaciso yoLuntu lweNtetho , ingaba yinto efana neyo "catchall".
Yintoni i-Autism ebonakalayo?
I-autism enamandla ayiyiyo i-diagnostic esemthethweni; Kunoko, lixesha elichazayo kunye ne-autism ebonakalayo, i-autism esebenzayo, kunye ne-autoism. Abantu abane-"autism enzima" bahlala bengabinakhulunywa ngomlomo kunye nangengqondo, kwaye banokuziphatha okunzima kakhulu.
Yintoni i-Rett Syndrome?
I-Rett syndrome yintlupheko yemfuza echaphazela kuphela amantombazana. Nguyena kuphela weengxaki zokuqala ze-autism ezinokuthi zifunyanwe unyango (kude kube ngoku) - kwaye ngo-Meyi 2013, alusekho kwi-Autism Spectrum. Amantombazana ane-Rett syndrome ahlakulela iimpawu ezinzima kuquka iimpawu zokunxibelelanisa neentlalo ze-autism. Ukongeza, i-Rett syndrome inokuyingozi kakhulu into yamantombazana ukusebenzisa izandla ngokufanelekileyo.
Yintoni i-Autism Pismotype?
I- autism phenotype ebanzi iquka abo bantu abanomdla wokubambisana nge-autism. Ngamanye amaxesha kuchazwa ngokuba "neempawu zethunzi." Izimpawu ezinjalo ezintle, ezibonakalayo kodwa ezingabonakali ukusebenza kwansuku zonke, ziqhelekileyo phakathi kwamalungu entsapho abantu abane-autism egcwele. Ngaba le nto i-autism? Okanye nje uhlobo lomntu? Njengemibandela enxulumene ne-autism, kuxhomekeke ekubeni ngubani oyicelayo.