I-autism ebonakalayo ayiyi-Diagnosis esemthethweni, kodwa iyingxaki ezizodwa
Akukho nto ichazwa ngokuthi "i-autism enzima." Xa ixesha lisetyenzisiweyo, ngoko, yindlela nje yokuchaza izinga lomntu lokusebenza kunye neemfuno. Ngezinye izikhathi i-autism ebizwa ngokuba yi-autism ephantsi, i-autism ye-autism, i- "Kanner's" autism (emva komntu ochaze okokuqala i-autism njengengxaki ekhethekileyo), okanye i-autism enzulu. Ngokucacileyo, ichaza abo bantu abanegunya elinempawu ezibalulekileyo.
Imingeni yoLuntu okanye "iNqanaba 3" i-Autism
Enye indlela yokuchaza i-autism enzima kukuba uthethe ngezinga lokuxhaswa elifunekayo kumntu onokuxilongwa ukuba asebenze ngokukhuselekileyo. Incwadana ye-diagnostic manual (DSM-5) ihlinzeka ngamanqanaba amathathu e -autism, kunye nenkxaso engaphezulu efunekayo kwinqanaba ngalinye. Abantu abane-autism ezinzima ngokuqhelekileyo bafumaneka ukuba babe ne "Nqanaba 3" I- Autism Spectrum Disorder , oku kuthetha ukuba badinga inkxaso eninzi. Akuyinto engavamile ukuba umntu one-autism enzima afune inkxaso ne-supervision 24/7.
I-autism enobukhulu ingaba nzima kakhulu kunzima nakwezinye iintlobo ze-autism. Kungenxa yokuba (1) abantu abane-autism eninzi banemiba efana nayo nayiphi na enye kwi-spectrum, kodwa kwizinga eliphezulu kakhulu; kunye (2) nabantu abane-autism ezinzima bahlala benempawu ebalulekileyo engabonakaliyo kwi-autism ephezulu yokusebenza. Ezi ntlobo ezimbini zemibuzo zingenza kube nzima ukuba umntu one-autism (okanye intsapho yakhe enamandla) ukuba asebenze kakuhle kwizicwangciso eziqhelekileyo ukusuka kwisikolo ukuya kwisitolo kwiofisi yegqirha.
Iinguqulelo ezingakumbi zeMpawu eziQheleleyo zoMbane
Ukuze ufanele ukufumana ukuxilongwa kwe-autism, umntu kufuneka abe neempawu ezibonakalayo ezaneleyo zokuphazamisa ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Wonke umntu omele u-autistic kufuneka abe noluntu, unxibelelwano kunye nemingeni eyenza ubomi bube bunzima; kwanokuba kuthiwa "ukusebenza okuphezulu" i-autism ingaba nzima kakhulu.
Kodwa loo mingeni iphakanyiswa kumgangatho ohluke kakhulu kubantu "abaneqhinga". Umzekelo:
- Iingxaki kunye noLwimi : Nangona wonke umntu onesifo sengqondo se-autism anexesha elinzima kunye nezakhono zentlalo kunye noqhagamshelwano, abantu abane-autism abanamandla kakhulu abanakho ukukwazi ukusebenzisa ulwimi oluthethiweyo . Basenokubonakala bengathathi saziso kubantu ababajikelezile.
- Ukungasebenzi. Abantu abaninzi kwicala le-autism banesisindo sokungasebenzi (baxakeke kakhulu okanye bengacabangeli ngokwaneleyo ukukhanya, isandi, ukuthintela, ukunambitha okanye ukuvumba). Abantu abane-autism ezinzima bavame ukuba neengxaki kakhulu, ukuya kwinqanaba elingaphuma kwizihlwele, izibane ezikhanyayo okanye izandi ezivakalayo zinokuba nzima.
- Iingxaki zeCognitive. Abantu abaninzi abane-autism banama-IQ aphezulu. Abanye banako i-IQ kwi-75 okanye i-75 ye-cut-off for what used to be called a delayed mental. Ngokuqhelekileyo, nangona kunjalo, abantu abane-autism ezinzima baye bahlaselwa kwi-IQ ephantsi kakhulu, nangona bavavanywa ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zokuvavanya ezingekho phantsi kwezandla. Kubalulekile ukwazi, nangona kunjalo, ukuba okubonakalayo kunokukhohlisa: abanye abantu abane-autism abanamandla baye bafunda ukunxibelelana ngokusebenzisa uphawu, iipelence okanye ezinye izixhobo. Abanye balabo bantu bathetha ngokucacileyo, kwaye bacacisa ukuba ubuncinane abantu abathile abane-autism abanamandla banamandla kunokuba babonakala.
- Ukuziphindaphinda. Uninzi lwabantu kwibala le-autism liziphatha ngokuphindaphindiweyo nokuziphatha okuzivuselelayo . Abantu abaphezulu baphakamisa izandla zabo, idwala, okanye bafake iminwe yabo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, banako ukulawula ezi ziphatha ixesha elithile xa kuyimfuneko. Abantu abane-autism ezinzima banokuba neendlela ezininzi zokuziphatha, kwaye ezo ziphatha zinokuba zizingqongqo kwaye zingakwazi ukulawulwa (ukugubungela, ukugubha, ukuxuma, njl njl njl.).
- Iimpawu zoMzimba. Abantu abane-autism ezinamandla banokuthi babe neempawu zomzimba kangangokuba ngamanye amaxesha zibonakala zingabonakali. Ezi zibandakanya ukulala, ukuhluthwa, kwaye, ngokweminye imithombo, imiba yesisu. Ngenxa yobunzima babo noqhagamshelwano, imiba enjalo ingakwazi ukungafunyanwa okanye ingafumaneki. Isiphumo sesifo esingasifumaneki sisifo singaba nemiba yokuziphatha eyabangelwa yintlungu.
Iingxaki ezingaqhelekanga ezichaphazela abantu abane-Autism ebonakalayo
Ngokwabanye abaphandi, iziganeko ezigqithisileyo ezibonwe kwi-autism ekhuselekileyo zidla ngokubakho ngenxa yokukhungatheka, ukugqithisa ubuninzi, okanye intlungu. Ngenxa yokuba abantu abane-autism abanzima kunzima ukuthetha ngeemfuno zabo ngomlomo, banokufumana ukubonakalisa kwimimiselo eyoyikisayo kubaxhasi babo nabanye. Ukuba iziphathamandla azikwazi ukujongiswa okanye ezilawulwayo, zinokuba yingozi; Kwiimeko ezininzi kuba nzima ukuba abazali okanye abantakwabo bahlale ngokukhuselekileyo kunye nomntwana osemtsha okanye umntu omdala.
- Ukuzilimaza. Nangona ukuzilimaza kunokwenzeka phakathi kwabantu abaneendlela ezinamandla ze-autism, iimpawu ezinjenge-heading-banging kunye ne-pica (ukutya okungekho ukutya) zixhaphake kakhulu kubantu abane-autism enzima.
- Ukunyamezela noLuntu-nxu luLuntu. Ukuncintisana akunakunqabile kwi-autism, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ayilwanga, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu abane-autism (okanye phakathi kwabantu abane-autism kunye neminye imiba efana nokuxhalaba okukhulu). Abantu abane-autism ezinzima bangenza ngokubetha, ukubetha okanye ukukhaba. Basenokuba neziphathamandla ezinjenge-fecal smearing, ingcango yokungena, njl. Efuna impendulo ekhawulezayo nangempumelelo.
- Ukunyuka kunye no-Eloping. "Eloping" (ukuhamba ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacileyo kwaye akukho ndawo ekhethekileyo) iqhelekile phakathi kwabantu abane-autism enzima. Ngokungafani nabantu abasebenza ngokuphezulu, abantu abane-autism abanamandla abanakho izixhobo zokunxibelelana nabaphendulayo bokuqala. Oku kunako ukwandisa amathuba okuba umntu uya kuphefumula kwiimeko eziyingozi. Kwezinye iimeko, ukukhutshwa okukhethekileyo, i-alamu, kunye nezixhobo zokuchonga ziyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa komntu onamandla okwenza i-autism.
Unyango lwe-Autism ephezulu
Akukho zonyango ezonyanga i-autism njengengxaki. Kukho ke, kukho uluhlu olubanzi lwezonyango kunye nononophelo lwezokwelapha ekujonganeni neempawu ezithile ze-autism. Ezinye zezi zinto azikho nto engengqiqo.
- Khangela imiba engokwenyama nokunyamezela kokutya. Bambalwa abantu abane-autism abanamandla abanokukwazi ukuchaza izibonakaliso zomzimba okanye iingxaki. Ngaloo ndlela, yinto efanelekileyo ukuqala ngokujonga ukuba umntwana ophethe i-autism eneempawu ezibonakalayo ezinokuthi zenze ingozi yokuziphatha. Akuqhelekanga, umzekelo, ukufumanisa ukuba ukuziphatha komntwana okwenzakalayo empeleni kuyimpendulo kwiintlungu ezinzima zesisu - iintlungu ezingaphathwa ngokuguqulwa kokutya. Xa intlungu sele ihambe, umntu ufumana kulula ukuphumla, ukubandakanya, ukufunda, nokuziphatha ngokufanelekileyo.
- Fundisa izakhono zokunxibelelana. Abantwana abaninzi abane-autism enamandla ababiyo. Nangona bafunda ukusebenzisa ulwimi oluthethiweyo, abanye bakunzima ukubuza okanye ukuphendula imibuzo, kwaye banokuphindaphinda izandi ngaphandle kokunikezela intsingiselo kubo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uninzi lwabantu abafanayo abakwaziyo ukuthetha banako ukuthetha ngokusebenzisa umqondiso, amakhadi omfanekiso, iibhodi zamagama ezidijithali, kunye neekhibhodi. Unxibelelwano, ngokuqinisekileyo, luyintloko kulo naluphi uhlobo lokubandakanya nokufunda.
- Ukubonelela ngeemeko ezicwangcisiweyo, eziphantsi. Kwabanye abantu abane-autism enamandla, isimiso esiqhelekileyo kunye kunye nezibane eziphantsi, izandi ezimbalwa, ukutya okuqikelelweyo kunye nokuxhasa imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla kunokunceda kakhulu.
- Iingcali zonyango. Umntwana onamandla omzimba uhlala esabela kakuhle kwi- Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), uhlobo oluthile lolwaphulo lokuziphatha olunikezwa ngokungahlawulwanga esikolweni kunye neenkqubo zokungenelela kwangaphambili. Ulwaphulo oludibeneyo olunokubambisana luyakunceda, njengoko i-autism enzima isoloko ivela kunye nemingeni enzulu. Ezinye iindlela zokwelapha ezincedo ziquka intetho, unyango lomsebenzi , unyango lomzimba kunye, ngamanye amaxesha, udlala iyeza .
- Mayeza. Unyango lwe-autism oluqhelekileyo ngokuqhelekileyo lubandakanya imishishini yokuxhalabisa kunye nemiba ehambelana nayo. Iziyobisi ezichasene neengqondo nazo zingasebenza, njengokuba zinokukhusela izidandatheko. Kubalulekile ukubeka iliso kakuhle iimpendulo zomntwana kwiziyobisi, njengoko - kwezinye iimeko - iziphumo ezibi okanye ukusebenzisana kunokubangela iingxaki ezininzi njengoko zixazulula.
> Imithombo:
D oyle, uCarolyn, et al.Pharmacologic unyango malunga neempawu zokuziphatha ezinxulumene neengxaki ze-autism eziphazamisa ubomi. Iingxoxo zeKlinikhi ye-Neurosci. 2012 Sep; 14 (3): 263-279.
> Ghaeli, Padideh et al. "Impembelelo yoMngcipheko kwiiNkcukacha ezingundoqo ze-Autistic Disorder esekelwe kwi-Childhood Autism Rating Scale: Uvavanyo lwe-Label evulekileyo." I- Indian Journal ye-Psychological Medicine 36.1 (2014): 66-70. PMC . KwiWebhu. 29 kuMatshi 2016.