Phantse umntu wesithathu wabantu abasebenzisa i-autism basebenzise encinci okanye bangathethi ulwimi
Ngokwenzululwazi yeYunivesithi yaseBoston, malunga neepesenti ezingama-30 zabantu abaxilongwa nge-autism disorder disorder "abazange bafunde ukuthetha ngaphezu kwamagama ambalwa." I-autism engabonakaliyo iphenywe kakubi, kwaye encinci iyaziwa malunga nenkqubo yokucinga yabantu abangathethiyo. Nangona kunjalo, uphando luqhubeka, kwaye ubuchwepheshe obutsha buvulela iingcango zokunxibelelana nokuqonda.
Yintoni i-Nonverbal Autism?
Phantse umntu wesithathu wabantu kwi-autism spectrum ayisebenzisi ulwimi oluthethiweyo okanye amagama ambalwa nje. Bonke aba bantu banokuchazwa njengokuba bengabonakali. Nangona kunjalo igama elithi "autism nonverbal" alikho isimo seburhulumenteni, kwaye akukho nto ichazwa ngokuthi "yi-autism". Ngokwengxenye, kungenxa yokuba akukho mgca ocacileyo phakathi kwabantu abakhulumagama nabangabonakaliyo abane-autism. Umzekelo:
- Abanye abantu abane-autism abangabonakaliyo bahlakulela ukukwazi ukusebenzisa amagama ambalwa ngendlela enengqiqo kodwa abakwazi ukuqhuba naluphi na uhlobo lwencoko enkulu. Ngokomzekelo, banokuthi "imoto" ithetha ukuba "masihambe ngokukhwela," kodwa ngeke bakwazi ukuphendula umbuzo othi "kufuneka sihambe phi?"
- Abanye abantu "abangabonakaliyo" banako ukuthetha kodwa bengenalo ikhono lokusebenzisa ulwimi ngendlela enentsingiselo. Laba bantu bangakwazi "ukuvakalisa" izikripthi kumabonwakude okanye ngamazwi abafundiswe ngabagqirha. Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa ezi mpendulo ukuxubusha iingcamango okanye iiminqweno, nangona kunjalo, zibonakala zisebenzisa "i-scripting" njengendlela yokuvuselela ukuzincama.
- Abantu abambalwa abangabonakaliyo abakwazi ukusebenzisa ulwimi oluthethiweyo kodwa banako ukuthetha ngolwimi olubhaliweyo okanye olutyiweyo, ulwimi lwezandla lwaseMelika, amakhadi omfanekiso okanye amadivaysi oqhagamshelwano lwedijithali. Xa umntu ekhulumisana ngokukhawuleza, nangaphandle kolwimi oluthethiweyo, ukukwazi kwabo ukubandakanya kwihlabathi kukunyuka kakhulu.
Ngaba Ukungabi Ncoko Kuthetha Ukungabi Nengqondo?
Nabani na ofumana i-IQ yamanqaku angama-70 okanye ngaphantsi kwiimvavanyo ezithile ezibhalwe nge-Intellectually disabled (ID). Kuze kube kutshanje, kwacatshulwa ukuba bonke abantwana abangenabantwana abane-autism babekhutshaziwe ngokwengqondo ngenxa yesizathu esilula ukuba izikolo zabo ze-IQ zawela phantsi (zihlala ziphantsi ngaphantsi) 70.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, nangona kunjalo, kuye kwacaca ukuba iimvavanyo ze-IQ eziqhelekileyo zixhobo ezihluphekileyo zokulinganisa amandla okuqonda kubantwana abane-autism-ngakumbi xa abo bantwana bengabonakali. Izizathu zicacileyo; umzekelo:
- Iimvavanyo ze-IQ, ngenxa yeyona nxalenye, kuxhomekeke kumandla omntu ovavanyayo ukuba aqonde ngokukhawuleza aze aphendule ulwazi lomlomo. Abantwana abangenabantwana abane-autism bafumana imingeni kule mimandla echaphazelekayo okanye ingenakho ukudibanisa nolwazi olusisiseko.
- Uninzi lweemvavanyo ze-IQ zifuna amandla okuqonda nokuphendula kwimimiselo yoluntu kunye nokulindela, nokuphendula ngexesha elithile. Ezi zilindeleko zinzima kakhulu kubantwana abane-autism, nokuba ngaba izityholo okanye akunjalo.
- Imiba enomdla engayibangela imiba yabantwana abaqhelekileyo inokuphazamisa abantwana nge-autism. Abantwana abangenabantwana abane-autism abanakho ukuvumela abahloli ukuba bazi malunga nemiba enjalo.
- Abahloli abanqabile ukuqeqeshwa ukuba basebenze kunye, bahlanganyele, okanye "bafunde" abantwana abaneemfuno ezizodwa, ingakumbi abantwana abangabonakaliyo. Ukuba abanako ukubandakanya umntwana, akunakwenzeka ukuba umntwana uza kubonisa izinga eliphezulu lokukwazi.
Ngako-ke, i-IQ kufuneka ilinganiswe njani phakathi kwabantwana abangenabantwana abane-autism? Ngokufanelekileyo, impendulo kufuneka ifake iimvavanyo ze-IQ ezingabonakaliyo kunye nokuqwalaselwa okungahambisani novavanyo.
I-TONI (uVavanyo lweNgqondo engabonakaliyo) ngumzekelo omnye wovavanyo lwe-IQ olungabonakaliyo oluqhelekileyo lukhetho olungcono kubantwana abangenabantwana kunye nabantwana abane-autism ngokubanzi.
Ukuqwalaselwa kwabantwana abangabonakaliyo kwizicwangciso eziqhelekileyo kunokubonelela ngeenjongo zokuvavanya ngolwazi lwehlabathi lokwenene malunga nobuchule ngokubhekiselele kwizakhono zokuthabatha uvavanyo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngelixa abantwana abangaboniyo ngokuzimeleyo bangakwazi ukusebenzisana okanye baqonde ngokupheleleyo injongo yeemvavanyo ezilinganiselweyo, banako ukujongana nemingeni engqondweni njengokuxazulula iingxaki zematriki okanye iipuzzle ezinzima.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, izithili zesikolo okanye i-arhente ziyakwamkela iziphumo zezi zi vavanyo nantoni na ngokukhawuleza, kodwa uphando lubonisa ukuba banakho amathuba okubonakalisa ukuba nokwenene komntwana.
Kutheni Abantu Abangenayo Abantu abane-Autism Bafunda Ukuthetha?
Enye yezinto ezintle kakhulu ze-autism ezingabonakaliyo kukuba akukho mntu uyazi ukuba kutheni abanye abantu abane-autism abakwazi, okanye bangayisebenzisi ulwimi oluthethiweyo. Kuxakeke ngakumbi kuba abantu abambalwa abangabonakaliyo kwiimpawu banokukhetha ukuthetha ngokusebenzisa ulwimi lwezandla lwaseMerika, amakhadi omfanekiso kunye neentlobo zezixhobo zedijithali.
Enyanisweni, abanye abantu abane-autism banabantwana bokuthetha ngentetho, isifo sengqondo esenza ulwimi olubhetele lube nzima kakhulu. Kodwa abaninzi abantu abangabonakaliyo kumbono we-autism abanalo i-apraxia; abayathethi nje. Ngokucacileyo, kukho ukungafani komsebenzi wengqondo ovimbela ulwimi oluthethiweyo, kodwa ngeli nqanaba, akukho mvumelwano malunga nokuba zeziphi iimeko ezahlukeneyo okanye ukuba zichaphazela njani na umntu ngamnye.
Izifundo zisebenzisa izixhobo ezifana ne-electroencephalograms (ukulinganisa ama-brainwave) kunye ne-MRI (ukulinganisa umsebenzi wezobuchopho) kumzamo wokuqonda kangcono into eyenzeka ngaphakathi kwengqondo yomntu ongenakho okanye ongakwazi ukuthetha. Abanye balinganisa amehlo. Okwamanje kubonakala kucace ukuba abantu abanengqondo yokungazithethi baqonde ngakumbi kunokuba baxoxe; kodwa kungakanani na, kwinqanaba elingakanani, lihlala lingacacanga.
Ngaba Umntwana Wami Nge-Autism Uza Kufunda Ukuthetha?
Ngokugqithiseleyo, abagqirha basebenzisa igama elithi "preverbal" kunokuba "bangabonakali" ukuchaza abantwana be-autistic abangasebenzisi ulwimi oluthethiweyo. Ngamanye amaxesha eli gama lichanile: abantwana abambalwa abanikizileyo abanokuthetha ngokulibaziseka banokukwazi ukuthetha ngolwimi oluthethiweyo. Ezinye ziba kakuhle. Abanye, nangona kunjalo, abanakufumana ngaphezulu kwamagama ambalwa, ukuba oko.
Kwiingcamango, umntwana okhaliphileyo kakhulu ukuba uya kufunda ukuthetha. Le ngcamango, nangona kunjalo, ingxaki kuba kunzima ukufumanisa ingqondo kumntwana ongathethiyo.
Ngokomxholo weWorkshop we-NIH kwi-Nonverbal School-Abantwana abakhulileyo abane-Autism, "... kunzima kakhulu ukuvavanya aba bantu ngezixhobo zemveli eziqhelekileyo. yelizwi elinye, okanye inkulumo ekholisayo, ibonakala ibaluleke kakhulu ekufuneni ulwimi oluthethiweyo emva kweminyaka emihlanu ubudala.
Kulo mbini uphando kunye nocwangciso lwezocwangciso, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa ukuba ngaba abantwana abanamagama (okt, akukho ulwimi oluthethiweyo), i-preverbal (oko kukuthi, abantwana abancinci abangakhange bavelise ulwimi lwezandla), okanye abangaboniswanga (okt, bengenagama okanye izakhono zonxibelelwano ezingabonakaliyo). "
Ndingayikhuthaza njani Umntwana wam ukuba athethe (okanye ekunxibelelaniseni okuthe tye)?
Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokukhuthaza nokuphucula ulwimi oluthethiweyo kubantwana abane-autism, nangona kungekho siqinisekiso sokuba nayiphi na indlela eya kusebenza ngayo nayiphi na umntwana onikwe. Uphando lubonisa ukuba unyango lwentetho , ukungenelela kokuziphatha , kunye nokudlala unyango lunokuphucula ukuthetha ngomlomo. Olunye uphando lwangaphambili lubonisa ukuba unyango lomculo kunye nobuchule obunxulumene lunokuchaphazela entetho.
ILizwi
Ukuba umntwana wakho engathethi okanye esebenzisa amagama ukuthetha, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ezi zinto zibalulekileyo kwaye zibalulekileyo:
- Ukufunyanwa kweelwimi ngokukhawulezileyo akukona kubonakaliso lwe-IQ ephantsi okanye i-prognosis.
- Abantwana abane-autism banokuphuhlisa ulwimi ngokukhawuleza kunokuba bahlakulele abantwana, oko kuthetha ukuba kukufanelekile ukuqhubeka unyango lwentetho.
- Unxibelelwano usebenzisa amacandelo angasetyenziswanga ngamazwi (amakhadi omfanekiso we-PECS, ulwimi lwezandla, njl njl.) Lunokuba luleke kakhulu ekumiseni ukunxibelelana. Abantwana abakha izakhono zonxibelelwano basebenzisa ezi ndlela bafumana ubunzima beelwimi ngokuthe tye.
- Kuyafaneleka ukuba ixesha labazali, imali kunye namandla okutyalomali kwiipedijithali, iinkqubo zokusebenza kunye nesofthiwe evumela umntwana wabo ukuba axhumane ngokubethelela imifanekiso (okanye, kwezinye iimeko, kwiibhodi eziphambili).
Nangona kukho iinombolo ezinkulu zezixhobo zokukhuthaza intetho kunye noqhagamshelwano, nangona kunjalo kubalulekile ukucima ukucaca kweempawu ezivakalayo ezintle. Ehlabathini le-autism, enye yeengcipheko ezinokubakho " inxibelelwano enxibelelwano ," apho uphando "lusekela" ingalo yomntu onobuntu ngelixa ebonisa. Le ndlela isasetyenziswa, kodwa iqhutywe yiinkalo ezininzi ezibonisa ukuba nguyena mfo, kungekhona umntu ongu-autistic, okhokela ukunyathelisa ngomunwe.
Imithombo:
> Berdick, Chris. Ukukhanyela ikhowudi yokuthulisa kubantwana abane-autism abangathethi. Website yaseBoston University. Julayi 2015.
> Isiko leSizwe soMntu ongenalumko kunye nezinye iingxaki zoNxibelelwano. I-Workshop ye-NIH kwi-Children-Old Age School ene-Autism. Epreli 2010.
> Bardikoff, N. et al. Ukuvavanya i-IQ engabonakaliyo kubantwana abane-Autism Spectrum Disorders. Uphando kwi-Autism Spectrum Disorders. Umqulu 8, iNdaba 9, Septemba 2014, iphepha 1200-1207
> Rudacil, Deborah. IQ izikolo azikho umlinganiselo omhle womsebenzi kwi-autism. I-Spectrum News, 6 uJanuwari 2011.