Unxibelelana njani nomntu ongenakho ukuthetha okanye ukusebenzisa ulwimi lwezandla? Abantu abaninzi abane-autism banxibelelana ngokusebenzisa amakhadi omfanekiso. Ingaba kunqunywe kumaphephancwadi, ukushicilelwa kumaCD, okanye kuthengwa njengesethi, amakhadi omfanekiso anika abantu abanegunya lokuthetha, iimfuno kunye neengcamango ngaphandle kwemfuneko yolwimi oluthethiweyo.
Ekubeni abantu abaninzi kwicala le- autism bafunda ukufunda, kubonisa ukuqonda ukuqala ukuthetha nemifanekiso. Kubaluleke kakhulu, imifanekiso yindlela yonxibelelwano yendalo yonke kwaye iqondakala ngabantu abangaqhelekanga okanye abatsha njengontanga okanye ngabazali okanye abagqirha.
Inkqubo yoTshintsho loTshintsho lweZithombe (iPECS)
Kwimimandla ye-autism, igama le-PECS (ngokuqhelekileyo libizwa ngokuthi "i-pex") liye lafana namakhadi omfanekiso waluphi uhlobo. Kwaye, njengokuba "kleenex" sele ithetha into efanayo "nezicubu," i-PECS iye yalahlekelwa yintsebenziswano enkulu. Kodwa i-PECS ngokwenene yiprogram yemveliso yePramramid Education Products, iqumrhu elincinci elisekwe-1980 nguLori Frost no-Andrew Bondy.
Imveliso yePyramid ivelisa inani elungileyo lamakhadi omfanekiso, nangona kungabikho iqoqo elikhulu lemifanekiso ekhoyo. Zivelisa iincwadi ezinobumba ezidibeneyo ezilungiselelwe ukugcina imifanekiso evulekile; kodwa, kwakhona, oku akuzona izinto ezikhangayo okanye ezipheleleyo zekhadi lesithombe kwimarike .
Okubaluleke ngakumbi kwifilosofi ye-PECS ayikho amakhadi omfanekiso okanye abanikazi bawo, kodwa kunoko inkqubo eyenziwa ngabantwana abangabinamazwi (kunye nabantu abadala) bawasebenzisa ukusebenzisa amakhadi. Ngethuba lexesha, bange abenzi be-PECS (kwaye amabango abo axhaswa ngamava kunye nophando), abantwana abasebenzisa i-PECS bakhe izakhono zokuxhumana ezizimeleyo.
Ngexesha elifanayo, ngokucacileyo njengemveliso, abantwana abaninzi banokufumana ulwimi oluthethileyo.
Indlela yePECS
Ukuba ukhetha ukusebenzisa i-PECS (ngokuchasene nokunikezela ngamakhadi ezithombe njengethuluzi lokunxibelelana) kufuneka uqeqeshwe ngeMveliso yePiramidi. Inkqubo yabo yoqeqesho ilungiselela ukuba usebenze nomfundi ngezigaba ezintandathu:
- KwiSigaba esisodwa, umqeqeshi (nguwe) usebenza nomfundi kunye nabanononophelo ukuba bafumene oko kunokubangela ukuba umfundi ngamnye (ibhola, ithoyizi, ukutya, njl). Amakhadi adalwa loo mfanekiso okhuthaza into kunye neqela labaqeqeshi kunceda umfundi ukuba athole ukuba, ngokunikezela ngekhadi, banokufumana into efunwayo.
- KwiSigaba sesibini, umqeqeshi uhambela kude nomfundi, ukwenzela ukuba umfundi kufuneka afike kumqeqeshi aze anike ikhadi. Esi sifundo sobuchule bokuphila ekufuneni nasekufumaneni enye ingqalelo yomntu.
- Isigaba sesithathu sifuna umfundi ukuba acacise phakathi kweemifanekiso ezininzi xa ecela into ethile. Kwabafundi abathile oku kulula, kwabanye, kunzima. Abanye abafundi bafunda kakuhle kwiifoto, kunye nabanye abaneemifanekiso ezibonisa imifanekiso ekhangelelana nokubonakala kwezinto.
- Isigaba sesine siqala abafundi kwinkqubo yokwakha izivakalisi ngokuthi "iziqendu zesigwebo." Esikhundleni somfanekiso omnye, banokuthi bayeke "Ndifuna" ukuqala kwinqanaba lokudala umvakalisi: "Ndifuna ibhola."
- Imiba emingeni emihlanu yabafundi yokwakha imibuzo usebenzisa iziqendu zesigwebo, abaqalayo kunye nemifanekiso.
- KwiSigaba sesithandathu, abafundi bafundiswa ukubeka izimvo kwihlabathi elibangqongileyo ngokuphendula kwimibandela enjengale "uva ntoni?" "Ingaba ubona ntoni?" Bafunda ukusebenzisa i-descriptors ("ibhola eluhlaza obuluhlaza") kunye nolwimi olunzima kakhulu.
Le nkqubo yokufunda ithathe iiveki, iinyanga okanye iminyaka ukugqiba. Kuyo yonke, abafundi bayakhuthazwa ukuba basebenzise i-PECS kwizicwangciso ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo kunye namaqabane ahlukeneyo.
Kutheni iPECS?
Unxibelelwano olunxulumene nesithombe luphantse lukhululekile. Yonke into oyifunayo yiphephancwadi elizele imifanekiso, i-scissors, i-noteleaf notebook kunye ne-velcro.
I-PECS, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inokuba yinto ebiza kakhulu: amawaka angamakhulu ama-dollar ekuqeqesheni okuqala, amakhulu emininzi ngokubonisana rhoqo, njalonjalo. Ngaba ixabiso?
Ngokutsho kweMveliso yePiramidi, umahluko phakathi kwe-PECS kunye noxilongo olulula olusekelwe kumfanekiso lukhulu. Okubaluleke kakhulu, umehluko ukhona ekunikezeni umfundi izixhobo zokuthetha ngokukhawuleza nangokuzimela. Ukongezelela nje ukwenza ukuba unxibelelwano lube lula, le nkqubo inokuthi:
- Ukunciphisa ukuziphatha okubi okubangelwa zixhalabisayo;
- Ukwandisa ukufumaneka kokufunda kunye nokusebenzisana;
- Ukwenyaniswa kwandisa kunye nokusondelana komzwelo ;
- Yakha izakhono zolwimi ezizithethiweyo (oku akusiyo umphumo ngqo we-PECS, kodwa kubonakala ngathi kwenzeka njengezakhono ze-PECS).
Imithombo:
Frost, L. & Bondy, A. (2006). Ulwimi oluqhelekileyo: Ukusebenzisa i-BF Skinner ye-Verbal Behavior for Assessment nokuPhathwa koKhubazeka koNxibelelwano kwi-SLP-ABA. I-Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Analysis Behavior Analysis. 1, 103-110.
> URuth Anne Rehfeldt noShannon L. Root (2005). Ukuseka izakhono ezifunyenweyo ezifunyenweyo kubantu abadala abanokukhubazeka okukhulu. Umbhalo we-Applied Behavior Analysis, 38, 101-105.
Yokoyama, K., Naoi, N., & Yamamoto, J. (2006). Ukufundisa indlela yokuthetha ngomlomo usebenzisa iNkqubo yoLwazi lweNxibelelwano lokuTshintshana (iPECS) kunye nabantwana abane-disistic disorder disorder. IJapan Journal of Education Special, 43, 485-503.