I-ABA iyakwazi ukufundisa izakhono nokuguqula ukuziphatha.
I-ABA ifutshane kwi-Analysis Behavioral Analysis, kwaye idlalwa ngokuba yi "standard standard" yokuphathwa kwe-autism. Ukusetyenziswa kohlalutyo lweendlela zokuziphatha (ABA) yinkqubo yokunyangwa kwe-autism ngokusekelwe kwiingcamango zokuziphatha, ngokucacileyo, zichaza ukuba "ukuziphatha okuchanekileyo" kunokufundiswa ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yembuyekezo kunye nemiphumo (okanye, ngoku kutshanje, ivuza kunye nokugwema imivuzo).
Incazelo enye yezobugcisa ichaza ngale ndlela:
- Ukusetyenziswa - imigaqo esetyenziselwa ukuziphatha ngokubaluleka koluntu
- Indlela yokuziphatha-ngokusekelwe kwimigaqo yokuziphatha yesayensi
- Uhlalutyo - inkqubela phambili iyalinganiswa kwaye kungenelelo olwenziwe utshintsho
Imbali ye-ABA
UDkt. Ivar Lovaas, isazi senzululwazi yokuziphatha, u-ABA waqala ukusebenzisa i-autism kwiSebe le-Psychology e-UCLA ngo-1987. Wayekholelwa ukuba izakhono zentlalo nezokuziphatha ziyakwazi ukufundiswa, kwanabantwana abakhulu be-autistic, ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-ABA. Le ngcamango yayiyiyo (kwaye ikhona) ukuba i-autism iyimpawu zempawu zokuziphatha ezingatshintshwa okanye "zicime." Xa iziphathamandla ezizenzekelayo zingabonakali kumbonisi, ukucinga ukuba i-autism ngokwayo iphathwa kakuhle.
Xa waqala ukusebenzisa i-ABA, uLovaas wayengenasibindi ngokuqesha izigwebo ngenxa yokungathobeli, ezinye zazo ezinokuba nzima. Le ndlela iye yaguqulwa kwiimeko ezininzi, kodwa isasetyenziswa kwezinye izicwangciso.
Ngokubanzi, ke, "isijeziso" siye satshatyalaliswa "ngokuthintela imivuzo." Umzekelo, umntwana ongaphenduli kakuhle "umyalelo" (umyalelo) akayi kufumana umvuzo (ukuqinisa) njengento yokuthanda intando.
Ingcamango yombono ngeendlela zikaLovaas (kwaye abaninzi abantu banomuvo wokuthi u-ABA uhlambalaza kwaye unengqondo), yakhe ingcamango yaba yinto echanekileyo: abaninzi ukuba ngaba abaninzi abantwana abafumana uqeqesho olunzulu lwe-ABA bafunde ukuziphatha ngokufanelekileyo ubuncinane ngexesha elithile - - kwaye abanye baye balahlekelwa ukuxilongwa kwe-autism emva kweeminyaka zonyango olunzulu.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ukufunda ukuziphatha okufanelekileyo kuyinto efanayo "ukuphiliswa", kunjalo, umbuzo ongathandabuzekiyo.
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iindlela zikaLovaas ziye zafundiswa kwaye zaguqulwa ngabagqirha abaneemibono eyahlukileyo yokuziphatha. Iinkqubo ezinjenge "impendulo ebalulekileyo" kunye ne "ABA-based AB-based" ziye zazinyuliswa ngokuthe tye kwi-autism.
Yintoni Abantwana Abangayifunda Ngo-ABA?
Ininzi yexesha, i-ABA ihloselwe "ukucima" ukuziphatha okungathandekiyo nokufundisa iimfuno kunye nezakhono ezifunayo. Ngokomzekelo, i-ABA ingasetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ukugqithiswa kunye neengxaki okanye ukufundisa umntwana ukuba ahlale phantsi, sebenzisa amagama ukwenza izicelo, okanye ulinde ithuba lokudlala kwindawo yokudlala. I-ABA ingasetyenziselwa ukufundisa izakhono ezilula nezinkimbinkimbi. Umzekelo, i-ABA ingasetyenziselwa ukuvuza umntwana ngokuxubha amazinyo ngokuchanekileyo, okanye ukwabelana nomdlalo wokudlala kunye nomhlobo.
Nangona i-ABA ingasetyenziselwa ukubeka indawo "yemvelo" (indawo yokudlala, umzekelo), ayihlosile ukwakha izakhono zengqondo okanye zentlalo. Ngoko, umzekelo, ngelixa i-ABA ingasifundisa umntwana ukuba agubungele izandla okanye abingelelane nomnye umntu onokubamba ngesandla, akuyi kunceda umntwana ukuba abe noxinzelelo lomntu nomntu. Kuthatha umgqirha ongaqhelekanga ukusebenzisa i-ABA ekufundiseni umxholo wokufunda, ukucinga okanye ukucinga, okanye uvelwano; ngenxa yoko, ezo zakhono zivame ukufundiswa ngezinye iindlela.
I-ABA Imisebenzi
Indlela eyona ndlela yoLovaas eyona nto iqala "ngezilingo ezichanekileyo" unyango. Icandelo elilindelekileyo liqulethwe ngumgqirha kumbuza umntwana ukuziphatha okuthile (umzekelo, "Johnny, nceda uthathe isipuni"). Ukuba umntwana uyavumelana, unikwa "ukuqiniswa" okanye umvuzo ngendlela yokutya okuncinci, ephakamileyo ezintlanu, okanye nayiphi na enye umvuzo othetha into ethile kumntwana. Ukuba umntwana akahambisani, akafumani umvuzo , kwaye ityala liphindwaphindwa.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba umxholo othile wonyango ojongene novavanyo lusekelwe ekuhlolweni komntwana ngamnye, iimfuno zakhe kunye nobuchule bakhe.
Ngako oko umntwana osuvele unakho ukukwazi ukuhlenga imilo, akayi kucelwa ukuba ahlele imilo engapheliyo ngemivuzo - kodwa iya kugxila kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, enzima yoluntu kunye / okanye yokuziphatha.
Abantwana abancinci kakhulu (phantsi kweminyaka emithathu) bafumana ifom ye-ABA echitshiyelweyo esondele ngakumbi ekudlalweni kwonyango kunokuba iilingo ezichanekileyo. Njengoko bephethe ukuziphatha, abaphengululi abaqeqeshwa kakuhle baya kuqala ukuthabatha abantwana kwiimeko zesimo sehlabathi ngokwenene apho bengakwazi ukuvelisa iimpawu abazifundileyo baze bazibandakanye kumava eentlalo eziqhelekileyo. I-ABA ingasetyenziselwa, kwenye yeendlela ezininzi, kunye nabantwana abadala, intsha, okanye abantu abadala .
Ngaba u-ABA Unelungelo Lomntwana Wakho?
I-ABA ikuyo yonke into, ihlala ikhululekile, kwaye inceda abantwana abane-autism ukusebenzisa iziganeko "ezilindelekileyo" kunye nokulawula ezinye zeengcinga zabo ezinzima. Ezi zakhono zendlela yokuziphatha zingenza umehluko omkhulu kumntwana wakho olawula amava nakwiindawo zoluntu.
Kodwa akusiyo yonke i-ABA therapist efanelekile kumsebenzi, kwaye akuwona wonke umntwana ophendula kakuhle kwiyeza lokuziphatha.
Njengazo ezininzi iindlela ze-autism, u-ABA ufanele uvavanyo. Ngaphambi kokuba uqalise, ke, qiniseka ukuba umqeqeshi wengane yakho uqeqeshiwe, uyazi ukuba uza kusebenza kunye nomntwana wakho kwaye uza kusebenza kunye nomgqirha wakho ukusekela iinjongo ezilinganiselweyo. Gcina iso isohlo kwenkqubo kunye neziphumo.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, qaphela impendulo yomntwana wakho kumgqirha kunye nonyango. Ngaba uyavuya xa "efika" esebenzisana naye? Ingaba uyayiphendula loo mpilo ngokumomotheka kunye nokubandakanya? Ngaba ufunda izakhono ezamnceda ebomini bakhe bemihla ngemihla? Ukuba iimpendulo zithi "ewe," uhamba ngendlela efanelekileyo. Ukuba akunjalo, lixesha lokuhlaziywa kwakhona.
> Imithombo:
> Smith, T. et al. Ukusebenza kohlalutyo lokuziphatha olusebenzayo kwi-autism. J Pediatr. 2009 Julayi; 155 (1): 151-2.
> Granpeesheh, D. et al. Ukusetyenziswa kwamanyathelo okuhlaziywa kwabantwana abane-autism: inkcazo nokuhlaziywa kophando lwezocwangciso. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2009 Julayi-Sep; 21 (3): 162-73.