Funda ngeMigomo njengoM Mand, i-Reforforcer, ne-Echo
I-ABA (i-Applied Behavior Analysis) kukuba, nayiphi na imilinganiselo, ityitrasi ethandwa kakhulu kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu. I-ABA ingasetyenziselwa ukufundisa iimpawu ezifanelekileyo okanye izakhono, kwaye zihlala zibonelelwa kubantwana be-autistic ngokusebenzisa ukungena kweendleko zangaphambili kunye neenkqubo zesikolo.
U-ABA Usebenza njani?
I-ABA yakhiwe malunga nokuziphatha kwemveli. Ukuziphatha kuthatha ukuba izilwanyana kunye nabantu bafunda ukuziphatha ngokufanelekileyo kuba basabela kwimiphumo emihle okanye nemiphumo.
Kwinqanaba elilula, izinja zenza amaqhinga ngenxa yokuba zilindele ukuphathwa, kwaye ziyakuphepha ukudonsa kwi-leash ngenxa yokuba abayithandi imvakalelo yekhola. Kwinqanaba elininzi kakhulu, abasebenzi basebenza nzima xa bekulindele ibhonasi kwimigudu yabo eyongezelelweyo, kwaye bayakuphepha ukuba kumqeshi wabo kuba abayithandi imbono yokuya ejele.
I-ABA yonyango esebenzisa i- theory yokuziphatha ukufundisa abantu abane-autism ukuba baphendule ngokufanelekileyo, benze izicelo, baze baziphathe ngendlela efanayo. Kule minyaka, abaphandi ba-ABA bafumene ukuba iziphumo zokungathobeliyo aziyiyo kuphela into engathandabuzekiyo, kodwa nazo azidingekile. Ngaloo ndlela, kwiimeko ezininzi, i-ABA therapists ayisebenzisi imiphumo okanye isohlwayo; Kunoko, ukuba umntwana akakwazi ukuthobela, akafumani umvuzo.
Ifom yezona zinto ziphambili ze-ABA zonyango zilula:
- Uqala ngokumisela, ngentetho okanye ukuzama, yintoni umvuzo onomdla kakhulu kumntwana. Nangona abanye abantwana besabela ngokugqithiseleyo ekumomotheni nasekudumiseni, abanye banokuthi baphendule ekuphatheni okufana nokutya okuthandayo okanye ithuba lokwenza into abayithandayo.
- Emva koko, ubuza umntwana ngokuziphatha okufunayo. Ukuziphatha okunokuba yinto elula njengokuthi "uthathe i-spoon", "phinda eli gama", "gama le nto," okanye enzima njengokuba "nencoko efanelekileyo kunye nomfundi ofunda naye."
- Ukuba umntwana uyasabela njengoko ufuna, uyafumana umvuzo. Ukuba akunjalo, akukho mvuzo. Kwezinye iimeko, isicelo siyaphindwa de kube umntwana ehambelana.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ifomu elilula kakhulu le-ABA elichazwe ngasentla, elibizwa ngokuthi "iilingo ezixilisayo," akuthi yindlela ekhoyo kuphela ye-ABA. Enyanisweni, kukho uluhlu olubanzi lweendlela ezintsha ze-ABA kunye namagama afana ne "impendulo ebalulekileyo" kunye "nokufundiswa kwemvelo kwendalo" engaphantsi kolawulo. Zonke izicwangciso ze-ABA, nangona kunjalo, zisekelwe ekuziphatheni nasekusebenziseni imivuzo ekuqiniseni ukuziphatha okulungileyo.
Ziziphi iimeko ezisetyenzisiwe ngu-ABA Therapists ukuchaza iNyango?
I-ABA ngokwayo ayinzima kakhulu. Kodwa njengamaqela amaninzi obuchwephesha, iiphilisi zendlela yokuziphatha zisebenzisa imigaqo ekhethekileyo (jargon) ukuchaza oko benzayo. Nazi ezinye ezimbalwa zeemigomo ozoyiva kumntwana wakho we-ABA:
- Ukuphathwa okanye umvuzo owenzelwa umsebenzi owenziwe kakuhle ubizwa ngokuba yi- reinforcer .
- Isicelo sokuziphatha okufunwayo sibizwa ngokuba ngumyalelo .
- Isilathisi esilinganiswayo okanye igama (umtshilo uthi "yitshilo" kwaye umntwana uthi "isipuni") kuthiwa yi- echo .
- Ithebula yesandi (umthandi uthi "yintoni le nto?" Kwaye umntwana uyasabela "i-spoon") kuthiwa yiqhinga .
- Impendulo echanekileyo yengxoxo (umtshilo uthi "ufuna ntoni na?" Kwaye umntwana uphendula ngokuthi "ikhukhi") kuthiwa yi- intraverbal .
Zihluke njani i-ABA koMzali Oqhelekileyo okanye Ufundisa?
Ngoko yintoni umehluko phakathi kwesigqibo kunye nesicelo, okanye u-reinforcer kunye nomvuzo? Umzekelo, ukuba uthi "uJaney, ukuba uthetha i-spoon ndiya kukunika i-cookie," ngaba wenza into efanayo ne-ABA therapist?
Ukwahlukana, ngokutsho kuka-Amanda Reed, i-BAppSc, i-MA, incinci. "Isigunyaziso sisisicelo, kodwa zonke izinto eziza ngaphambi nangemva kwesicelo. Ngaphambi kokufika kwamagunya athile uhlobo lokunciphisa okanye ukuphazamiseka ."
Ngokomzekelo, ugqirha, ukwazi ukuba umntwana uthanda ii-cookie ze-Oreo, unokubamba i-Oreo esandleni sakhe kwaye ubonise umxhasi.
Oku kukunyanzelwa okanye ukuphazamiseka . Xa umxhasi esebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo isigunyaziso ngokucela icookie usebenzisa amagama, amakhadi omfanekiso, iimpawu, njl, uphando uphendula ngokunika i-cookie. Ukuba umthengi uvele nje, umgqirha unqanda ikhukhi kwaye uyalela ukuba umsebenzisi asebenzise igunya elifanelekileyo.
> Imithombo:
> Hagopian, uLouis et al. Uhlalutyo lwendlela yokuziphatha. Kennedy Krieger. KwiWebhu. 2017.
> Udliwano-ndlebe no-Amanda Reed, BAppSc, MA, uMlawuli woPhuhliso kwiCandelo leNkonzo yeeNkonzo zePiramidi. Septemba, 2010.
> Slocum, uTimoti A. et al. Isenzo esisekelwe kubungqina bokuhlalutya kokuziphatha okusebenzayo. " Uhlalutyi lokuziphatha 37.1 (2014): 41-56. PMC . KwiWebhu. 24 Agasti 2017.