Funda malunga ne-ABA kunye Nokuba Kutheni Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziswe kwi-Autism
Kukho ngokwenene akukho nto "njenge-autism therapy." Nangona kunjalo, abaninzi abantu bachaza uvavanyo lwe-Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) ngokuthi "unyango lwe-autism," ngokukodwa kuba lukho unyango oluqhelekileyo oluza kunikwa kwaye luhlawulwe ngethuba lokungenelela kunye neenkqubo zesikolo.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba i-ABA, eyenziwe ngamashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo, yinto enye yeendlela ezininzi zokuphatha unyango olunikezelwa abantwana abane-autism.
Kodwa ke, "umama" wezo zonke ezohlukeneyo, kwaye ezithandwa kakhulu (ngokuyininzi ngenxa yokuba zinokuxhaswa ngemali!).
Kukho izizathu ezimbalwa zokuba kungani i-ABA ixhaphazwa ngokuqhelekileyo kubantwana kwi-autism:
- I-ABA iye yajikeleza ixesha elide, njengoko liphuma kwindlela yakudala "yokuziphatha" eyenziwa nguBF Skinner emva kwe-1900. Ngenxa yoko, kusekwe kakuhle kwaye iyaqondwa (nangona i-ABA, phantse kuwo onke amacandelo, indlela enobungakanani kunye nobanzi obubanzi kunendlela yokuziphatha yokudala).
- Iziphumo ze-ABA ziye zafundiswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwiminyaka emashumi. I-ABA iboleka ekufundeni kuba iyonyango eqala ngokucacileyo, iinjongo ezinokulinganiswa kwaye iphunyezwe ngendlela efana neyona ndlela yonyango ngamnye.
- Ngenxa yokuba iphunyezwe ngendlela efanayo ngabo bonke abagqirha, kulula ukuqeqesha abantu ukuba baqalise i-ABA. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iiprogram ze-ABA ziphuhliswa ngophando oluqeqeshiwe, kodwa ke luphunyezwe yi-paraprofessional.
- Ngenxa yokuba i-ABA inenjongo ezichanekileyo, kulula ukuyijonga nokulinganisa impumelelo. Oku kwenza i-ABA "isiqhelo segolide" isihlobo esinobuhlobo, ngokomzekelo, kwimiba yophuhliso eyenziwa ngabanye kwimingeni ethile yomntwana ngamnye, amandla kunye neemfuno zakhe. Umbuzo wokuba ingaba usebenza kakuhle, awuyi kuvela, kuba kunzima kakhulu ukuthelekisa iindlela ezisentloko ukuya kwintloko.
- Abantwana abane-autism bahlala bephethe iimingeni ezinzima, ezifana nokuxhaphaza nokuxhaphaza. I-ABA yonyango ihlala isebenza ngokunciphisa ukuziphatha kakubi ngelixa ikhuthaza ukuziphatha okufunayo.
Yintoni eyiyo ngokuhlalutya indlela yokuziphatha nokunyanga?
Uhlalutyo lokuziphatha luvela kwingcamango yokuba iziphathamandla, nangona zinzima okanye zidideka, ziyakwazi ukuqonda ngokubakho ngqalelo, ukugcinwa kwengxelo kunye nokuhlalutya. Emva kokuba ukuziphatha kuqondwa, kuya kuguqulwa kusekelwe kwiimfuno kunye neminqweno yomntu oziphatha ngayo.
Ukuhlaziywa koBuchule bokuSetyenziswa (ABA) ngenye indlela unyango lwe-autism luzuze kwingcamango yokuhlalutya kokuziphatha.
Abasebenzi be-ABA bavavanya abantwana abane-autism baze batyumbe kwaye / okanye baphumelele ukungenelela ukukhuthaza iimpawu ezithile okanye "ukucima" ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, ukungenelela kungabandakanya imiphumo emibi (isijeziso), kodwa namhlanje, phantse zonke iingcali zivuma ukuba isijeziso asikho nje ukuziphatha kakubi kuphela kodwa nakwinkoliso engenasiphelo.
Ibhodi yeZiko lokuQinisekisa iBhodi yeCandelo lokuQinisekisa (iBACB), inhlangano esekelwe eFlorida, inikezela izatifikethi ekuhlalutheni kokuziphatha kubantu abanezigulane kunye neesitifiketi zamatters.
Ukongezelela, ezinye iivunivesithi zinikeza iqondo lokugxininisa ekulawuleni ukuziphatha. Ngona kunjalo, kuninzi, iingcali zengqondo ngabantu abavela kwiinkalo ezinxulumene-imfundo, i-psychology, umsebenzi wentlalo, njl. - abathathe iikhosi baze baqoke amava ekuqwalaseleni, ukuhlalutya nokulawula iingxaki ezinzima.
Kutheni Umntu Ophethe I-Autism Ufuna Ukubona i-ABA Therapist?
I-ABA therapists basebenze ukwakha iimpawu ezinqwenelekayo nokuphelisa ukuziphatha okungathandekiyo. Abantwana abane-autism babesoloko bekunzima ekuphuhliseni iindidi ezithile zokuziphatha ezinqwenelekayo (ukujonga ubuso, ukusebenzisana nabanye, ukusebenzisa intetho ngokuchanekileyo, njl.).
Kwakhona banokuthi babe neempembelelo ezingathandekiyo ezivela kwi-spinning or flapping to abuse-self-abuse ukushaya, ukukhaba okanye ukungena kwizithuthi. Abantu be-Autistic bangaphinda bafumane iindlela ezingathandekiyo zokuphepha ukwenza into abafuni ukuyenza: banokuthi bahlaziye, badibanise phantsi kwetafile, okanye bayeke ezinye izinto ezingakhethiweyo.
Yintoni i-Speciist Character Do for People with Autism?
Inxaxheba yengcali yokuziphatha ukugcina indawo yengane, ukuqokelela idatha malunga nekhono lomntwana, imingeni, ukhetho kunye neemfuno, kwaye ucebise kunye / okanye wenze iinguqu ezifanelekileyo kunye / okanye ukungenelela. Amanyathelo angenelela ku-1: 1 unyango kwiitshathi zokuziphatha ezinamathenda kunye nemiklomelo ekhuthazayo kwiinguqu ezenza ukugqithiswa kwemvakalelo okanye ukukhungatheka okungafunekiyo. Ngethuba lexesha (ngokuqhelekileyo lixesha elide!) ABA ingafundisa uluhlu olubanzi lwezakhono kunye nokuziphatha - ukusuka kwiinyosi zokurhweba kwindawo yokudlala.
Ndingayifumana Njani I-Specialist?
Enye inketho yokufumana abantu abaneenkcukacha ngokuqeqeshwa ekuhlalutheni kokuziphatha kukungena kwi-BACB yobhaliso, evumela uluntu jikelele ukuba lufune abantu ababhalisiweyo kwindawo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba imo imingeni inzima ivela kwisikolo esikolweni, isithili sesikolo siza kuzisa ingcali yokuziphatha okanye iingcali abaziziva zifanelekile. Abazali banokuthi, ngokuqinisekileyo, babuze umbuzo weengcali-kodwa kunokuba nzima ukwenza utshintsho.
Ngokufanayo, iinkqubo zengenelo zengingqi kunye neendawo zangaphakathi abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emithathu bangasebenzisa iingcali zabo zokuziphatha okanye abacebisi abaziphatha. Abazali banakho ukhetho lokuba nalo mcebisi angene ekhaya ukuze agcine kwaye ancede ukulawula iimpawu ezinzima ezinxulumene nobomi bentsapho.
Abacebisi beendlela zokuziphatha bayafumaneka nakwizibhedlele zendawo, kwiikliniki ze-autism okanye kwiiyunivesithi. Khangela iinkqubo ezigqityiweyo zeyunivesithi kwiindawo ezifana nemfundo ekhethekileyo, umsebenzi wezenhlalakahle kunye neendawo ezinxulumene nazo.