Amanqanaba eNkxaso equlethwe kwi-Autism Spectrum Diagnosis
Bonke abantu abane-autism bafumana ukuxilongwa okufanayo: i-autism i-disorder disorder (ASD). Kodwa i-autism yintlukwano yeembonakalo, oku kuthetha ukuba umntu unokuba ngumnene, ngokulinganisela, okanye ngokukhululekile. Okona, nangona bonke abantu abane-autism baneempawu ezithile eziphambili, abantu abaninzi banempawu ezinxulumene nezinto ezifana neengqondo okanye ukukhubazeka kolwimi.
Ukunceda abakliniki (kunye nabanye) bachaze bhetele amacandelo abo ngabanye, abadali be-manual-diagnostic manual (DSM-5) bakhulise "amanqanaba omncediso" amathathu. Abagqirha kulindeleke ukuba baxilonge abantu abane-autism kwinqanaba 1, inqanaba lesi-2, okanye inqanaba lesi-3. La manqanaba abonakalisa ukukwazi abantu ukuthetha, ukulungelelanisa kwiimeko ezintsha, ukwandisa ngaphaya kwezinto ezithintekayo, nokulawula ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Abantu abasemgangathweni 1 bafuna inkxaso encinci, ngelixa abantu bezinga lesithathu badinga inkxaso eninzi.
Nangona iinjongo ze-ASD zenkxaso zenza ingqiqo, akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuba oogqirha babelane ngezinga. Okongeziweyo, isabelo samanqanaba sinokuzimela. Kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukuba umntu atshintshe amanqanaba ngokuhamba kwexesha njengoko izakhono zabo ziphucula kunye neminye imiba (njengokukhathazeka) yehla.
Indlela yokuxilongwa kwe-Autism yatshintshwe nge-DSM-5
I-DSM ngupapasho olusemthethweni lwe-American Psychiatric Association oluchaza izifo zengqondo kunye nentuthuko.
Nangona ingenawo imeko esemthethweni, i-DSM inefuthe elikhulu kwiindlela abaqinisekisayo, izikolo kunye nabanye ababoneleli ngenkonzo bacinga ngayo kwaye baphathe i-autism.
Kuze kube ngowama-2013, i-DSM ichaze umbala we-autism njengengxaki eyayiquka izifo ezi-5 ezicacileyo. I-Asperger syndrome, ngokuyinene, isichazizwi esithi "i- autism esebenzayo ," ngelixa i-autistic disorder yayithetha into efanayo " ne-autism enzima ." Abantu abanePDD-NOS babenezinye kodwa azibonakali zonke iimpawu ze-autism (kodwa ezo zimpawu zingaba zizinzile okanye zinzima).
I-Rett syndrome kunye ne-Fragile X syndrome, izifo ezingaqhelekanga ze-genetic, nazo zazibhekwa njengengxenye ye-autism.
Emva koko, ngoMeyi 2013, i-DSM-5 yapapashwa. I-DSM-5, ngokungafani ne-DSM-IV, ichaza i-autism njengengxaki enye "yeengxaki zentlupheko," kunye neenkalo ezichazwe iimpawu kwiinkalo zolonxibelelwano loluntu , ukuziphatha , ukuguquguquka, kunye novelwano. kwezo ngxaki "zazizalwe" kwi-autism disorder disorder. Ingxaki entsha yokuxilonga, intlupheko yoxhumano loluntu , yadalwa ukuhlukanisa abantu abaneenguqu ezinzima kakhulu ezinjengezimpawu ze-autism.
Amanqanaba amathathu eNkxaso (iiNqanaba ze-ASD 1, 2, no-3)
Umbono we-autism ukhulu kakhulu kwaye uhluka. Abanye abantu abane-autism banengqiqo xa abanye bekhubazekile ngokwengqondo. Abanye banenkxalabo enxibelelwano enzima xa abanye bebabhali kunye nezivakalisi zoluntu.
Ukujongana nale ngxaki, i-DSM-5 imigaqo yokuxilonga iquka ezintathu "amanqanaba asebenzayo," nganye ichazwe ngokusekelwe kwisixa "sokuxhasa" umntu kufuneka ukuba asebenze kuluntu jikelele. Ngokubonelela nge-autism i-diagnostic diagnostic ngezinga elisebenzayo, ubuncinane kwimfundiso, kufuneka kube lula ukwenza umfanekiso ocacileyo wezakhono neemfuno zomntu.
Nazi a manqanaba amathathu, njengoko kuchazwe kwi-DSM:
I-ASD iNqanaba lesi-3: "Ukufuna iNkxaso eninzi kakhulu"
Ukuphulukana okukhulu kwezakhono zonxibelelwano zezentlalo kunye nokungabonakali kwezentlalo kubangela ukungonakali okukhulu ekusebenzeni, ukuqaliswa okuncinci kwintsebenziswano yentlalo, kunye nokuphendula okuncinci kwiindawo zokuhlala kwezentlalo kwabanye. Ngokomzekelo, umntu onamazwi ambalwa entetho eqondayo, ongaqhelanga ukuqala intsebenziswano kwaye, xa enza, wenza iindlela ezingaqhelekanga zokuhlangabezana neemfuno kuphela kwaye uphendule kwiindlela ezizodwa zentlalo.
Ukungathinteki kokuziphatha, ubunzima obunzima bokujamelana nokutshintshwa, okanye ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha eziphindaphindiweyo / eziphindaphindiweyo ziphazamisa ukusebenza kuzo zonke iindawo.
Ukukhathazeka okukhulu / ubunzima ukutshintsha ugxininiso okanye isenzo.
I-ASD iNqanaba 2: "Ukufuna iNkxaso engundoqo"
Ukuphulwa kwamanqaku kwizakhono zonxibelelwano zezentlalo nezengenanto; ukukhubazeka kwezenhlalakahle kubonakala nakwizinto ezixhasayo endaweni; ukuqaliswa ngokukhawuleza kwentsebenziswano yentlalo; kunye nokunciphisa okanye ukuphendula ngokungaqhelekanga kwimibutho yentlalo evela kwabanye. Ngokomzekelo, umntu othetha ngezivakalisi ezilula, ukusebenzisana kwakhe kuphelelweyo kwiminqweno ekhethekileyo, kwaye ngubani oqhagamshelwano olungabonakaliyo olungabonakaliyo .
Ukungathinteki kokuziphatha, ubunzima bokujamelana nokutshintsha, okanye ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha eziphindaphindiweyo / eziphindaphindayo zibonakala rhoqo ngokwaneleyo ukuba zibonakale kumntu ongaboniyo kwaye ziphazamise ukusebenza kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Inkxalabo kunye / okanye ubunzima bokutshintsha ugxininiso okanye isenzo.
I-ASD iNqanaba 1: "Ukufuna iNkxaso"
Ngaphandle koxhaswa endaweni, ukungafihlisi kolwazi olunxibelelwano loluntu kubangela ukukhubazeka okubonakalayo. Ubunzima bokuqalisa intsebenziswano yentlalo kunye nemimiselo ecacileyo yeempendulo zengqondo okanye ezingaphumelelanga kwimibutho yoluntu yabanye. Kwangathi ibonakala sengathi iyancipha inzala kwimibutho yoluntu. Umzekelo, umntu okwazi ukuthetha ngezivakalisi ezipheleleyo aze athathe inxibelelwano kodwa ingxoxo yakhe kunye nentsebenziswano kunye nabanye iyahluleka, kwaye imizamo yakhe yokwenza abahlobo ayimangalisa kwaye ayiphumelelanga.
Ukungathinteki kokuziphatha kubangele ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kunye nokusebenza kwimixholo ethile okanye ngaphezulu. Unzima ukutshintsha phakathi kwemisebenzi. Iingxaki zentlangano kunye nokucwangcisa zenza ukuba kubekho ukuzimela.
Yintoni engekho kwiiNqanaba leeNkxaso ze-ASD?
Njengoko usenokuba uqaphele, ii-autism "level" ziphakamisa imibuzo ephakamileyo njengoko iphendula. Umzekelo:
- Luhlobo luni "lwenkxaso" eyenziwa nguMbutho wezeMpilo waseMelika xa uhlalutye la mazinga asebenzayo? Uncedo? Unonophelo lononophelo? Umcebisi wesikolo we-1: 1? Umqeqeshi womsebenzi? Umcebisi wekholeji?
- Kuziphi iimeko abantu abazenzayo kumanqanaba athile badinga "inkxaso?" Abanye abantu abane-autism benza kakuhle ekhaya kodwa badinga uncedo esikolweni (apho iimfuno zizodwa kwaye zinzulu). Abanye abantu abane-autism benza kakuhle esikolweni kodwa badinga uncedo kwimimiselo yoluntu kunye nomsebenzi.
- Abanye abantu abane-autism baye bafumana unyango olwaneleyo ukubonakala kufutshane xa uxoxwa ngumntu omdala kodwa unemiba ebalulekileyo xa usebenzisana noontanga. Luhlobo luni lenkxaso abanokuyidingayo?
- Ngaba amazinga enkxaso abuyele, nangayiphi na indlela, kwiinkonzo ezinikezelweyo? (Impendulo, kude kube ngoku, ibonakala "ngamanye amaxesha.")
- Ukuxhalabisa kuyindlela eqhelekileyo phakathi kwabantu abane-autism ephezulu, kwaye oku kunokubangela iingxaki ezinzima kwizicwangciso eziqhelekileyo. Ukuba umntu uqaqambile, umlomo, kwaye unemfundo-kodwa uxhalabile kwaye uxinezelekile, kwaye ngoko ke unesidingo esinamandla ukuze usebenze emsebenzini okanye esikolweni-uhlala kuphi emfanekisweni?
Ukuba ufumana udidekile malunga namanqanaba omsebenzi omtsha kwaye apho wena okanye umntwana wakho ulungele khona, ngokuqinisekileyo awukho wedwa. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, i-APA kunye nemibutho ye-autism iya kuqokelela ulwazi oluvela kubasebenzi, abaqhankqalazi, abazali, kunye nabavoti be-autistic ukuze bafumane ingqiqo yokuba ingaba inkqubo entsha isebenza njani kwaye njani. Kukho ithuba elihle kakhulu lokuba iDSM-5.1 iya kubandakanya ukutshintsha kumanqanaba osebenza njengoko ulwazi luyafumaneka.
> Imithombo:
> I-Diagnostic ne-Statistical Manual of Disabilities: I-DSM-5. Arlington, VA: Ukushicilelwa kwe-Psychiatric yaseMerika, ngo-2013. Print.
> INkosi uBH, i-Navot N, iBernier R, i-Webb SJ. Ukuhlaziya kwisigaba sokuxilonga kwi-autism. Iimbono zangoku kwimeko yesifo sengqondo . 2014; 27 (2): 105-109. i-doi: 10.1097 / YCO.0000000000000040.
> Weitlauf AS, Gotham KO, Vowrn AC, iWarren ZE. Ingxelo emfutshane: I-DSM-5 "Amanqanaba eNkxaso:" Iingcamango kwiingcamango ezingavaliyo ze-ASD. Umbhalo we-autism kunye neengxaki zokuphuhliswa . 2014; 44 (2): 471-476. i-doi: 10.1007 / s10803-013-1882-z.