Nangona abantu base-autistic basebenzisa ulwimi, banzima ukuthetha
Uninzi lwabantu abane-autism (nangona kungenjalo bonke) banako ukuthetha. Enyanisweni, abanye abantu abane-autism bathetha kakhulu. Uninzi lwexesha, nangona kunjalo, abantu abane-autism bathetha ngokungafaniyo nabantu abasuka kwi- neurotypical people . Ezinye zezo ntlukwano zihambelana nokuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwimi oluthethiweyo. Abanye badibanisa nokuthetha "ulwimi lomzimba" kunye nezinye iindawo zoluntu.
Kanti abanye bekunjalo ngokuphathelele ukuqonda nokuphendula kwiindalo zenkcubeko.
Kuthetha Kanjani Ukuthetha Kwemigca?
I-American Speech-Language Hearing Association (ASHA) ichaza intetho ye pragmatic njengamalungu amathathu:
Ukusebenzisa ulwimi ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana
- ukubingelela (umz.
- ukwazisa (umzekelo, ndiza ku fumana ikhukhi)
- enzima (umzekelo, Ndiphe ikhukhi)
- thembisa (umzekelo, ndiza kukufumana ikhukhi)
- ukucela (umzekelo, ndingathanda ikhukhi, nceda)
Ukutshintsha ulwimi ngokweemfuno zomphulaphuli okanye imeko, njengaye
- uthetha ngokwahlukileyo kwintsana kunomntu omdala
- kunika ulwazi lomvelaphi kumphulaphuli ongaqhelekanga
- uthetha ngokungafaniyo kwigumbi lokufundela kunokuba kwindawo yokudlala
Ukulandela imithetho yeengxoxo kunye nokubhala ibali, njengaye
- kutshintshana kwingxoxo
- ukuzisa izihloko zentetho
- ukuhlala ngesihloko
- indlela yokusebenzisa izibonakaliso zomlomo nezengenanto
- indlela yokusebenzisa ubuso kunye nokujonga kwamehlo
Ewe, imigaqo yokuthetha kunye noqhagamshelwano iyahluka ukusuka kuluntu ukuya kuluntu kwaye ingahle ihluke ngokupheleleyo kuluntu ukuya kwisizwe. Kodwa ukukwazi ukugcina, ukuqonda, nokusebenzisa le mithetho (kwaye wenze utshintsho olufanelekileyo kwizicwangciso zentlalo ehlukeneyo) kuyisitshixo kwiintetho zentetho kunye noqhagamshelwano.
Indlela i-Autism ifuthe ngayo Intetho yePragmatic
Kwabantu abane-autism, intetho ye-pragmatic phantse ihlala ingxaki kwinqanaba elithile. Ngokucacileyo, umntu ongekho ngomlomo unzima kakhulu kwimingeni eyahlukileyo kunomntu onomlomo, kodwa bobabini banokufuna uncedo ekuqondeni ubuso obusweni, ukungabikho ngamagama, ukuthabatha, nokunye. Nangona iipateni zokuthetha ze-autistic zihluka ukusuka kumntu kumntu, abantu abane-autism banga:
- ziphakame okanye ziqine ngaphezu kobuhle kulindeleke
- uthetha ngezwi elicacileyo okanye usebenzisa igama eliqhelekileyo kunokuqhelekileyo
- phinda onke amanqaku eempendulo kwiimiboniso zethelevishini, iividiyo okanye iifilimu
- kuthetha malunga nento ebonakala ngathi yinto engasiyo
- lawula intetho ngeentetho malunga nesihloko somdla kuphela
- bathetha izinto ezifanayo ngokuphindaphindiweyo (mhlawumbi ngokuchaza iinjongo ezifanayo ngokuphindaphindiweyo, okanye ukusebenzisa iibinzana ezifanayo ngendlela ephindaphindiweyo; umzekelo, esithi "kuhle" ekuphenduleni yonke ingxelo)
- ukubuza imibuzo okanye ulwazi lokuvolontiya malunga nezihloko ezivame ukucatshangelwa ukuba zibheke okanye zincinci (umzekelo "Ngoko, ngaba udidekile ngokuphathelele umtshato wakho osandul '?" okanye "ndaya kwiregri kwaye ndakufuneka ndibone isampula yomchamo.")
- faka iingxoxo xa bengamenywanga, kunye / okanye ushiye iingxoxo phambi kokuba ingxoxo ibonakale iphelile
- kunzima ukuqonda ukuhlambalaza, amahlaya, amaqhinga kunye namazwi anjengokuthi "ibumbi elibiza i-kettle emnyama" ngaphandle kokuba kuchazwa
- sebenzisa ulwimi olubonakala lungalunganga kwimeko (engasesikweni, engacwangciswanga, ezama ukukrakra kwiimeko ezinzima okanye ukuzama ukubeka ingxaki kwisimo esingenalutho)
- Buza imibuzo ngokukhawuleza ukuba bathethe iingcamango zabo okanye izimvo zabo (umzekelo "Ngaba uthanda i-telescopes? Ndiyathanda i-telescopes;
- xelela inyaniso, ngaphandle kokwazisa ukuba ukunyaniseka kwenyaniso kuya kuba nemiphumo emibi ("ewe, loo mbatho yenza ukuba ukhangele inqatha")
- ayiphumeleli okanye anqabe ukubandakanya uhlobo lwesincoko esincinci esivame ukulungelelanisa phakathi kwabantu abasandulana nabo okanye kwiimeko ezininzi (intetho yemozulu, umzekelo)
Indlela abaphihli be-Therapists abanokukunceda ngayo
Bobabini abagqirha beentetho kunye neengcali zentlalo zentlalo basebenzisana nabantwana abane-autistic kunye nabantu abadala ukuba banqobe ukulibaziseka kwenkulumo. Intsapho kunye nabahlobo banokukunceda ngokufundisa ngokuzimeleyo, imodeli, kunye nokudlala indima yeentetho zokuthetha kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwimi. Ngokungafani nezinye iindlela zokwelapha, intetho nezentlalo zonyango zingenza umehluko omkhulu kubo bobabini kunye nabantu abadala.
Ukuphuculwa kwezakhono zentetho yezentetho kungenza umehluko omkhulu kumpendulo yabanye kubantu abane-ASD. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele, nangona kunjalo, ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba "banqabile" abantwana be-autistic, ngokukodwa, kwimeko apho ulwimi lwabo lusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo ngokwezakhono kodwa kuluntu "lukhulile." Ngamaqhinga kodwa okwenyaniso, umntwana onogunyazi obamba izandla ngomntu omdala, umkhangele iliso , athi "Kuvuyiswa ukukuhlangabeza" ukuziphatha, kungekhona njengomntwana, kodwa nje ngoontanga!
Imithombo:
> Adams, C. (2015). Uvavanyo kunye nokungenelela kubantwana abanokukhubazeka kweelwimi. Kwi-DA Hwa-Froelich (Umhla.), Uphuhliso lwezoLuntu kunye nokuphazamiseka (iphe. 141-170). INew York: I-Psychology Press.
> I-American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Ukusetyenziswa kweelwimi loluntu (i-Pragmatics). 2017.
> Brukner-Wertman, Yael et al. Intlalo yoluntu (pragmatic) ukuxhatshazwa kwengxaki kunye nolwalamano lwalo ne-autism: iingxaki ezivela kwi-DSM-5. Umbhalo we-Autism kunye neNtlupheko yoPhuhliso. Ngo-Agasti 2016, uMqulu 46, Issue 8, iphe 2821-2829.