Ingqwalasela ye-Autism
Autism, ebizwa nangokuthi "i-autism spectrum disorder (ASD)," yintlupheko yophuhliso. Iingxaki zokuphuhliswa ziyafunyaniswa ebuntwaneni kodwa zivame ukuphumela ekukhubazekeni konke. Kukho iingcinga ezininzi malunga ne-autism kunye nento eninzi yolwazi olukhoyo kwi-intanethi. Ngenxa yoko, kunokuba nzima ukufumana ulwazi olunokwethenjelwa malunga nokuba yi-autism ngokwenene-kwaye ayikho.
Yintoni i-Autism?
I-Autism yintlupheko equka ukungafani kunye / okanye imingeni kwizakhono zonxibelelwano zentlalo, izakhono ezifanelekileyo kunye nezakhono eziphambili, intetho kunye nobuchule bokuqonda.
Abantu abane-autism banempendulo yeempendulo kwiimvo zengqondo, njengobunqunu obungavamile ukukhanya, isandi, iphunga, ukunambitha, kunye / okanye iimpanuko.
Ezinye iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya "izibambiso" (ukutsalwa kwesandla, ukuhamba ngezinyawo, ukugubungela), imfuneko yokufana kunye nokuphindaphinda, ukuxhalaba-nakwezinye iimeko-ezimangalisayo "ezinobulumko" kwiindawo ezithile (ngokuqhelekileyo umculo kunye nezibalo).
Ngenxa yokuba i-autism yintlukwano yeembalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ngomoya othobekileyo, ngokulinganisela, okanye ngokugqithisileyo.
Ukudibanisa, unokukwazi ukudibanisa iimpawu ezinzima kunye nezibi. Ngokomzekelo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ube neengqiqo kunye nesicengceko kodwa kunye nezibonakaliso ezinzima zokukhathazeka kunye nokungasebenzi.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba i-autism ayiyiyo ingqondo yengqondo okanye imeko eqhubeka ngakumbi ngakumbi ngexesha. Enyanisweni, phantse wonke umntu okhulayo ukhula kwaye ukhula ngexesha, ngokukodwa ngonyango olunzulu.
Ngokomqondiso ofanayo, nangona kunjalo, alukho unyango olusisiseko lwe-autism. Oku kuthetha ukuba umntwana oxilongwa nge-autism ngokuqinisekileyo uya kukhula ukuba abe ngumdala kunye ne-autism-kunye nemingeni kunye namandla afumana kunye nokuxilongwa.
Indlela i-Autism ishintshile ngayo
I-Autism yaqale ichazwa njengengxaki ehlukileyo ngexesha lama-1930. Inkcazelo, nangona kunjalo, yatshintshile kakhulu kwiminyaka. Mhlawumbi kuninzi kakhulu, i-Asperger syndrome yongezwa kwi-autism e-1994.
Ekubeni i-autism yachazwa okokuqala, inani labantu abaxilongwa liye lavuka ngokukhawuleza. Oku kungabonwa, ubuncinci kumlinganiselo omkhulu, utshintsho kwintetho yesifo.
Phakathi kowe-1994 no-Meyi 2013, kwakukho ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo ze-autism. Kwesinye isigxina se- Asperger syndrome , ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba ngu-Little Professor's syndrome. Kwesinye isigxina sombono kwakuyi-disistic disorder, eyaziwa ngokulibaziseka okuphuculweyo kunye nemingeni. Phakathi kwaye kwahluke iintlobo eziphazamisayo zentuthuko eziquka i-Rett syndrome, i-Fragile X Syndrome, kunye neengxaki zentuthuko eqhubekayo ngaphandle kokuchazwa ngenye indlela (PDD-NOS) .
Namhlanje, ngokupapashwa kwe-DSM-5 (i-Diagnostic Manual Version 5) kukho kuphela uhlobo oluxilongwa ngabantu abane-autism: i- autism i-disorder disorder .
Nabani na abaneempawu ezihambelanayo ne-autism baya kufumana ukuxilongwa kwe-ASD, kunye nezinga elisebenzayo (1 (ukusebenza okuphezulu), 2 (ngokukhawuleza kakhulu), okanye 3 (ezinzima) kwaye, ukuba kufanelekile, bachaza. Ezinye iifayili eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, ukuphazamiseka kokuthatha, kunye nokunye.
Olu tshintsho luthetha ukuba abantu abaninzi abafumene i-Asperger syndrome baye "balahleka" ngokuthe tye. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba i-Asperger syndrome yexesha yayisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, kwaye ichaza uhlobo oluthile lokuxilonga, igama linamathele. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abaninzi abane-autism esebenzayo bayasichaza ngokwabo njenge-Asperger syndrome.
Izinto ezi-5 zokwazi malunga ne-Autism
1. Kwiimeko ezininzi, asiyazi ukuba kubangelwa i-autism . Siyazi ukuba izidakamizwa ezimbalwa, ezithathwe ngexesha lokukhulelwa, zinokunyusa umngcipheko we-autism. Ngaphandle kwelo, nangona kunjalo, ulwazi lwethu lukhawulelwe.
Umzekelo, siyazi ukuba abafana banomngcipheko omkhulu kunamantombazana, kodwa asiyazi ukuba kutheni. Ngokufanayo, siyazi ukuba abazali asebekhulile banako ukuba banabantwana abane-autistic-kodwa kwakhona, asiyazi ukuba kutheni.
Siyazi ukuba i-autism ibonakala iqhutyelwa kwiintsapho, kodwa imfutshane ukwenza isigqibo sokuba singabi nabantwana nonke, akukho ndlela yokukwazi ukuba umntwana uya kuba okanye akayi kuba yi-autistic.
- Ziziphi ezinye zeengozi ze-Autism?
- Ngaba Umntwana Wethu Olandelayo Oya kuba Negunya?
- Ngaba i-Autism Genetic?
- Ngaba Iiglofu Zenza I-Autism?
2. Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokwenza unyango lwe-autism kodwa akukho unyango olwaziwayo. Ukwelashwa kwe-Autism akunqabile ngonyango, kodwa kunoko kubandakanya ukuziphatha okunamandla, uphuhliso, intetho kunye nokunyangwa komsebenzi. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukwelashwa kunokuba nefuthe elihle kakhulu.
Ngenxa yokuba abantwana abaninzi abane-autism banemibuzo yesisu, kubalulekile ukuba ugweme ukutya okuthe xa uqinisekisa ukuba umntwana wakho unesondlo esifanelekileyo. Okwangoku, kunjalo, akukho nkunkuma, unyango, okanye ukutya okukhethekileyo okuya kuphilisa i-autism.
3. I-Autism ingaba ngumthombo wamandla kunye nemingeni. Kukho, impela, imingeni eninzi ehambisana ne-autism. Kodwa ngelo xesha, abantu abaninzi kwi-spectrum banomlinganiselo olinganayo.
Umzekelo:
- Abantu abaninzi abane-autism banengqiqo. Inani elikhudlwana linenani elincinci eliyingqiqo kunye neendawo ezinamandla ezinengqondo.
- Abantu abaninzi kwiimpawu banamandla ezintle kwimimandla yomculo, izibalo, iteknoloji, ubugcisa, kunye nobunjineli-nakuba izakhono "ze-savant" zinyaniso ziqabile.
- Abantu abane-autism bahlala bethembekile kwaye banyanisekile, ngenxa yokuba bafumana kunzima ukuqaphela okanye ukusebenzisa ukuhlambalaza, ukungathembeki, ukubethekisa, okanye "amanga amhlophe."
4. Zininzi iinkolelo malunga ne-autism. Kunzima kubantu abaninzi abangekho-autistic ukuba bacinge ukuba kunjani ukuba yi-autistic. Ukongezelela, ezininzi iimvavanyo zophuhliso kunye ne-IQ zenzelwe abantu abangengabo-autistic. Ngenxa yoko, iinkolelo zenzeke nge-autism.
Ngokomzekelo, abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuba abantu abane-autistic abanako uthando, abanakho ukucinga, okanye abanengqondo. Ezi nkolelo zivela ekungaqondani kwaye kungekhona kwinyani.
5. Zonke iifomu ze-autism zinokuba nzima. Iifom ezininzi ze-autism zinokuba nzima kakhulu ukulawula kuba ziza kunye nokuziphatha okubi kunye nemingeni yokuthetha ngokugqithiseleyo. Kodwa i-autism ephezulu isebenza ngokubhekiselele kwimpilo yengqondo efana nokukhathazeka, ukuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo, ukungasebenzi kakuhle, kunye nokudandatheka.
Kulabo bafumana ukuxilongwa kwangoku
Ukuba umntwana wakho omncinci usandululwazi olune-autism, yinto efanelekileyo yokufuna umbono wesibini-ingakumbi ukuba ukuxilongwa kuye kwavela kumthombo ngaphandle kobugcisa obunamava amakhulu e-autism.
Emva kokuba uqinisekisile ukuxilongwa komntwana wakho, isinyathelo esilandelayo kukuqhagamshelana nomntwana wakho kunye nesithili sesikolo ukuseka iinkonzo zokungenelela kwangethuba. Ungaphinda ufune ukujonga kwiiprogram zokufunda zonyango kunye namaqela okudlala. Xa uphando nge-autism, qiniseka ukuba uhlolisise imithombo yakho ngokucophelela, njengoko kukho ulwazi oluninzi olufumanekayo kwi-intanethi nakwiidiya.
Xa abantu abadala befumanisa ukuba bane-autism, ngokuqhelekileyo kuba bahlala kunye neempawu ezinzima. Inyaniso kukuba akukho mfuneko yokwenza nantoni na emva kokuxilongwa; i-autism ayiphilwanga, ngoko unyango kunye neyeza kufuneka zikhethwe.
Nangona kunjalo, abantu abadala banokukhetha ukulandela ukuxilongwa kwabo ngokufikelela kumaqela amakhulu okuxhasa nokuxhasa, ngokufumana umphathiswa onamava afanelekileyo, ngokufuna uncedo ngemingeni enomdla, okanye ngokufunda okungakumbi malunga neengxaki.
Imibuzo Yokubuza Nge-Autism
Njengoko uqala ukucinga malunga nokuxilongwa kwe-autism, kukho imibuzo ethile ofuna ukuyiphanda. Ezi zinokubandakanya:
- Ziziphi iindlela ezona zilungileyo kumntwana wam?
- Luhlobo luni lwemfundo elungileyo kumntwana wam?
- Ziziphi iintlobo zokuzonwabisa kunye noluntu olufanelekileyo olufanelekileyo kumntwana wam?
- Ndingayilungiselela njani ixesha elizayo lomntwana wam elizayo?
Ukuphila Nge-autism
Ukuba umntwana wakho ufumaneka ukuba ene-autism, kuya kuba yinto ebalulekileyo kwizigqibo ezininzi ozenzayo kunye naye. Izigqibo zakho ziyahlukahluka kuxhomekeke kwimpawu zomntwana wakho, impendulo yakho kulezo zimpawu, imeko yakho yokuphila kunye nemali yakho.
Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni, uya kucinga ukucinga kunye nokucwangcisa nge-autism yengane yakho. Mhlawumbi ngakumbi, kuya kufuneka usebenze kunye nezikolo, urhulumente weearhente kunye neseburhulumenteni, abagqirha, kunye namagqwetha ukukhuthaza iimfuno zomntwana wakho.
ILizwi
Ukuxilongwa kwe-autism kunokuba nzima. Kwabanye abantu, kunokusongela. Kodwa kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba kunokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba uphile kakuhle nge-autism.
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, uya kufumana uluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo kunye namathuba atholakalayo kubantwana abane-autism kunye neentsapho zabo. Uyakufumanisa amandla akho okujamelana nayo-kwaye uphumelele-nge-autism.
Imithombo:
I-Autism Society ye-America Website
Iziphazamiso ze-Autism Spectrum (Iingxaki eziPhezulu zoPhuhliso) kwiZiko leSizwe leMpilo yengqondo, ngo-2016.
Greenspan, uStanley. "Umntwana onemfuno ezizodwa." C 1998: Iincwadi zePerseus.
Romanowski, Patricia et al. "Isikhokelo se-OASIS ku-Asperger Syndrome." C 2000: Abapapashi beCrown, eNew York, NY.