Kubantu abaninzi, ngokukrakra, ibali le-autism liqala noAndrew Wakefield.
Uninzi lwabantu luyaqonda ukuba iingcamango zakhe zobuxoki kunye nophando oluchaziweyo luyesaba abantu ekugonyeni abantwana babo, kodwa mhlawumbi kwenza abantu bakholelwe kwisibande se- autism esiboshwe kwiigciwane.
Abanye abantu baya khona ukuza kubuza apho bonke abantu abadala be-autistic ukuba ngaba kungekho isifo esitsha se-autism esabangela ukunyuka kokusetyenziswa kwegciwane.
Imbali ye-Autism
Ukuba uthabatha ixesha elifutshane ukuqonda imbali ye-autism, kulula ukubona ukuba kuninzi abantu abadala abakujikelezayo kwaye i-autism iye yahlala ixesha elide.
Ibali lokwenene le-autism libuyela emva emashumi eminyaka, ukuba kungengangeenkulungwane. Enyanisweni, uSteve Silberman, encwadini yakhe ethi NeuroTribes: Ifa le-Autism kunye neKamva ye-Neurodiversity , ihamba ngoku ukuthi "abantu be-autistic behlala beyingxenye yoluntu loluntu."
Imbali yakutshanje ye-autism (emihle neyiyo ) iquka:
- U-Oliver Sacks ubhala ukuba uHenry Cavendish, ososayensi owazalwa ngo-1731, wayenempawu ezininzi "eziphantse ziphazamisekile kwi-Asperger's syndrome." (1731/2001)
- UGraham Farmelo, encwadini yakhe ethi "Umntu onzima kakhulu," ubhala ukuba uPaul Dirac, ososayensi owazalwa ngowe-1902, mhlawumbi wayengazi ukuba yi-autism. (1902/2011)
- UGrunia Sukhareva, umntwana wengqondo yengqondo eKiev, eRussia, ubhala ngabantwana abanezimpawu ze-autistic kwi-scientists yeJalimane yengqondo kunye nephepha le-neurology. (1926)
- ULouise Despert, isazi sezengqondo eNew York, wabhala malunga neengxaki ezingama-23 ze-schizophrenia ebuntwaneni, ezinye zazo ezineempawu ezifana nokuhlelwa kwe-autism namhlanje. (1938)
- U-Hans Asperger ushicilela uvavanyo lokuqala lwezesayensi ngabantwana abane-autism okanye i-Autismus, isifundo esilandelayo esichaza abantwana abane kuphela, nangona kucacile ukuba usebenza kunye ne-100 yabantwana abane-autism kunye ne-Aspergers syndrome kwikliniki yakhe eVienna. (1943)
- ULean Kanner ushicilela "Ukuphazamiseka Kwezithuthi Zobunxibelelwano Abathintekayo," kuchaza izigulane ezili-11 ezine-autism ezincinci (igama laye lazihlanganisa ngo-1944) kwiphephancwadi elithi "Umntwana onentlungu." (1943)
- UCanner uvakalisa imbono yakhe yokuba i-autism ibangelwa oomama befriji (1949)
- U-Lauretta Bender wasebenza nabantwana be-autistic kuma-1950s no-1960
- UBruno Bettelheim ubhala incwadi yakhe ethi "Inqaba yeQinisekisa," eyomeleza i-theory yefriji njengesizathu se-autism. (1967)
- Kwi-DSM-I, abantwana abaneempawu ze-autism babhalwe njengokuba babe ne-schizophrenia yobuntwaneni. (1952)
- ULeon Eisenberg ushicilela iphepha lakhe elithi "The Autistic Child in Adolescence," emva kwezingane ezingama-63 ezizimele. (1956)
- Umbutho we-Autistic Children's Aid waseNyakatho yaseLondon ukhiwa (kamva uba nguNational Autistic Society). (1962)
- UBernard Rimland ushicilela incwadi yakhe ethi "Infantile Autism: I-Syndrome kunye neempembelelo zayo kwiNtsholongwane yobuNtu." (1964)
- U-Ole Ivar Lovaas uqala ukusebenza kwiingcamango zakhe zonyango lwe-ABA kubantwana be-autistic. (1964)
- Isikolo saseSybil Elgar siqala "ukufundisa nokunyamekela abantwana abane-autism." (1965)
- Iqela labazali bezingane ezizimeleyo babenomhlangano wokuqala weNational Society of Children Autistic (ngoku ngokubizwa ngokuba ngu-Autism Society of America). (1965)
- Kwi-DSM-II ehlaziywayo, akukho nxalenye ehlukeneyo ye-autism. (1968)
- UMbutho weSizwe we-Autism First First Year Congress wabanjwa eWashington. (1969).
- Inkundla yaseSomerset iba "yindawo yokuqala yongcali kubantu abane-autism e-UK." (1972)
- U-Lee Felsenstein, owathi wafumana u-Asperger's syndrome, udala ibhodi yokuqala ye-electronic bulletin-Memory Memory. (1973)
- Imfundo Yonke Imithetho Yabantwana Abakhubazekile Yenzelwe "ukuxhasa amazwe kunye nendawo ekukhuseleni amalungelo, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zomntu ngamnye, nokuphucula iziphumo" zabantwana abakhubazekileyo, uninzi lwazo lwalukhutshwa ngaphandle esikolweni. (1975)
- I-Lorna Wing inceda ekuphuhliseni 'intlupheko yokuphazamiseka' kweengxaki ze-autism izimbande (1970)
- I-DSM-III ekugqibeleni iquka iinkqubo zokuxilongwa kwe-autism encinci ngempawu ezintathu ezibalulekileyo. (1980)
- USusan Moreno udala i-newsletter kunye neminikelo evela kubantu abane-autism "I-Residual Autism Newsletter" (ekugqibeleni iqanjwe ngokuthi 'abantu abanamandla kakhulu' okanye i-MAPP) (1984)
- Umkhulukazi weTempile ubhala 'Ukuhlaselwa.' (1986)
- Ividiyo ekhutshwe ngumntu omdala oneminyaka engama-24 ubudala ikhutshwe - 'Umfanekiso weselula.' (1986)
- I-DSM-III-R idibanisa i-PDD-NOS kwaye idibanisa ukulungelelanisa okungakumbi ukuxilongwa kwabantwana be-autistic. (1987)
- I-Autism ibandakanywe njengoluhlu olukhubazekileyo lwabantu abathile eMthethweni wezeMfundo ezikhubazekileyo (IDEA), okwenza kube lula ukufumana iinkonzo. (1990)
- UDonna Williams, umdala omdala, wabhala iincwadi zokuqala ezine zezinto ezizimeleyo - "Akukho mntu." (1991)
- "20/20" kunye nezinye iimbonakalo zenza ingxelo ezama ukudibanisa ukungcola kwendalo kunye ne-autism edolophini yaseLeominster, eMassachusetts, ekuthiwa i-autism cluster esheshayo yaxutywa, kuquka ukuba isiqingatha sezingane asinayo i-autism kunye ne-don Uhlala kwindawo. (1992)
- Inhlangano ye-Autism Network International idalwa liqela labantu base-autistic. (1992)
- Amanqaku amaninzi kunye neempawu ezingaphezulu zongezwa kwisigaba sokuxilongwa kwe-autism kwi-DSM-IV. (1994)
- UCatherine Maurice ubhala incwadi ethi 'Makhe Ndive Izwi Lenu: Intsapho Yokunqoba Ku-Autism' (1994)
- UMichael ungumntu we-autistic kumxholo othi 'Microserfs' (1995) nguDouglas Copeland
- U-Oliver Sacks, MD ubhala 'I-Anthropologist e-Mars,' equka amabali amaninzi malunga nabantu abadala abadala, kuquka i-Temple Grandin noStephen Wiltshire. (1995)
- Intlanganiso yokuqala ye-Autism Network International. (1996)
- Ukwelapha i-Autism Ngoku iqulunqwe kwaye ekugqibeleni idibanisa ne-Autism Ithetha. (1995/2007)
- UAndrew Wakefield wapapasha iphepha lakhe eLancet kwaye uthi akayi kusasebenzisa ukugonya kweMMR ngenxa yeengozi ze-autism. (1998)
- UJudy Singer ubhala malunga neurodiversity. (1999)
- I-Autism Society ithatha i-Ribism ye-Autism Awareness Ribbon njenge "uphawu lokubonakalisa i-autism". (1999)
- Ikomiti yeCommagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC) isungulwe nguMthetho wezeMpilo ka-2000 we-Children.
- U-Karyn Seroussi ubhala incwadi ethi 'Ukuqhawula iMfihlakalo ye-Autism kunye neNgxaki yokuPhuhliswa okuPhezulu: Iindaba zeMama yoPhando kunye nokuPhinda' (2000)
- Thetha malunga nokuphilisa i-Autism (2000)
- USteve Silberman ubhala 'iGeek Syndrome' kwiphephancwadi eWired (2001)
- I-DSM-IV TR (2002)
- Iifom ye-Global Asperger Syndrome (GRASP), inhlangano eqhutywa ngabantu abane-Asperger's and Autism Spectrum Disorders. (2003)
- UBernard Rimland, we-Autism Research Institute kunye ne-Defeat Autism Ngoku! iprotocol, ibhala incwadi ethi "Ukubuyisela Abantwana Bama-Autistic." U-autistic son wazalelwa ngo-1956. (2003)
- Iplanethi engafanelekanga, iwebhusayithi ye-autistics, isungulwe. (2004)
- USusan Senator ubhala esithi 'Ukwenza uxolo kunye ne-Autism' (2005)
- U-Ari Neememan uqala iNethiwekhi ye-Autistic Self-Advocacy Network (ASAN). (2006)
- UDora Raymaker noChristina Nicolaidis baqala ukuBambisana kweeMfuno zoPhando kwi-Academic Autism Spectrum Investigation and Education (AASPIRE). (2006)
- Ukulwa noMthetho we-Autism (2006/2011)
- I-Amelia Baggs izithuba 'kwiLwimi Lwam' kwi-YouTube (2007)
- Ingxelo ye-CDC / ADDM ithi ukukhula kwe-autism ku-1 kwabantwana abangama-150 (abantwana abazalwa ngo-1994). (2007)
- UJenny McCarthy uqala ukusebenza kunye noGeneration Rescue, enye inhlangano ecinga ukuba izitofu kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo zenza ukuba i-autism. (2008)
- U-Alison Singer ulahla kwi-Autism Uthetha kwaye uqala i-Autism Science Foundation. (2009)
- Ingxelo ye-CDC / ADDM ithi ukukhula kwe-autism kuye kwanda kwa-1 ngo-110 (abantwana abazalwa ngo-1998). (2009)
- UCorina Becker ubhala isithuba esenza kuqala i-Autistics Talking Day yokuqala. (2010)
- UAndrew Wakefield ulahlekelwa yilayisenisi yakhe yezokwelapha kwaye uvinjelwe ekusebenzeni amayeza, emva kokuhoxiswa kwephepha lakhe le-autism. (2010/2004)
- U-Julia Bascom uqala iprojekthi yeLoud Hands Project. (2011)
- Isikhokelo soMntu oCinga ukuThumela kwi-Autism siqalisiwe. (2011)
- U-Paula Durbin Westby ulungiselela iNyanga yokuqala yokuVunywa kwe-Autism, okwenzekayo ngo-Epreli ngamnye. (2011)
- Ingxelo ye-CDC / ADDM ithi ukukhula kwe-autism kuye kwanda kwe-1 ngo-88 (abantwana abazalwa ngo-2000). (2012)
- I-DSM-5 idibanisa i-autism, i-Asperger, i-disorder degree disorder, kunye ne-PDD NOS kwi-autism disorder disorder. (2013)
- Ingxelo ye-CDC / ADDM ithi ukukhula kwe-autism kuye kwanda kwe-1 ngo-68 (abantwana abazalwa ngo-2002). (2014)
- Umthetho we-Autism CARES ka-2014
- USteve Silberman ubhala uNeuroTribes (2015)
- Ingxelo entsha ye-CDC / ADDM ithi ukuxhaphaka kwe-autism kuhlala ku-1 ngowama-68 (abantwana abazalwa ngo-2004). (2016)
Yintoni elandelayo?
Imithombo
Manouilenko I, Sukhareva - Ngaphambi koAsperger noKanner. Nord J Psychiatry. Ngo-Agasti ka-2015; 69 (6): 479-82
Baker, Jeffrey, P. Autism ngo-70 - Ukubuyisela iMida. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 1089-1091
Abazalwana, uSam. Ngaba uKannner wayichaza ngokucacileyo iAkhawunti yokuqala ye-Autism? Imfihlakalo ka-1938. Umbhalo we-Autism kunye neengxaki zokuPhuculo. NgoJulayi 2015, uMqulu 45, Issue 7, iphepha 2274-2276
Feinstein, Adams. Imbali ye-Autism: Ingxoxo kunye nabaPhayona.
USilberman, uSteve. NeuroTribes. 2015.