Igama elithi "amangqamuzana anqabileyo" lisoyikeka. Kubalulekile ukuba uqale ukuthetha malunga nale seteli ngokuthi akubona onke amangqamuzana anqabileyo ajika abe ngumhlaza. Enyanisweni, ininzi ayinayo.
Abantu abaninzi baye bakuva iiseli ezinqandekileyo zesifo somlomo wesibeleko esifumaneka ngexesha le- Pap smears , kodwa iiseli ezinqabileyo zingenzeka phantse nayiphi na indawo yomzimba: i-bronchi, isikhumba, amabele, ikholoni kunye nokunye.
Masiqale ngokuchaza ukuba zeziphi iiseli kwaye zihluke njani kwiiseli "eziqhelekileyo" emizimbeni yethu.
Inkcazo
Iiseli zangaphambili (ezibizwa nangokuthi iiseli ezihamba phambili) zichazwe njengeeseli ezingaqhelekanga ezinokuthi zibe ngamaseli anomhlaza kodwa zona ngokwazo azibandakanyi.
Iingcamango zee-precancerous cells ziyadideka ngenxa yokuba ayikho umcimbi omnyama nomhlophe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iiseli azihambeli eziqhelekileyo ngosuku olunye, ukuba zilungelelanise ngosuku lwesibini, ize ziqhubeke nomhlaza ngosuku lwesithathu. Maxa wambi iiseli ezinqabileyo ziqhubela phambili kumhlaza, kodwa ngokuthe rhoqo azinjalo. Bangahlala befana-oko kukuthi, bahlale bengavumelekanga kodwa bengenasiphelo-okanye banokuba baqheleke kwakhona.
Le ngxelo yokugqibela yinto entsha malunga nabaphandi bomhlaza. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, kwakukholelwa "umonakalo owenziwe" xa iseli yaguqulwa ibe yinto engqalileyo ngama- carcinogens kwimeko. Ngoku sifunda (kwintsimi ebizwa ngokuba yi-epigenetics) ukuba iiseli zethu zithembeke ngakumbi kunoko kwaye izinto ezinokusingqongileyo (nokuba i-carcinogens, i-hormone okanye mhlawumbi noxinzelelo) zisebenza kunye ukuze zichanele iziphi izikhokelo eziqhelekileyo kwiisel.
Kubalulekile ukugxininisa kwakhona ukuba iiseli ezinqabileyo azikho amangqamuzana omhlaza . Oku kuthetha ukuba kushiywe yodwa, abayiyo ingenelo-oko kukuthi, abayi kusasazeka kwezinye iindawo zomzimba. Zizisele nje ngeeseli ezingaqhelekanga ezinokuthi, ngokukhawuleza, zenze utshintsho oluya kubaguqula zibe yintsholongwane yeseli.
Enye into yokudideka kukuba amangqamuzana omhlaza kunye neeseli ezinokuthi zingabikho. Ngokomzekelo, kwabanye abantu bafumene umdlavuza webele, zikhona ezinye iindawo kwiibele kunye nakwimvumbo ngokwayo apho kufumaneka khona iiseli ezinqabileyo. Kwiimvumi ezininzi, iiseli ezibi kunye nezilungelelaniso zifumaneka.
Iinqununu zeDysplasia iinguqulelo
Igama elithi dysplasia lisoloko lisetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo kunye neeseli ezinokuqhaqhaqhaqha, kodwa kukho ukuhlukana okumbalwa. Xa oogqirha bekhuluma nge-dysplasia, bathetha ngamaseli angavumelekanga angaba ngumhlaza. Kodwa kwezinye iimeko, amagama anzima dysplasia asetyenziselwa ukuchaza iiseli ezisele zikhwelwe ngumhlaza kodwa ziqulethwe kwiimfucu apho ziqala khona-into eyaziwa ngokuba yi- carcinoma-in-situ .
Utshintsho olusenyakatho luhlala luchazwe kuma degree okanye amanqanaba okungaqhelekanga. Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili ezi zichazwe: ubunzima kunye nebakala.
Ubunzima
- I-dysplasia epholileyo: I- dysplasia elula ibhekisele kwiiseli eziqhelekanga. Ezi iiseli aziqhelekanga ukukhula kumhlaza.
- I-dysplasia ephakathi : Ezi iiseli ziqhelekanga ngokwemvelo kwaye zinomngcipheko ophezulu wokuba ngumhlaza.
- I-dysplasia enobukhulu: Oku kubonakala kunzima kakhulu kubonwa ngaphambi kokuba iseli ichazwe njengomhlaza. I-dysplasia ekhulu kakhulu inokuthi iqhubele umhlaza.
Umzekelo ongayenza ukuba kucaciswe i- dysplasia yomlomo efunyenwe kwiip smears ezithile . Iiseli ezinobuncwane dysplastic azifaneki zibe ngumhlaza. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba ishiywe ingaphendulwanga, i-dysplasia enamandla efunyenwe kwi-pap smear iya kuqhubela phambili kumhlaza 30% ukuya kuma-50 ekhulwini kwexesha.
Kukho ukudideka ngokubhekiselele ekuphi ngqo ukudweba umda phakathi kwe-dysplasia enamandla kunye ne-carcinoma in situ. I-carcinoma in situ ligama eliguqulelwe ngokubhekiselele ngokuthi "umhlaza endaweni." Ezi iiseli zomhlaza ezingakhange zigqitywe kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-membrane esezantsi.
Bakala
Enye indlela yokuchaza ubunzima beenguqu ezinqamlekileyo kwiiseli kumabakala.
Ngeeseli zomlomo, ezi ziqhelo ziqhele ukusetyenziswa xa i-biopsy yenziwa emva kokufumana i-dysplasia kwi-pap smear.
- I-dysplasia ebangeni eliphantsi : Iinguqu ezingaphantsi kwee-grade ezingenakwenzeka ukuba ziqhubele umhlaza.
- I-grade-grade dysplasia: Amaseli ane-high-grade dysplasia anakho amathuba okuqhubela phambili kumhlaza.
Umzekelo wale nto uza kuba yi-dysplasia ephantsi-bakala ebonwe kwi-biopsy yomlomo wesibeleko. Ubungakanani bala utshintsho oluqhubela phambili kumhlaza lungaphantsi. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-colon dysplasia ephezulu ehambelana neepoly polyps inomngcipheko omkhulu wokuqhubeka nomdlavuza wekoloni .
Ukuxilongwa
Iiseli zangaphambili zifunyanwa ngokubonakala kwazo ngokwemvelo phantsi kwe-microscope, ngokuqhelekileyo emva kokuba i-biopsy yenziwe.
Izizathu
Kukho izinto ezininzi ezinokubangela ukuba iiseli zibe ngqangi, kwaye ziyahlukahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwintlobo ethile yeeseli ezibandakanyekayo.
Indlela elula yokuqonda iimbangela zokujonga iimpembelelo kwimeko engonakalisa iiseli eziphilileyo, ezikhokelela kutshintsho kwi-DNA ye-cell, engakhokelela ekukhuleni okungaqhelekanga nophuhliso. Iinkqubo ezimbalwa ezingaphantsi kwezinto ezingabangela ukungaqhelekanga kwiiseli (kunye nemizekelo embalwa ukubonisa) ziquka:
- Usuleleko: Nangona i-4 ukuya kwi-10 ekhulwini le-khansa e-US inxulumene nezifo, izifo ezineentsholongwane, ii-bacteria, kunye ne-parasites zijongene ne-kane yesifo se-cancer emhlabeni jikelele.
Usulelo lwe- papillomavirus yabantu (HPV) lunokubangela ukuvuvukala, okukhokelela kwiiseli ezinqabileyo kwi- cervix . I-HPV nayo ibangela imbangela ebalulekileyo ye-dysplasia eyandulela ezininzi iintsholongwane zentloko nentamo, njengomdlavuza wolwimi nomhlaza womlomo . Uninzi lwasulelo lwe-HPV lucacileyo phambi kokuba nayiphi iinguqu ezitshintshileyo zeseli zenzeka. Ukuba i-dysplasia ikhula, isenokusisombulula ngokwayo okanye ngonyango, okanye inkqubela yomhlaza wesibeleko ngaphandle kokonyangwa.
Ukukhulelwa kunye nokuvuvukala okulandelayo kunye ne-bhakteria i- Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) kunokubangela ukuguqulwa kwe-gastritis engapheliyo, ukuguqulwa kwesiganeko kwisisu esisenokubangela umdlavuza wesisu . - Ukuqhwala okungapheliyo: Ukuvuvukala okungapheliyo kwimizimba kungakhokelela ekubeni utshintsho olunokuthi lube lunomdla kumhlaza. Umzekelo ngowabantu abanesifo se-reflux ye-gastroesophageal (GERD) ixesha elide. Ukuqhaqhazeka okungapheliyo kwe-esisophagus nge-acid acids kungabangela imeko eyaziwa njenge- Barrett . Phakathi kwabantu abane-Barrett, i-pesenti enye ngonyaka iya kuhlakulela umhlaza wesisu . Indawo ebalulekileyo yophando ibona ukuba okanye ukukhenxisa indawo ephezulu ye-dysplasia kuya kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuhlaselwa ngumhlaza wesisu.
Omnye umzekelo ukuvuvukala kwikholoni kubantu abanezifo zesibindi sokuvuvukala (IBD) . I-IBD ingakhokelela kwiipolysi ne-colon dysplasia, ekugqibeleni ekugqibeleni ingakhokelela kumdlavuza wekoloni. - I-Irritation engapheliyo: Ukhathazeka okungapheliyo kwindlela yokuhamba ngumoya yocingo , ukucoceka komoya kunye nezinye iikhemikhali zoshishino zingabangela i-bronchial dysplasia (i-dysplasia ye- bronchi ). Ukuba oku kufunyanwe ekuqaleni-ngexesha le- bronchoscopy kunye ne-biopsy, umzekelo-iiseli ezinokuqhawula ngamanye amaxesha ngamanye amaxesha zingaphathwa nge-cryosurgery ngaphambi kokuba zithole ithuba lokuqhubela phambili kumdlavuza wamaphaphu .
Iintlobo zeeNgqungquthela
Iintsholongwane eziqala kwiiseli ze-epithelial (malunga nama-85 ekhulwini lamanomdlavuza) zingaba neemeko ezinqabileyo. Oku kuyahluke kumdlavuza oqala kumaseli e-mesothelial afana nama-sarcomas. Ezinye iziganeko ezichazwe ngasentla zikhankanywe ngasentla, kodwa ziquka:
- I-intraepithelial neoplasia yeCervical (CIN) - Isimo somhlaza somlomo wesibeleko
- Isisu seBarrett (iiseli ezingaqhelekanga ezingasetyenziselwa ukuba zibe ngumhlaza wesisu)
- I-apipical lobular hyperplasia (leyo ingaba ngumhlaza wesisu)
- Iipolisi ezinama-adenomat in colon (ezinokukhula zibe ngumhlaza wekolon)
- I-actinic keratoses (utshintsho olungaqhelekanga kwesikhumba olungakhula ibe ngumhlaza wesifo somhlaza wesikhumba)
- I-Dysplastic moles (leyo ingaba yi-melanoma)
- I-bronchial epithelial dysplasia (leyo ingaba ngumdlavuza wamaphaphu)
- I-Atrophic gastritis (utshintsho olusisigxina kwisisu esisenokukhula sibe ngumhlaza wesisu (isisu)
Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba iiseli ezinqamlekileyo okanye ezinokuthi zingayi kuqhubeka zibe ngamaseli anomhlaza.
Yintoni Ixesha Eliqhelekileyo?
Ukuxoxa ngokutshintsha kwexesha elifanelekileyo kuyithuba elifanelekileyo lokuthetha ngomnye umqondo onzima ukuphuhlisa umdlavuza: latency.
Ixesha le- latency lichazwa njengexesha lexesha phakathi kokuchasana nomdla wesifo somhlaza (i-carcinogen) kunye nophuhliso lomhlaza kamva. Abantu badla ngokumangaliswa xa behlakulela umdlavuza iminyaka emininzi emva kokuveleleka kwi-carcinogen; Ngokomzekelo, abanye abantu baxakeka xa behlakulela umdlavuza wamaphaphu nangona bayeka ukutshaya amashumi eminyaka ngaphambili.
Xa iiseli zibonakaliswa kuqala kwi-carcinogen, umonakalo wenziwa kwi-DNA kwiseli. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukuqokelela lo monakalo (ukuqoqwa kwemitshintshi) phezu kwexesha elenza ukuba iseli ibe yinto enqabileyo. Ukulandela eli xesha, iseli ingaqhubekela phambili kumanqanaba omninzi ukuya kwi-moderation-ukuya kwi-dysplasia ngaphambi kokuba ekugqibeleni abe ngumhlaza weseli. Isisele sinokuthi sivezwe kwimeko esivimbela ukuqhubela phambili kumhlaza, okanye ibuye ibuyele kwiseli eqhelekileyo (kutheni ukutya okunempilo kunye nokuzivocavoca kubalulekile nangona ufumaneke kwi-carcinogen).
Le ndlela yindlela elula yokuchaza inkqubo, kwaye sifunda ukuba kunzima kakhulu kunokuba sasiyicinga. Kodwa ukuqonda inkqubo ye-precancerous kukunceda ukuchazela ixesha lokugqibela esikubonayo kunye namaninzi emdlavuza.
Xa Iiseli Ziba Nomhlaza?
Impendulo kukuba ininzi yexesha, asiyazi ukuba kuthatha ixesha elide ukwenzela ukuba iiseli ezinqabileyo zibe nomhlaza. Ukongezelela, impendulo ngokuqinisekileyo iyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kwimihlobo yeseli efundwayo.
Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, iiseli zomlomo wesibeletho ezinomdla obunzima ziqhubela kumdlavuza wama-30 ukuya kuma-50 ekhulwini kwixesha, kodwa ixesha elithathayo le nto lenzekile. Kwisifundo esinye esibheke abantu abayi-115 kunye ne-dysplasia yeentambo ze-vocal, u-15 waqhubeka nokuhlakulela umdlavuza ongenamdla (omnye wayeno-dysplasia elula, enye ibe ne-dysplasia ephakathi, i-dysplasia neyesi-6 yayine-carcinoma eninzi). Kwimizuzu engama-73 yezi gulane, izilonda zabo zangaphambili ziba ngumhlaza wesifo se-vocal cords ngonyaka owodwa, intsalela ibe nomdlavuza emva kweminyaka.
Ngaba Zikho Iimpawu?
Iiseli zangaphambili zihlala zikhona ngaphandle kweempawu. Ukuba iimpawu zikhoyo, ziya kuxhomekeka kwiindawo zokutshintsha kwangoku; Ngokomzekelo, utshintsho olusisigxina kumlomo wesibeleko lunokubangela ukuba iiseli zidibanise ngokulula, zibangele ukuphuma kwamanzi okungaqhelekanga . Utshintsho olusenyakatho emlonyeni lungabonwa njengamabala amhlophe (leukoplakia). Kwaye kwimimandla engabonakaliyo kweso iso, njengezicubu ezincinci zomoya, i-dysplasia isoloko ifunyanwa xa i-biopsy yokuhlola iyenziwa esinye isizathu.
Unyango
Ukonyango lweeseli ezinqabileyo kuya kuphinda kuxhomekeke kwiindawo zeeseli.
Ngamanye amaxesha ukubeka esweni konke okucetyiswayo ukubona ukuba izinga le-dysplasia liqhubeka okanye lixazulula ngaphandle kwonyango.
Ngokuqhelekileyo iiseli ezinqabileyo ziya kususwa yinkqubo efana ne-cryotherapy (iphofisa iiseli) okanye utyando ukususa ummandla apho iiseli ezingaqhelekanga zikhona. Nangona iiseli ezingaqhelekanga zisuswe, kubalulekile ukugcina engqondweni ukuba nayiphi na eyenza ukuba iiseli zibe yinto engavamile kwindawo yokuqala ingachaphazela ezinye iiseli kwikamva.
Ngokomzekelo, ukuba iiseli ezingaqhelekanga zeseli ziphathwa nge cryotherapy, kuya kuba kubalulekile ukubeka iliso kwiingxaki eziphindaphindiweyo kunye ne-Pap smears kwixesha elizayo. Kwaye ukuba u- Barrett isifo siphethwe nge cryotherapy, kuya kusadingeka ukuba ube nesigxina sokubekwa esweni kwixesha elizayo.
Kwezinye izinto ezingaqhelekanga, ugqirha wakho unokuncoma i-chemoprevention. Oku kukusetyenziswa kwamachiza okunciphisa umngcipheko weeseli ukuba zingavumelekanga kwixesha elizayo. Umzekelo wale nkqubo kukunyanga usulelo lwe-H. pylori bhakteria esiswini. Ukugqithisa umzimba webhakteria kubonakala kunciphisa iiseli ezinqabileyo kunye nophuhliso lomhlaza wesisu. Abaphandi bajonga ukusetyenziswa kwamachiza amaninzi kunye namavithamini ukuze abone ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwabokutsha kunye nabokutshaya kwangoku baya kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza wamaphaphu esikhathini esizayo.
Iphuzu lokugqibela nelibalulekileyo ekufuneka lenze likhumbuza ukuba, kwezinye iimeko, ukunyuka kweenguqu zengqungquthela kunokuguqulwa ngendalo: ukutya esikudlayo, ukusetyenziswa esikufumanayo kunye nendlela yokuphila esiyikhethayo. Ukutya okucebileyo ekutya okuqukethe iivithamini ezithile, umzekelo, kunokunceda umzimba ucoce igalelo le-HPV ngokukhawuleza.
Amanyathelo okuPhucula phambili
Kukho amagama amaninzi achaza iiseli ezenza ukuqonda kwesi sihloko kunzima, ngoko umzekelo unokunceda ukwenza oku kuqondwe kancinci.
Ngomdlavuza wesifo somhlaza wamaphaphu , kubonakala ngathi iiseli zihamba ngokuqhubekayo ngaphambi kokuba umhlaza uphuhlise. Iqala ngamaseli aqhelekileyo emiphunga. Utshintsho lokuqala luyi-hyperplasia, echazwa njengeeseli ezikhulayo okanye zikhawuleza kunokuba zilindeleke. Ngokomzekelo, i-hyperplasia yentliziyo yayiza kuba yigama elisetyenziselwa ukuchaza intliziyo ekhulisiweyo.
Isinyathelo sesibini yi-metaplasia xa iiseli zitshintsha kuhlobo lweselfowuni esingaqhelekanga. I-Metaplasia kwi-esophagus (leyo ingaba ngumtshintshi wesifo somhlaza wesisu), umzekelo, xa iiseli ezibukeka njengezo ziqhelekileyo ezifunyanwe emathunjini amancinci zifumaneka kwi-esophagus. Isinyathelo sesithathu i-dysplasia, elandelwa yi-carcinoma in situ kwaye, ekugqibeleni, i-squamous cell carcinoma.
Ukunciphisa Ingozi Yakho
Akukaze kube mva ukufumana iindlela zokukhusela-nokuba ngaba ufumene unomdlavuza. Ngokwe-American Institute for Research Cancer, abantu abanomhlaza banokuzuza ngokufunda ngokunciphisa ingozi yomhlaza okanye ukunciphisa ukuphindaphinda ngokutya nokuzilolonga.
Thatha isikhashana ukujonga iingcebiso ekunciphiseni umngcipheko wakho womhlaza , onokuba luncedo ekunciphiseni umdlavuza wamaphaphu kunye nezinye i-cancer, kunye ne -foodsfood superfoods ezinokuncedisa ukunciphisa umngcipheko wakho womhlaza okanye ukuphindaphinda komhlaza.
> Imithombo:
> Chen, L., Shen, R., Ye, Y. et al. Amaseli e-Stencerous Stem ayenokubaluleka kokuBenign and Malignant Differentiation. PLosOne . 2007. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000293
> UKeith, i-R. Lung ye-chemoprevention yesifo. Iinkqubo ze-American Thoracic Society . 2012. 9 (2): 52-6.
> Rohde, M. et al. Ukuqedwa ngokukhawuleza kwezilonda ezinqabileyo zentambo yezwi ukuphepha umngcipheko womhlaza. IDanish Medical Journal . 2012. 59 (5): A4399.
> Seo, J. et al. Ukuxothwa kwe-Helicobacter pylori kunciphisa umdlavuza we-Gastric Cancer emva kokuxhaswa kwe-Endoscopic ye-Cancer yokuqala yeCastry. Hepatogastroenterology . 2012. 60 (125).
> Toll, A. et al. Ukubaluleka kokubhengezwa kwe-high-grade dysplasia kwi-adenomas e-colorectal. Izifo eziPhezulu . 2011. 14 (4): 370-3.