Izinzuzo zokuFunda nokuthetha ngaphezu kweLwimi olunye
IsiBilualism inezibonelelo ezininzi, kubandakanywa nethuba lokunxibelelana kuzo zonke iinkcubeko. Nangona kunjalo, uphando oluthile lufumene ukuba ukuthetha ulwimi olungaphezu kweelwimi kunamathuba amaninzi okugqithiseleyo kunxibelelwano. Ukuba ziilwimi ezimbini zihambelana nokusebenza kwengqondo engcono kunye nomngcipheko omncinci wokugula komzimba .
Umsebenzi Wengqondo kunye neCognitive Reserve
Ukukhusela i-Alzheimer , abaphandi baye bacebisa ukugcina ingqondo yakho isebenze ngokufumana iphakamileyo lemfundo , ukwenza iipuzzle kunye nokusebenzisa ezinye iingqondo.
Ukuvumelana ngokubanzi kukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba iimpawu ze-Alzheimer zibe zilibazisekile ngokwengqondo, i-brains esebenzayo kuba "ingqondo" yengqondo inokudala indawo yokugcina ingqondo .
Ingcamango yokugcina ingqondo yokhuseleko kukuba "iqinisa imisipha" yengqondo, ikhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa okuphuculweyo phakathi kwee-brain neurons kunye nokwandisa ukukwazi ukuhlawulela ukungasebenzi kweengqondo. Enye indlela yokunika ingqondo yakho enkulu ukufunda nokusebenzisa olunye ulwimi.
Inzuzo yeBongo yoBulwimi
Ngokokuhlaziywa kophando, uphando oluninzi lubonise ukulibaziseka kwiimpawu ze-Alzheimer kunye ne-dementia kulabo babesilwimi ezimbini. Ngokomyinge, abantu ababengabini beempawu ezibangelwa umba wokuba nomdaka ophakathi kweminyaka emihlanu ubudala kunabo bathetha ulwimi olulodwa.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yokuSebenzisana kweCognitive
Ukuze ufunde okungakumbi ngeelwimi ezimbini kunye nengqondo, abaphandi bafanisa ukucinga ngengqondo yabantu babini kwii-monolinguals (abo bathetha ulwimi olunye).
Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kweso sifundo babenokubonakala besifo se-Alzheimer kwaye babonisa amanqanaba afanayo wokusebenza kwengqondo. Abaphandi baphinde baqwalasele iminyaka, imfundo, imisebenzi, kunye nesini ukuqinisekisa ukuba nayiphi na into eyahlukileyo ayifumanekanga kwizinto ezinjalo.
Iziphumo zophando zifumene ukuba ubuchopho bokuba bilingual babonakalisa umonakalo omkhulu kwimilinganiselo enxulumene nesifo se-Alzheimer kunezi-monolinguals, kodwa ukusebenza kwazo zonke iingcamango kwakufana nokufana neziphumo ezifanayo kwiimvavanyo ezintathu ezihlukeneyo.
Oku kungaba njani? Ibuyela kwingcamango yokugcinwa kwengqondo. Nangona kubonakala ukuba iziphumo ze-Alzheimers ziye zaphuhliswa ixesha elithile kwiibilini zabo, iimpawu ze-Alzheimer zazingephuthuki kakhulu kunokuba zikulindelwe. Abantu ababini babenakho ukuhlawula okanye ukusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo nangona benomonakalo omkhulu emzimbeni wabo.
Ukugcinwa kweSigqeba sokuSebenza
Uphando olongezelelweyo olushicilelwe kwiphepha le- Neuropsychology lucinga ngemiphumo yokubambisa ngeelwimi kumsebenzi olawulayo wamacandelo amabini abathathi-nxaxheba: abantu abangama-75 abanokuxilongwa kwesifo se-Alzheimer kunye no-74 abanokuxilongwa kokukhubazeka okungenangqondo , imeko edla ngezinye izifo kwi-Alzheimer's disease. Ukusebenza okuPhezulu kuvivinywe kusetyenziswa iimvavanyo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo: vavanyo lwe- Trail-Making, uvavanyo lwe -color-interference test ( njengovavanyo lwe-Stroop ) kunye nokuvavanya kwamagama . Iziphumo zibonise ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba ababengamalungu angama-2 abakhulileyo abaqhuba kakubi kwiminyaka emininzi kamva kunabo bathetha ulwimi olulodwa.
Ukuphuculwa kweCognitive Improved After Stroke
Olunye uphando lufumene ukuba abantu abanezilimi ezimbini bafumana amandla okuqonda ngokufanelekileyo ngokulandela uhlangothi olugqithisileyo kunabo bathetha ulwimi olulodwa.
Izibetho zibeka abantu engozini yokugula komzimba, kwaye kuxhomekeke kwindawo ekuqhutywe ngayo isifo, ukusetyenziswa kolwimi nokuqonda.
Izinzuzo ezininzi
Uphando oluchazwe kwi- PLOS One lubhekiselele kwimiphumo yeelwimi ezininzi-oko kukuthi, ukwazi nokusebenzisa iilwimi ezingaphezu kweebini. Uphononongo lwabandakanya abathathi-nxaxheba ababonise ukukhubazeka kokuqala kwengqondo kodwa bebengakhange bafumane ukugula komqondo. Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abasebenzisa iilwimi ezingaphezu kweebini babenomngcipheko omncinci wokunciphisa ingqondo-ngokwenene, ukuya kumaxesha asixhenxe ukukhuselwa kokunyuka kwengqondo njengabo babesebenzisa iilwimi ezimbini kuphela.
Health Brain Health kunye noLwakhiwo
Njengoko sibudala, ubuchopho bethu bubonakala ku- atrophy ngokuthe ngcembe (ukunciphisa ngobukhulu) ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ukongezelela, umthamo weengqondo, zombini jikelele kunye nakwiindawo ezithile zobuchopho, sele ziboshwe ekusebenzeni kwengqondo.
Iqela labaphandi liye lafunda indlela ubuchopho bomthamo obunzima bokuqhathaniswa nawabantu base-monolinguals. Bafumanise ukuba umthamo wezinto zombini kunye nemhlophe kumbandela wawukhudlwana kulabo babecala.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuba uphando oluthile lufumene ukuba ukwanda kwimiba ebomvu kwafunyanwa ngabo abo ulwimi lwabo lwesibini aluzange luthethe, njengoLwimi Lwezandla lwaseMerika .
Inkxaso eqhubekayo yeenzuzo zeelwimi ezimbini ifunyenwe kwi-PET isilinganiselo esilinganisela imetabolism ye-glucose engqondweni. Iingcamango zibonise umahluko omkhulu kulabo bathetha olunye ulwimi. Ikhono lobuchopho ukuxubusha i-glucose (ushukela) lubophelele kakhulu kwi-brain function, kangangokuthi i-Alzheimer ibizwa ngokuba yi- Type 3 Diabetes .
Ekugqibeleni, ingqondo ingayenza imisebenzi eyahlukileyo ukuba umntu unelwimi ezimbini okanye i-monolingual. Olunye uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba kwiibilingual, ubuchopho busebenza kakuhle ekusebenzeni imisebenzi kwaye kungcono ukuzinyamekisa iziphazamiso xa wenza njalo.
Ngaba Kuthatha Uluhlu Lweelwimi LwaseKhaya?
Nangona nayiphi na imali yokufunda inenzuzo, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukubonakaliswa okufutshane kwilwimi lwesibini kunceda kunciphise ingozi yakho yokugula. Kunoko, abo bafunde ulwimi lwesibini ngaphambili ebomini kwaye abo basebenzisa ulwimi olungaphezu kweelinye rhoqo kubonakala benakho amathuba okuqonda.
Umgangatho ophezulu wobuchule kwezo zombini iilwimi kubonakala kubalulekile. Ngamanye amagama, ukwazi amagama ambalwa nje akunakwenzeka ukunciphisa umngcipheko we-dementia yakho, ngelixa ulungele ukukhonza njengomguquleli kunokwenzeka ukubonelela ngeengqondo.
Ngaba ezinye izinto zingabangela uxanduva?
Nangona ezi zifundo zibonakala zibonisa ukuxhamla oluqinileyo phakathi kweelwimi ezimbini kunye nomngcipheko wokunciphisa umthamo we-dementia, abanye baye babuza isizathu salolu lungiso.
Ngokomzekelo, umphandi u-Esme Fuller-Thomson unomlinganiselo osezantsi weqondo lokunciphisa ukugula komzimba kwiibilingual to a phenomenon ebizwa ngokuthi "umfuduki ophilileyo". Ngaloo nto, uthetha ukuba umngcipheko we-dementia ophantsi ungabikho ngenxa yezinto ezimbini kodwa kunokuba unxulumene nokuphila kunye nokuzinza okufunekayo ukuba abantu bahambe baye kwilizwe elitsha. Ngaloo ndlela, utsho ukuba izinto ezinjengezempilo ezifanelekileyo zingabangela uxanduva lomngcipheko omncinci womqondo, ngokuchasene nolwazi nolunye ulwimi.
Abanye abaphandi baye bafumanisa enye into enokuba negalelo ekudibaniseni phakathi kweelwimi ezimbini kunye nokunciphisa ingozi yokugula ngengqondo-eyona nqanaba lemfundo ephakamileyo ekhoyo kwabanye abantu abathetha ulwimi olulodwa.
Lo mbuzo wolungelelaniso kunye nombango oqhelekileyo kwintsimi yesayensi, kwaye kunzima ukudibanisa izinto ezininzi ezinokuchaphazela iziphumo kwezi zifundo ezibonisa ukulungiswa phakathi kokusebenza kwengqondo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezimbini.
ILizwi
Nangona kungekho ndlela eqinisekisiweyo yokukhusela i-Alzheimer okwamanje, ezi zifundo zichaza ezinye iingenelo ezintle zobomi bakho ngokusebenzisa ezininzi iilwimi. Ukuqhagamshelana phakathi kokubambiswa kweelwimi kunye nokujongana nomngcipheko omncinci we-dementia akukaqondwa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kubonakala ngathi kuxhaswa luphando lwezifundo ezininzi. Ukufunda nokusebenzisa ulwimi lwesibini kungayinzuzo yokusebenzisa ubuchopho bakho kwaye ujabulele ukunxibelelana kwezithethe.
Imithombo:
Cortext. Umqulu 48, Isiqendu 8, Septemba 2012. IziLimi ezimbini zeBilimi njengegalelo ekugcinweni kwengqondo: Ubungqina obuvela kwi-brain atrophy kwisifo se-Alzheimer. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010945211001043
> Craik, F., Bialystok, E. no Freedman, M. (2010). Ukulahla ukuqala kwesifo se-Alzheimer: iilwimi zeBilingual njengehlobo lokugcinwa kwengqondo. I-Neurology , 75 (19), iphe.1726-1729. 10.1212 / WNL.0b013e3181fc2a1c
> Li, L., Abutalebi, J., Emmorey, K., et al. (2017). Iilwimi ezimbini zikhusela njani ubuchopho ekugugeni: Iingcaciso ezivela kwiibimalual bilingual. I-Mapping Brain Mapping , 38 (8), iphe.4109-4124.
Neuropsychology. 2014 Mar; 28 (2): 290-304. Imiphumo yeelwimi ezimbini kwixesha lokuqalisa nokuqhubela phambili kwe-MCI kunye ne-AD: ubungqina obuvela kwiimvavanyo zomsebenzi ophezulu. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24245925
> Perani, D., Farsad, M., Ballarini, et al (2017). Impembelelo yeelwimi ezimbini kwi-brain storage kunye nokuxhamla komzimba kwi-Alzheimer's dementia. Iinkqubo zeSizwe seSizwe seSayensi , 114 (7), iphe.1690-1695.
I-PLOS enye. Ngo-Apreli 30, 2013. Ukubonakaliswa kwexesha elipheleleyo kwiilwimi ezininzi: Ubungqina obutsha bokuxhasa iCopnitive Reserve Hypothesis. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0062030
> Strauss S. Ngaba ukusetyenziswa kweelwimi ezimbini kubambezeleka kwengqondo? I-CMAJ: I-Canadian Medical Association Journal . 2015; 187 (7): E209-E210. i-doi: 10.1503 / cmaj.109-5022.