Ukwandiswa kweNdlela yokuPhila kwi-Prehistory Through Modern Era
Abantu bahlala ixesha elide kudlulileyo? Uvame ukuva amanani malunga nomyinge wokuphila wabantu abahlala emakhulu, kwanamawaka, eminyaka edlulileyo. Ngaba ookhokho bethu bafa ngokwenene kwiminyaka engama-30 okanye 40 emva koko? Nantsi i-primer encinci kwixesha elide kulo lonke iimbali ukukunceda uqonde indlela ukuhlala kwexesha lobomi kunye nabaphila ngayo batshintshe ixesha elide.
Ukuphila ngokumalunga nokulindela ubomi
Ixesha lokuphila lobomi lithetha ukuhlala kwindalo yabantu bonke, ngokuqwalasela zonke iimpawu zokufa zelo qela elithile labantu. Indlela yokuphila iyimilinganiselo yobude bomntu ngamnye. Nangona zombini imibandela ibonakala iqonde, ukungabikho kwempahla yeengxelo kunye neengxelo zenze ukuba kube nzima ngabaphandi ukuba bachaze indlela abaphila ngayo baphumelele kuyo yonke imbali.
Indlela Yokuphila Yomntu Wokuqala
Kuze kube ludlulileyo, ulwazi oluncinane lukhona malunga nokuba abantu bexesha elide bahlala phi. Ukuba nokufikelela kwiincinci ezincinci zomntu okwenzekileyo kunenza kwaba nzima ngababhali beembali ukuba balinganise inani labantu babemi. Abafundisi be-Anthropology uRachel Caspari kunye no-Sang-Hee Lee, kwiYunivesithi yaseMkatikati yaseMichigan naseYunivesithi yaseCalifornia eMfuleni, ngokukhethekileyo, bakhetha ukuhlalutya ubudala beentlobo zamathambo ezitholakala kwimimandla engama-archeological kwimpuma nakumazantsi e-Afrika, eYurophu nakwezinye iindawo.
Emva kokuthelekisa inani lalabo abafa abaselula kunye nalabo abafa xa bekhulile, iqela lagqiba ukuba ixesha elide liqala ukunyuka ngokunyanisekileyo-oko kukudlula iminyaka engama-30 okanye njalo-malunga nama-30,000 kwiminyaka edlulileyo ubude bokuziphendukela kwabantu. Kwinqaku epapashwe ngo-2011 kwiScientific American, uCaspari ibiza ukutshintsha "ukuguqulwa kootatomkhulu," njengoko kubonakalisa okokuqala kwimbali yabantu ukuba izizukulwana ezintathu zibekho.
KwiiNkulungwane Zokuqala
Ukulinganisela okulindelekileyo kobomi okuchaza ukuba uluntu ngokubanzi luhluphekile ukungabikho kobungqina obuchanekileyo obuhlanganiswe kulezi zihlandlo. Kwinqaku le-2010 elipapashwe kwiNkcazo yeSizwe seSayensi yezobuchwephesha ne-biologist uKaleb Finch ichaza ubude bemihla ngemihla yamaGrike namaRoma njengemfutshane kwiminyaka engama-20 ukuya kweyama-35, nangona ixhala la manani kusekelwe " ngokugqithiseleyo engabonakaliyo "amangcwaba epitaphs kunye neesampuli.
Ukuqhubela phambili kwinqanaba lomlando, i-Finch dwelisa imingeni ekunciphiseni ubomi bembali kunye nezizathu zokufa kule nkcazelo yoconco. Njengoluhlobo lweengcungcuthe zophando, yena kunye nezinye iingcaphephe zengqungquthela zibonisa ukuthelekiswa okucacileyo kunokwenziwa kunye nedatha yolwazi oluvela kwiSweden yasekuqaleni (kwiminyaka ye-18 leminyaka) kunye nabantu abathile bemihla ngemihla, abancinci, abazingelayo kumazwe afana neVenezuela neBrazil.
I-Finch ibhala ukuba ukugweba ngolu daba izizathu ezibalulekileyo zokufa ngexesha la maxesha okuqala ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kuba nezifo, nokuba zivela kwizifo ezithathelwanayo okanye amanxeba aphethwe yi-accidents okanye ukulwa. Izimo zokuphila ezingenampilo kunye nokunqongophala okuncinci kwinkathalo yonyango eyomeleleyo kwakuthetha ukuba amathuba okuphila ubomi aphelelwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-35 ubudala.
Ukulindeleka kobomi ekuzalweni , umfanekiso obangelwa kukufa kwabantwana-i-pegged ngexesha eliphakamileyo elinama-30 ekhulwini. Akuthethi ukuba umntu oqhelekileyo ohlala ngo-1200 AD wabulawa eneminyaka engama-35. Kunoko, ngamnye umntwana owafa esemsaneni, omnye umntu unokuhlala ephila ukuze afikelele ekuzaleni kwakhe iminyaka engama-70. Iminyaka yokuqala ukuya kwi-15 iyaqhubeka iyingozi, ngenxa yeengozi ezibangelwa zizifo, ukulimala, kunye neengozi. Abantu abasinda kule nkalo yobungozi bomiyo bangenza ukuba kube yiminyaka yobudala.
Ezinye izifo ezithathelwanayo ezifana nekholera , isifo sofuba kunye nesibhokhwe siya kuqhubeka nokunciphisa ixesha elide, kodwa akukho nakwizinga elonakalisa isibetho se-bubonic ngekhulu le-14.
I-Black Plague yasuka e-Asia naseYurophu, kwaye yaxotha ingxenye yesithathu yabemi baseYurophu, ixesha elide lokutshintsha ixesha lokuphila phantsi.
Ukususela kuma-1800 ukuya namhlanje
Ukususela kuma-1500s ukuya phambili, kude kube ngunyaka we-1800, ukulindeleka kobomi kulo lonke elaseYurophu laliphakathi kweminyaka engama-30 no-40 ubudala. Ukususela kwiminyaka ye-1800 yokuqala, u-Finch ubhala ukuba ukulinda komntu ekuzalweni kuye kwaphindaphindwa kabini kwixesha eli-10 kuphela. Ukuphuculwa kwezempilo, ukucoceka, ukugonywa, ukufikelela kumanzi ahlambulukileyo, kunye nokutya okunomsoco konke kukhulunywa ngokunyuka okukhulu.
Nangona kunzima ukucinga, oogqirha kuphela baqala ukuhlamba izandla phambi kokuhlinzwa phakathi ne-1800s. Ukuqonda okungcono ucoceko kunye nokuhanjiswa kwee-microbes kuye kwabangela inxaxheba enkulu kwimpilo karhulumente. Isifo sasesesidlangalaleni, nangona kunjalo, kwaye sathintela ixesha lokuphila. Izidumbu, i- typhoid , kunye nezifo ezifana ne- rheumatic fever kunye nomfutho obomvu zizonke ziqhelekile ngexesha lama-1800.
Nangona kutshanje ngo-1921, amazwe afana neKhanada ayenesantya sokufa kwabantwana malunga neepesenti ezili-10, oku kuthetha ukuba enye yabantwana abayi-10 abazange baphile. Ngokutsho kweTatistique Canada, oku kuthetha ukulindela ubomi okanye izinga lokusinda eliphakathi kwelo lizwe eliphakamileyo kwiminyaka elide kunexesha lokuzalwa-imeko eqhubekayo kwaze kwaqala ngawo-1980.
Namhlanje amazwe amaninzi asezimbonini aziqhayisa ngamanani angama-75 aneminyaka engaphezu kwama-75, ngokuthelekisa ngokuqulunqwa yi-Intelligence Agency.
Kwilixa elizayo
Abanye abaphandi baye baqikelela ukuba izinto zokuphila zifana nokukhuluphala komzimba ziya kumisa okanye ziphinde zitshintshe ukunyuka kwexesha lokuphila kwimeko yokuqala kwimbali yanamhlanje. Abadlali be-Epidemiologist kunye ne-gerontologists ezifana no-Jay Jay Olshanky bayalumkisa ukuba e-United States-apho i-sibini yesithathu yoluntu ikhuluphele okanye ikhuluphele-ukukhuluphala kwamanzi kunye neengxaki zayo, ezifana nesifo sikashukela , sinokunciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuphila kwimiba yonke kwisiqingatha sokuqala Kwekhulu lama-21.
Okwangoku, ukunyuka kwexesha lokuphila eNtshonalanga kuletha iindaba ezilungileyo nezimbi-kulungile ukuba uphile ixesha elide, kodwa ngoku usengozini kakhulu kwiintlobo zezifo ezibetha xa ukhula. Ezi zifo ezinxulumene neminyaka ziquka izifo ze- coronary disease , i-cancer, ezithile zesifo sikashukela, kunye nengqondo .
Nangona zinokuchaphazela ubungakanani kunye nemigangatho yobomi , ezininzi zezi meko zinokuthintelwa okanye ubuncinci ukulibaziseka ngokukhetha ukuziphatha ngendlela enempilo njengokulandela ukutya okuguga , ukugcina ubunzima obunempilo, ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kunye nokugcina ii-hormone zoxinzelelo ezifana ne-cortisol.
Imithombo:
> Beltrán-Sánchez H, iiCrimmins EM, i-Finch CE. Ukufa kwabantu abadala kwangaphambili kuqikelela izinga lokuguga kwiqela: uhlalutyo lwembali. Umbhalo woPhuhliso lweMpilo kunye nezifo . 2012; 3 (05): 380-386. i-doi: 10.1017 / s2040174412000281.
> Ukuqhathaniswa kweLizwe: Ukulindela Ubomi ekuzalweni. I-Central Central Intelligence Agency (i-CIA) Iphepha leNkcukacha Zoluntu. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html.
> Finch CE. Ukuguquka kokuphila komntu kunye nezifo zokuguga: Imisebenzi yesifo, isifo sokuvutha, kunye nokutya. I-PNAS , uJanuwari 26, 2010, umz. 107, iphepha 1718-1724.
> Ezempilo kwisiGxina: Ukungalingani kwiBomi elindelekileyo ekuzalweni. I-Statistics Canada I-Information Information Sheets. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-624-x/2011001/article/11427-eng.htm
> Olshansky SJ, iiCarnes BA. "Ixesha elizayo lobomi bomntu," kwi- International Handbook of Population Aging , u-Uhlenberg P., umhleli. (ENew York, NY: Springer;), 731-745. 2009.