Isigumbane sisifo esinegalelo kakhulu esibangelwa yigciwane le-variola eliye lapheliswa yi-vaccination emhlabeni wonke ngo-1980, nto leyo ithetha ukuba ayisekho ngokwemvelo. Ukugqitywa kokugqibela kwemvelo e-United States kwakukho ngo-1949. Nangona kunjalo, i-smallpox yayisinye sezifo ezibhubhisayo kangangezigidi zeminyaka, ibulala abantu abathathu kubo bonke abantu abathintekayo kunye nokushiya abanye abaninzi ngeengqumbo ezingapheliyo okanye eziyimfama.
Iimpawu zokuqala zifana nomkhuhlane kwaye ukugqithisa kukhula ngaphakathi kweentsuku ezimbalwa, kubangela ukuba i-blister ejulile ihlabe kwaye iwele.
Imbali
Imvelaphi yesikhombazana ayiqinisekanga, kodwa ikholelwa ukuba yayivela eYiputa okanye eNdiya. Inqununu yafika eYurophu phakathi kwekhulu lesihlanu neyesibhozo kwaye yayikho kwiidolophu ezinkulu zaseYurophu ngekhulu le-18. Iintsholongwane zenzeke kwiikoloni zaseMntlaseMerika kwii-17 neye-18 leminyaka. Ngesinye isikhathi i- smallpox yayiyisifo esibalulekileyo kuzo zonke ihlabathi kulo lonke ihlabathi ngaphandle kwe-Australia kunye neziqithi ezimbalwa ezikude. Izigidi zabantu zafa emhlabeni jikelele, ngakumbi eYurophu naseMexico, ngenxa yeengcipheko ezixhaphakileyo.
Ukutshintsha
Ukuwa kwe-smallpox kwaqala ngokuqaphela ukuba abasindileyo besi sifo babekhuselekile ubomi babo bonke ubomi. Oku kwakhokelela ekusebenziseni ukuhlukahluka-inkqubo yokubonakalisa umntu onempilo kwizinto ezikhuselweyo ezivela kumntu onesibhoxo esithemba ukuvelisa i-smallpox kwifomu elibi kakhulu elinikezela ukhuseleko lokusulela unyango.
I-akhawunti yokuqala ebhaliweyo ye-variolation ichaza i-nun yeBuddha eyenzayo malunga ne-1022 ukuya ku-1063 AD. Wayeza kugawula i-scabs ethathelwe kumntu osuleleka kwi-smallpox ibe yipoda, aze ayivuthele emakhaleni omntu ongekho mzimba. Ngama-1700s, le ndlela yokuguquguquka yayisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo eChina, eNdiya naseTurkey.
Ekupheleni kwe-1700s, oogqirha baseYurophu basebenzisa le ndlela kunye nezinye iindlela zokutshintsha. Abanye abantu abaye bahlengahlengiswa besaphila nge-smallpox, kodwa lo mkhuba wanciphisa kakhulu inani elipheleleyo lezinto ezibulalayo.
Ukugonywa
Isinyathelo esilandelayo ekupheliseni i-smallpox eyenziwa ngokugqithiswa ngunyango wesiNgesi, u-Edward Jenner, ukuba i-milkmaids eyakha i-cowpox (isifo esingathí sina) asizange ivelise iimpawu ze-smallpox xa zithe zahlengahlengiswa. Ngaloo nto, ngo-1796, uJenner wathatha umkhuhlane kwi-cowpox pustule kwisandla somfuyo waza wafaka inkwenkwe eneminyaka engama-9 ubudala. Kwiiveki ezintandathu, wambonisa loo nkwenkwana ukuba ibe yincinci, kwaye le nkwenkwe ayizange ibe neyiphi na impawu. UJenner waqulunqa igama elithi "ugonyo" kwigama elithi "vaca," elithetha "inkomo" ngesiLatini. Umsebenzi wakhe waqala ukugxeka kodwa kungekudala wamukelwa ngokukhawuleza waza wamkelwa. Ngo-1800, malunga nabantu abayi-100,000 begonywe emhlabeni jikelele.
I- vaccine yanamhlanje eyagunyazisiweyo yi-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ithathwe kwintsholongwane ebuthakathaka ebizwa ngokuba yi-"iNew York City City Health". Yayikhiqizwa yi-Wyeth Laboratories kwaye ilayisenisi phantsi kwegama elithi Dryvax. Ukugqitywa kokugqibela kwesibhokotshi e-United States kwenzeka eTexas ngo-1949 kunye nama-8 amatyala kunye nokufa oku-1.
Nangona ininzi yeMntla yaseMerika, iYurophu yase-Yurophu, i-Australia kunye ne-New Zealand yayingenakho ikhonkxa ngeli xesha, amanye amazwe afana ne-Afrika ne-Indiya aqhubeka ehlwayelwa zizifo zesifo.
Ukuxothwa
Ngowe-1967, iNhlangano yezeMpilo yehlabathi (i-WHO) iqalile umkhankaso wehlabathi jikelele wokuphelisa i-smallpox. Le njongo yafezwa kwiminyaka eyi-10 ngenxa yeyona nxalenye enkulu kwimigudu yokugonywa. Icala lokugqibela lesigxina sesibhozo senzeke eSomalia ngo-1977. Ngomhla we-Meyi 8, 1980, iNdibano yezeMpilo yeNhlaba yamemezela ukuba umhlaba awukhululekile nge-smallpox-eyona nto eyenziwe ngayo.
I-United States yamisa ukugoma abantu bonke ngo-1972 kodwa yaqhubeka igonsa abasebenzi basejoni.
Kwacetyiswa ukuba ukugonywa kwabasebenzi bamasosha kumile ngo-1986 kwaye ukugonya kwavalwa ngokusemthethweni kwimisebenzi yabasemkhosini ngo-1990.
Iimpawu
Xa uqala ukubonakaliswa kwintsholongwane yegciwane lesibindi, uhlala ekuthiwa yixesha lokuxubusha. Awuxhatshazwayo kwaye awuyi kuba neempawu zezinye iintsuku ezi-7 ukuya kwezi-19. Iimpawu zengqungquthela ziqala ngentsholongwane ephezulu, intloko, ukukhathala, kunye nezidumbu zomzimba, ngamanye amaxesha zihlamba, zonke ezo zinokuhlala iintsuku ezimbini ukuya kwezine. Unokusasazeka kweli nqanaba.
Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva koko, uya kuhlakulela ukugqithisa okuphazamisayo okuqala emlonyeni wakho kwaye kusasazeka, ukujika kwiimvumba eziphakanyisiweyo kunye ne-blisters ezaliswe ngamagqabi ekhuniweyo, ukukhanda, kunye nokuwa emva kweveki ezintathu, ukushiya inqabunga ekhishwe. Unokuhlakulela i-blisters ekhaleni lakho nasemlonyeni. Usuleleka kakhulu xa uqala ukukhawuleza, kwaye uhlala usenezelelekile kude kube yilapho inqabana yokugqibela inqabileyo iwa.
Izizathu
Inqununu yintsholongwane ebangelwa yi-virus ye-variola. Inokuthi ikhutshwe ngokuqhagamshelana nomnye umntu, ngomoya kwisakhiwo esivaliweyo (ngokungafanekiyo), okanye ekuthintaneni nezinto ezingcolileyo, njengeengubo kunye nezingubo. Akukho bungqina bokuba i-smallpox isasazwa yizilwanyana okanye inambuzane.
Ukuxilongwa
Ngenxa yokuba i-smallpox ichithwe ixesha elithile, oogqirha abanakukwazi ukuxelela ukuba i-smallpox ngokukhawuleza, oku kuthetha ukuba isenokusasazeka ngokukhawuleza ngaphambi kokuba i-diagnostic ingeniswe. Amaziko okuLawula nokuLawula (i-CDC) aya kufuneka ahlolisise izicubu zomntu osulelekileyo ukuqinisekisa i-smallpox. Kwimeko enye eqinisekisiweyo, nokuba yiphi na ihlabathi, iya kudala imeko yexakeka kwimpilo.
Unyango
Akukho nonyango ngenye ye-smallpox. I-vaccope yokugonya ikhusela abantu ukuba bangene kwi-smallpox kwaye ingasetyenziswa xa kuvela ingqungquthela. Ukuba ufumana isitofu sokugonywa kwe-smallpox kwisithuba seentsuku ezintathu emva kokuba unesifo sengculaza, isitofu sokugonya singakuyeka ukuba ungene kwi-smallpox. Ukuba usenokuphuhlisa intsholongwane, kuya kuba nzima kakhulu. Ukuba ufumana isitofu kwisithuba sesine ukuya kwiintsuku ezisixhenxe emva kokungcola, mhlawumbi kunokunika ukhuseleko kwaye kwakhona, kunokusenza ukuba usulelo lube lukhulu kakhulu. Xa uhlaselo luye lwaphuhliswa, isitofu sokugonya asiyi kuba luncedo.
I-Antitivirals inokuba nayo indawo ekunakekeleni i-smallpox, kodwa oku kuhlale kungacacile njengangoku. Unyango luya kuba luninzi lokugcina ukhululekile, uqinisekise ukuba uhlala u-hydrated, kwaye unyanga naziphi na iimpawu okanye iingxaki ezinokubangela, ezifana nokunika i-antibiotics ngenxa yentsholongwane yebhaktheriya.
ILizwi
Imbali yokunyuka kunye nokuwa kwe-smallpox yimbali yempumelelo kwiyeza zanamhlanje kunye nempilo yoluntu. Nangona phantse zonke izitokisi ezaziwayo zegciwane le-variola zatshatyalaliswa xa i-smallpox ivakalisiwe, i-variola virus igcinwe kwiindawo ezimbini zophando-enye kwiCDC e-Atlanta, eGeorgia, kunye neyesiXeko saseburhulumenteni saseRussia soPhando kwi-Virology kwaye Biotechnology kwiRussia Federation. Ngokutsho kweCDC, kunokwenzeka kodwa kungenakwenzeka ukuba intshogu ye-variola ingasetyenziselwa ukuhlaselwa kwe-bioterrorist, ngoko kukho isicwangciso esenzekayo kwimeko apho iimeko eziphuthumayo zenzekile. Ngokomzekelo, kukho ukugonya kwe-smallpox eyaneleyo yokugonya umntu ngamnye kwi-United States kufuneka kubekho ukuqhuma kwe-smallpox okanye ukuhlaselwa.
> Imithombo:
> Amasebe okuLawula nokuVimbela (iCCDC). Inqununu. Ukuhlaziywa ngoJulayi 12, 2017.
> Amasebe okuLawula nokuVimbela (iCCDC). Inqununu: Ukuthintela nokuPhathwa. Ukuhlaziywa ngoJuni 7, 2016.
> Abasebenzi beKliniki yabasebenzi. Inqununu. Clinical Mayo. Ukuhlaziywa ngoJulayi 26, 2017.
> I-World Health Organization (WHO). Imibuzo Ebuzwa Ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye neempendulo kwi-Smallpox. Ukuhlaziywa ngoJuni 28, 2016.