Ikholera yintsholongwane yebhaktheriya ebangelwa i-microbe ekhulayo emanzini. Abantu abagula kakhulu ngekholera banokudityaniswa ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokurhudo kunye nokuhlanza. Akunjalo wonke umntu odibanisa i-k'holera uyagula, kodwa abo benzayo basemngciphekweni wokufa xa bengakhange baphathwe ngokukhawuleza.
Ikholera inqabile kakhulu kwi-United States nakwamanye amazwe athuthukileyo apho ucoceko oluntu luzinzile kwaye ucoceko olulungileyo lwenziwa ngokubanzi.
Phakathi ko-2001 no-2011, umzekelo, kwakukho kuphela ii-111 ezichazwe kwiimeko zekholera e-US, ngokwemiGangatho yokuLawulwa kweNtsholongwane kunye nokuCandwa (CDC). Nangona kunjalo, ukuqubuka kwekholera kusekhona kwiindawo zehlabathi apho ucoceko kunye nococeko lwazo luyimpazamo. Ukuba uceba ukutyelela loo ndawo, kufuneka uqonde ukuba isifo sisasazeka njani kwaye uyanyamekele ukuzikhusela. Ngokomzekelo, kukho ukhuselo lwekholera kubantu abadala. Kodwa qaphela ukuba abaninzi abantu abaya kumazwe apho ikholera ikhona khona abaya kwiindawo apho kuvela khona ukuqhuma.
Iimpawu
Iimpawu zobunzima beKhola ziyimitha enkulu yokurhoxiswa kwamanzi edlalwa ngamanzi ngamanzi ngamanye amaxesha athiwa "irayisi yamanzi" (kuba ibonakala njengamanzi asetyenziswe ukuhlamba irayisi), ukuhlanza, kunye neentambo zomlenze. Ukulahleka okukhawulezileyo kwamanzi-ngaphezu kwama-lititha ezingama-20 ngosuku-kunokukhawuleza kukukhokelela ekudambiseni amanzi.
Izibonakaliso zokungcoliswa kwamanzi zibandakanya i-skin turgor (ithetha inxalenye yesikhumba ephosiweyo ihamba ngokukhawuleza ukubuyela kwindawo eqhelekileyo), amehlo anelisiweyo, isantya senhliziyo esheshayo, uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphantsi kunye nokulahleka kwesisindo. Ukutshatyalaliswa kuya kwenzeka xa ukulahleka kwamanzi kwenza ukuba inkqubo yokujikeleza iwele ngenxa yokuba akukho mali efana neyesiqhelo.
I-kholera ayinakubangela imfiva.
Isizathu
I- microbe eyenza ikholera yi-britter-negative bacteria ebizwa ngeVibrio cholerae. Umntu uvame ukusuleleka le bhaktiriya ngamanzi okusela ahlambulukile ngamanqatha avela kumnye umntu onentsholongwane. Iibhaktheriya nazo zinokudluliselwa ngokutya okuhlambulukileyo okanye okulungiselelwe ngamanzi angcolileyo. Ngamanye amaxesha idluliselwa nge-shellfish eluhlaza okanye engaphephekiyo. Ukungeniswa komntu kumntu akunakwenzeka.
V. I- kolera iyaphazamisa inkqubo yokutya ngokuvelisa i-toxin ephazamisa ukulawula kunye nokulinganisela kokugcinwa kwamanzi we-mucosal ngaphakathi kwamathumbu. Kwakhona, ngokuqhelekileyo ayibangeli imfiva; iibhaktheriya zihlala emathumbu.
Ukuxilongwa
Ngenxa yokuba isifo sohudo esibangelwa yi-k'holera siyabonakala ngokubonakalayo, oko kudla ngokwaneleyo ukuxilongwa kwesi sifo. Ezinye izinto ezikunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa zibandakanya ukuhlanza, ukukhulelwa kwamanzi ngokukhawuleza, ukuhamba kwangoko ukuya kwindawo apho kuqhuma khona i-kolera, okanye ukutya kwamuva kwe-shellfish. Kukho iimvavanyo zebhabhi zokuxilongwa kwekhamera, nangona kunjalo, kubandakanywa nezithethe zendawo.
Unyango
Ukufa kwikomera kungenxa yokukhulelwa kwamanzi, ngoko ke into ebaluleke kakhulu yokunyanga kwesi sifo ishintshela amanzi alahlekileyo emzimbeni.
Oku kuyinto elula ukuyenza kunye nezisombululo zokuvuselela ngomlomo eziqukethe amanani amaninzi amanzi afakwe ngxube yeshukela kunye neetyu. Ezi zifumaneka ngentengiso kodwa kunzima ukuza kumazwe asathuthuka ngenxa yeendleko. Ukupheka kwe-ORT okuzenzelayo usebenzisa izithako eziqhelekileyo zasendlini kunye nezinto ezinokusetyenziswa ziyakwazi ukusebenza kakuhle. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantu abanesifo sohudo bafakwa kwi "cholesera" ezivumela ukuba umkhiqizo wefecal uphumelele ngqo kwibhakethi. Ngale ndlela abanakekeli banokubona ukuba lukhulu kangakanani umbane olahlekileyo kwaye ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba kuthatyathwe indawo eninzi.
Abantu abasengozini yokutshitshiswa bangadinga ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okukhawuleza ukunyusa izinga apho imizimba yabo izaliswa khona, nangona kunjalo.
Ezi zigulane ezigula kakhulu zinokunikwa iziza-antibiotics zokunceda ukulahla i- V. kilerae bhakteria ngokukhawuleza, ukuze zombini uncedo lwamanzi kunye nexesha lebhaktheriya ekhoyo kwi-stool yabo lingancipha. Amachiza e-Antidiarrheal ayanconywa ukuba aphathe ikholera, kuba ayawuthintela ukutshala kwebhaktheriya emzimbeni.
Thintelo
Nangona ininzi i-kleta ayiyiyo inzima, abantu abanesifo se- V. i- cholerae bayaqhubeka bechithisa ibhaktheriya emva kwimo engqongileyo, enokuchaphazela abanye abane-kilera ephezulu. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, i-CDC icebisa ukuba nabani na abahlala okanye bahamba kwiindawo apho ikholera ifumaneka khona kufuneka baphuze amanzi abilisiwe okanye i-chlorine okanye i-iodine okanye i-bottled drink. Ukutya kufuneka kuphekwe ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye abantu ngabanye bafanele bahluthe iziqhamo zabo. Kwakhona, kulungile ukuba uqaphele iqhwa, ukutya okuluhlaza, i-ayisikrimu, kunye naluphi na ukutya kunye neziyobisi ezisuka kubathengisi besitalato. Ukuhlamba izandla rhoqo kwaye kubalulekile ekukhuseleni ikomera.
Zininzi izitofu zekholera, kodwa enye kuphela, i-Vaxchora (i-CVS 103-HgR) ene-lyophilized, iyatholakala e-United States. Isebenza ngokuthintela isifo sohudo esibangelwa luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwekholera kwaye lucetyiswa yi-CDC kubantu abadala abahamba kwiindawo ezinomsebenzi wokudluliselwa kwekholera. Kodwa ke, phawula ukuba izitofu zekholera aziboneleli ukhuseleko olupheleleyo, kwaye ngoko ke ukuba uthe wagonywa kubalulekile ukulandela izicwangciso zokukhusela ezisiseko.
ILizwi
Abantu abahlala kumazwe athuthukileyo akufanele bakhathazeke ngekolera, kodwa kwiindawo ezithile zehlabathi kunokusongela. Amazwe apho ukuqubuka kwekholera kwenzeka khona kuquka iHaiti neRiphabliki yaseRominican, kunye neengxenye ze-Afrika ne-Asia. I-World Health Organisation (i-WHO) ibika ukuba kukho izigidi eziyi-1.3 ukuya kwezi-4 zeziganeko zekholera rhoqo ngonyaka kwaye ukuba phakathi kwabantu abayi-21,000 ukuya kuma-143,000 bafa ngekholera.
Ngomgudu wokususa umhlaba weKholera ngokupheleleyo, i-Global Task Force kwiColera Control, inethwekhi kwiiyunivesithi ezingaphezu kwe-50, imibutho engekho karhulumente, kunye ne-arhente yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, kunye ne-WHO, ijolise kwizicwangciso ezintathu:
- Iqulethe ukuqubuka kwekholera ngokukhawuleza
- Ukugxininisa ukusasazwa kwekholera kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo kakhulu kwisifo
- Ukubonelela ngenkxaso kumazwe amaninzi achaphazeleka yiKholera kunye noluntu, ubuchwepheshe kunye nezibonelelo zemali
Njengoko i-korola ephazamisayo ingenzeka xa kuvela ukuqhuma, lo msebenzi ufanelekile umzamo kunye nesinyathelo esibalulekileyo ekudaleni impilo nempilo yonke.
> Imithombo:
> Amacandelo okuLawula nokuLawula izifo. Impilo yabahambi: iKhola. "Matshi 6, 2018.
> Frerichs, RR, Keim, PS, Barrais, R, kunye noPiarroux, R. "I-Nepal yoMvelaphi weCholera Epidemic eHaiti." Clinic Microbiology kunye noGawulayo . Juni 2012. I-Vol 18 Inkcazo 6, iphe. E158-E163. INGXELO: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03841.x
> Loharikar, A, et.al. "I-Cholera e-United States, ngo-2001-2011: Ukucamngca kweMaphetheni ye-Epidemiology ye-Global and Travel". Mar 2015; 143 (4): 695-703. INGXELO: 10.1017 / S0950268814001186.
> Orata, Fabini D, Keim, Paul S, noBoucher, uYan. "I-Cholera Outbreak yaseHaiti ngo-2010: Indlela iNzululwazi isombulule ngayo ingxabano ." I- PLosPathog . Matshi 2014; 10 (4): e1003967. INGXELO: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.ppat.1003967
> Umbutho WezeMpilo Wehlabathi. "IKhola." Feb 1, 2018.