Ziziphi i-NMDA Receptors?

by Adrienne Dellwo

Yintoni abayiyo kunye nendlela abachaphazelekayo ngayo kwizifo

Usenokuba uvile nge-receptors ye-NMDA ngelixa ufunda ngesifo okanye ngamachiza, kodwa uyaqonda ukuba ziphi na ukuba zibaluleke ngani?

Okokuqala, kunceda ukuqonda oko sithethayo nge-receptor. Kwingqondo yakho, unesigqeba seeseli ezibizwa nge-neurons. Le yileli iiseli ezithumelayo zifumana iimpembelelo zombane ezilawula umzimba wakho.

I-Neurons zizodwa-nganye zijongana neentlobo ezithile zolwazi. Ngoko, umzekelo, enye i-neuron ingashenxisa ulwazi kwiintlungu kunye nobushushu kodwa ayinanto enokuyibona okanye ukubona ulwazi olutsha.

Iikhemikhali ezithutha ulwazi ukusuka kwi-neuron ukuya kwi-neuron zibizwa nge-neurotransmitters. Ezinye zezona ziyaziwa kakuhle ziquka i-serotonin kunye ne-dopamine. Ama-neurotransmitters agxile kwiintlobo ezithile zolwazi, ngokunjalo. Ngokomzekelo, i-serotonin ibandakanyekile kumjikelezo wokulala, ngelixa i-dopamine ihambelana nokunyakaza nokulutha.

Ukuze i-neurotransmitter ihambise iimpawu nge-neuron, okokuqala kufuneka "uyivule". Yilapho i-receptors ingena khona. Cinga ngamamkeli njengesikebhe okanye amachweba kwikhompyutha yakho. Akunjalo yonke iinqanawa ifanelana kuyo yonke i-slip, kwaye akuyiyo yonke ikhefu ehambelana nazo zonke izibuko. I-Neurotransmitters inezihluthulelo ezivula ukukhutshwa kwi-receptors ye-neuron, kwaye oko kuvumela ulwazi ukuba luqhube nge-neurons yakho.

Ziziphi i-NMDA Receptors Zenza

I-NMDA ibhekisela kwi- N- methyl-D-aspartate, echaza ukwenziwa kwamakhemikhali. Abamkeli be-NMDA babandakanyeka kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kwingqondo yakho. Kukholelwa ukuba zibandakanyeka kwizifo ezininzi ezibandakanya ingqondo, kwaye ziiinjongo zemithi ethile.

Abamkeli be-NMDA bayingxenye ebalulekileyo yento ebizwa ngokuba yi-neuroplasticity, nto leyo isho ngokuthethileyo indlela yokuhlaziywa kunye nokuzivumelanisa ngayo ubuchopho bethu-njani abanako ukufunda ulwazi olutsha, oku kuthetha ukuseka iindlela ezintsha phakathi kwee-neurons. Ukongezelela ekufundeni izinto ezintsha, i-plasticity ivumela ingqondo yakho ukuba yenze iindlela ezintsha xa abantu abadala betshabalaliswa, njengobungozi okanye izifo.

Njengoko sikhula, i-NMDA i-receptors ngokwemvelo isasebenza ngokuphantsi nangaphantsi. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuhla kwezenzo kuyingxenye yokuhla kwe-age-related in plasticity, okubangela ukukhubazeka kwengqondo kunye nokunciphisa amandla okufunda.

I-NMDA i-receptors nayo enye yee-receptors ezimbalwa ezenza i- opiate / opioid painkillers kwiibhokhwe zethu.

Abameli be-NMDA kunye nama-Neurotransmitters

I-NMDA receptors inokuqaliswa (ivuliwe) ngokubopha nge-assortment ye-neurotransmitters, kuquka:

Glutamate
Aspartate
Glycine
D-serine

Abamkeli be-NMDA basebenzisana nala ma-neurotransmitter ukuba bavuselele umsebenzi kwimida yengqondo yakho ekunceda ufunde ulwazi olutsha kunye neenkumbulo zefom. Bavuselela kwaye "bajabulele" i-neurons. Yinto enhle, kodwa kuphela ukuya kwinqanaba.

Ukuba i-neurons ihlala kwindawo evuyayo ixesha elide kakhulu, ingaba yinto engaphezulu kwaye iqale ukusebenza kakuhle.

Ekugqibeleni, baxakeka kakhulu ukuba bafa.

Olu hlobo lokugqithisa lubizwa ngokuba yi "excitotoxicity." I-Glutamate kunye ne-aspartate, ngaphezu koko, ikwahluzwa njenge-excitotoxins. Ukugcina i-excitotoxicity ekubulaleni iisilini zeengqondo zethu, nathi sinama-neurotransmitters azinqabisa i-neurons. Babizwa ngokuba ngama-inhibitors.

I-Glycine, enye yeekhemikhali zeengqondo ezibopha nge-receptors ye-NMDA, inhibitor kumgca wesipelini, kodwa ikholelwa ukuba yinto ekholisayo kwingqondo.

Xa ubuchopho bethu bephilile kwaye bisebenza kakuhle, i-neurotransmitter ekhutshulayo kwaye inhibitye ngokuqhelekileyo ikwazi ukugcina izinto zilinganise ukuze i-neurons yethu ingekho engozini yokugqithisa.

Nangona kunjalo, xa izinto zingasebenzi ngokufanelekileyo-oko kukuthi, i-receptor ayisebenzelanga okanye amanqanaba e-neurotransmitter aphelelanga-ngoko sinokuqala ukulahlekelwa yi-neurons kwi-excitotoxicity.

Imizimba yethu ayikwazi ukwenza i-neurons emitsha, ngoko xa ifa, silahlekelwe yiindawo ezingenakuzingenakonakala zobomi bethu. Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba iingxaki ze-NMDA zifumana ukuba zibandakanyeka kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zesistim kwinkqubo, kubandakanywa amaninzi amaninzi.

Izifo ezixhamle kwi-NMDA Receptor Malfunction

Izifo ezingenayo i-neurodeergenerative ezikholelwa ukuba zidibene ne-NMDA yokufumana ukungasebenzi kakubi zibandakanya:

Eminye imigaqo yenkqubo yeentlanzi kunye ne-NMDA yokungenisa inxaxheba kubandakanya:

Fibromyalgia
Isifo sokunyamezela esingapheliyo
Migraine aura
Ezinye iintlobo zentloko
Ukuxhalabisa
Ukuxinezeleka
Schizophrenia
Ingxaki yoxinzelelo emva kwesifo
Ubume obungalunganga obuphambanisayo

Ezinye iimeko ezingabandakanyi ukungasebenzi kwemisebenzi ye-NMDA zinganceda kwiimachiza ezijolise kwi-NMDAR, njenge:

Phobia
Stroke
Ubuhlungu obuvela kwiimbandezelo ezonakalisiweyo (i- neuropathy )

Kwi-phobias, i-NMDA i-receptor yezidakamizwa ezishukumisayo zikholelwa ukuba zinceda i-amygdala (inxalenye yengqondo ejongene noloyiko) iphinda ifunde imibutho emitsha ekunceda ukuphikisa ukwesaba.

Ngokubetha, uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuvimbela i-glutamate nge-receptors ye-NMDA kunokuncedisa ukunciphisa umonakalo kwiiseli zengqondo ezibangelwa ukungabi niselo kwe-oksijini.

Ngeentlungu zentsholongwane, ezi ziyobisi zinganceda ukuphucula impembelelo ye-painkillers ngenxa yokubandakanyeka kwabo kwiindlela ze-opioid.

Unyango olujoliswe kwii-NMDA Receptors

I-Brain chemistry yinto ekhohlakeleyo, kwaye ukuyikhupha ngaphandle kwe-whack inokuba yingozi kakhulu. Nangona kubonakala kunengqiqo ukuba into enokukunceda ngeempawu zakho, kubalulekile ukuba uthethe ugqirha ngaphambi kokuba uzame nantoni na eguqula umsebenzi we-NMDA (okanye ezinye iinkalo zendlela ubuchopho bakho busebenza ngayo).

Amachiza amaninzi kunye neengongezelo zikholelwa ukuba ziguqula umsebenzi we-NMDA receptors. Ziza kwiifom ezimbini ezichaseneyo: abaphikisanayo kunye ne-agonists.

I-NMDA yamkela ii-Antagonists

Mhlawumbi uqhelana negama elithi "umchasane" xa libhekisela kumdlali webali-umlingisi ozama ukunciphisa okanye ukuvimbela iqhawe ekufezeni injongo zakhe. Ngomdla wezokwelapha, abachasayo bayilonda elithintekayo okanye ukuvimba izinto.

Kwimeko ye-receptors ye-NMDA, abachasayo banqanda ukuwamkela, oku kuthetha ukuba bavimba ama-neurotransmitter ukuba avule la ma-receptors. Izifo ezininzi ezinokuphefumula kunye nezinye izibilini ze-nervous disorders maxa wambi ziphathwa ngeentlobo zamachiza.

Iziyobisi ezichazwa njenge-NMDA zamkeli-mvume zibandakanya:

Namenda (memantine)
Ketamine
Chloroform
Amanqanaba aphezulu e- dextromethorphan (ukukhupha umkhuhlane eMucinex, uRobitussin, i-NyQuil nezinye ezininzi iziyobisi)
Strattera (i-atomoxetine)
Symmetrel (amantadine)

Izibonelelo kulolu hlobo ziquka:

Agmatine
Arginine
Huperzine A
Zinc

Abameli be-NMDA

"I-agonist" iphikisana nomchasi; ivuselela okanye yandisa imisebenzi. I-NMDA i-agonists ye-receptor yenza kube lula kubavoti be-neurotransmitter ukufikelela ezi mphumela kunye nokwandisa ukuhamba kweenkcukacha ngeengqondo.

La mayeza ngamanye amaxesha asetyenziselwa ukunyangwa kwemizwa kunye neengxaki zengqondo, kubandakanya i-schizophrenia kunye neengcinga zokuzibulala.

Ezinye i-agonists ze-NMDA ze-receptor agonists zi:

Clozaril (clozapine)
Seromycin (i-cycloserine)

Ukongezelela, ezininzi ze-NMDA ze-receptor agonists zifumana izilingo zecilisi ngenxa yokudandatheka.

Izibonelelo ezithethwa yi-NMDA i-agonists ziquka:

Aspartic acid
DHEA
Theanine

ILizwi

Ukwazi nge-receptors ye-NMDA kunokukunceda ufumane ukuqonda okungcono kwesifo sakho kunye nonyango olunokwenzeka. Gcina ukhumbule ukuba ezi zifunyenwe ziyingxenye yesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi-ingqondo yomntu yenye yezona ndlela zinzima kakhulu ezikhoyo. Ugqirha kuphela onokuyifumanisa kakuhle kwaye aphathe iimeko ezibandakanya izinto ezifana ne-receptors kunye neurotransmitters.

Kuqhelekile ukuba ucinge ukuba izongezo "zikhuselekile" unyango, kodwa kunye nezinto ezingokwemvelo zingabangela iziphumo ezimbi kunye nokusebenzisana kakuhle ngemichiza. Hlanganisa ugqirha wakho kunye nekhemisti kwizigqibo zakho zonyango ukuqinisekisa ukuba awuzilimazi njengoko uzama ukuphucula.

> Imithombo:

> Antar V, uBaran O, Yuceli S, et al. Uvavanyo lweempembelelo ze-neuroprotective ze-acetylcholineterase inhibitor uHuperzine A kwindlela yokuhlola umthambo womthambo. I-Journal ye-neurosurgical sciences. 2015 Oktobha 16.

> UBlake ML, iVanDongen i-AMJ. I-Biology ye-NMDA Receptor. 1st ed. Baca Raton, FL: ICCC Press / Taylor & Francis; 2009.

> Mohseni G, Ostadhadi S, Imran-Khan M, et al. U-Agmatine unyuse umphumo onjenge-antidepressant-like of lithium kwi mouse ekunyanzeliswe uvavanyo lokubhukuda ngeNMDA. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy. Ngo-2017 kuMatshi; 88: 931-938. i-doi: 10.1016 / j.biopha.2017.01.119.

> Omtsha JW, Farber NB, Olney JW. Umsebenzi we-NMDA, umemori kunye nokuguga kwengqondo. Iingxoxo kwiiklinikhi ze-neuroscience. 2000 Septemba; 2 (3): 219-32.

> Rondon LJ, Farges MC, Davin N, et al. Ukuxhaswa kwe-L-Arginine kuvimbela i-allodynia kunye ne-hyperalgesia kwiimvumi ezinesifo sikashukela esibuhlungu ngokusondeza i-plasma nitric ox concentration kunye nokunyuka kwe-plasma agmatine. Umbhalo waseYurophu wesondlo. 2017 Julayi 19. i-doi: 10.1007 / s00394-017-1508-x.