Indlela amaGenesis achaphazela ngayo ukuguga kunye nendlela onokuthi "utshintshe" ngayo iGenesis yakho
I-DNA yakho inokuqikelela malunga nawe ngaphezu kwendlela ojonga ngayo. Ngokomxholo wezofuzo zokuguga, iizakhi zakho (kunye nokuguqulwa kwezinto ezinjalo) zijongene nokuba uza kuhlala phi. Nantsi into omele uyazi malunga namajeni kunye nokuphila ixesha elide, kwaye apho i-genetics ifana phakathi kweengcamango ezahlukeneyo zokuguga.
I-Genetic Theory of Aging - Inkcazo
Imfundiso yendalo yokuguga ithi i-lifetime ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiijethi esizizuze zona.
Ngokomgaqo-nkqubo, ixesha lethu elide lijoliswe ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokukhulelwa kwaye ngokuyininzi kuxhomekeka kubazali bethu kunye namajeni abo.
Isiseko salo mfundiso kukuba iinqununu ze-DNA ezenzeka ekupheleni kwama-chromosomes, ezibizwa ngokuba ngama- telomeres , zichonga ixesha elide lokuphila kweseli. I-Telomeres yizicucu ze-"junk" DNA ekupheleni kwee-chromosomes eziba mfutshane rhoqo xa iseli lihlula. Ezi telomere ziba mfutshane kwaye zimfutshane kwaye ekugqibeleni, iiseli azikwazi ukwahlula ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa iziqendu ezibalulekileyo zeDNA.
Ngaphambi kokungena kwiingxelo zendlela ukuveliswa kwemvelo kuchaphazela ngayo ukuguga, kunye neengxabano kunye nokuchasene nale ngqungquthela, kunceda ukuxoxa ngokufutshane ngeentlobo eziphambili zeengcamango zokuguga kunye nezinye zeengcamango ezithile kulezi zigaba. Ngexesha langoku akukho nyiyo-mbono enye okanye idilesi enye yeengcamango ezingachaza yonke into esiyibonayo kwinkqubo yokuguga.
Iingcamango zokuguga
Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zeemfundiso eziguga ezahlukileyo kwizinto ezinokuthi zithunyelwe "njengenjongo" yokuguga. Kwinqanaba lokuqala, ukuguga kukuyingozi; ukuqokelela umonakalo nokugqoka kunye nokukrazula kumzimba ekugqibeleni kukukhokelela ekufeni. Ngokwahlukileyo, iingcamango eziguga ukuguga zijonga ukuguga njengenkqubo yoqheliselo, elawulwa ngendlela engafaniswa nezinye izigaba zobomi ezifana nokukhulelwa.
Iphutha leengcamango ziquka iindidi ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya:
- Gqoka kunye neengcamango zokuguga
- Imilinganiselo yokuphila imfundiso yokuguga
- Iiprotheyini zokuqhagamshela i-theory kwakhona
- Iingcamango zamahhala zokuguga
- Ingcamango yokuguquguquka kweSomatic ngokuguga
Iingcamango ezicwangcisiweyo zokuguga nazo zaphulwa phantsi kwiindidi ezahlukileyo zisekelwe kwendlela apho umzimba wethu uhlelwe ngayo ukuba ude aze afe.
- Inkqubo yokuphila ixesha elide - Inkqubo eyenziwa ixesha elide lokuba ubomi bunqunywe ngokutshintshela ngokulandelelana kunye nokuphelelwa kwamagciwane.
- Imfundiso ye- Endocrine yokuguga
- Imfundiso ye- immunological yokuguga
Kukho ukuphazamiseka okuphawulekayo phakathi kwezi ngcamango kunye neentlobo zeengcamango eziguga.
Iimvelaphi kunye neMisebenzi yeBhodi
Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngeengcamango eziphambili eziphathelene nokuguga kunye nemfuza, makhe sihlolisise oko i-DNA yethu kunye nezinye iindlela eziphambili ezithintela ngayo ubomi bethu.
Izahlulo zethu ziqulethwe kwi- DNA yethu ekhoyo kwinucley (indawo yangaphakathi) yeselinye ngalinye emizimbeni yethu. (Kukho i-DNA yemitochondrial ekhoyo kwi-organelles ebizwa ngokuba yi-mitochondria ekhoyo kwi-cytoplasm yesel.) Sinee-chromosomes ezingama-46 ezenza i-DNA yethu, engama-23 evela koomama kunye nama-23 avela koobawo. Kule, iingu-autosome ezingama-44, kwaye ezimbini zi-chromosomes zesini, ezenza ukuba ngaba siza kuba yindoda okanye ibhinqa.
(I-DNA yeMitochondrial, ngokuchaseneyo, ithwala ulwazi oluninzi lwezofuzo kwaye lufunyenwe kuphela koomama.)
Phakathi kwala ma-chromosomes iindawo zethu zohlobo, i-genetic bluepirint enoxanduva lokuphatha ulwazi lwenkqubo nganye eya kwenzeka kwiiseli zethu. Izahlulo zethu zingabonwa njengoluhlu lweencwadi ezenza amagama nezivakalisi zomyalelo. La magama kunye nezikhowudi zezivakalisi zokuvelisa iiprotheni ezilawula yonke inkqubo yeselula.
Ukuba nayiphi na yalezi zakhi zemizimba zonakaliswe, umzekelo, ngokuguqulwa kwezinto eziguqula uluhlu lwe "iileta namagama" kwimigaqo, iprotheni engavumelekanga ingenziwa, ibe yona yenza umsebenzi ongenasiphelo.
Ukuba utshintsho luvela kwiiprotheni ezilawula ukukhula kweseli, umhlaza ungabangela. Ukuba ezi zityalo ziguqulwa ukusuka ekuzalweni, i-syndromes eyahlukeneyo inzala ingenzeka. Ngokomzekelo, i-cystic fibrosis yimeko apho umntwana azuze iigenesi ezimbini eziguqulweyo ezilawula iprotheni elawula iziteshi ezijongene nokuhamba kwe-chloride kwiiyunithi ezikhukhulayo, izigulane zokugaya, kunye nokunye. Isiphumo solu tshintsho oluthile lubangela ukunyuka kwe-mucus eveliswa ziintlanzi, kunye neengxaki eziphumo ezihambelana nale meko.
Indlela iGenesis Impact Impact
Akuthatheli ucwaningo olucacileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-jeni yethu idlala ubuncinci inxaxheba ekude. Abantu ababazali babo kunye nookhokho baphila ixesha elide, bathambekele ekude baphile ixesha elide kunye nangoko. Ngexesha elifanayo, siyazi ukuba i-genetics yedwa ayisona sizathu sokuguga. Izifundo ezijongene namawele afanayo zibonisa ukuba kukho into eyenzekayo; Amawele afanayo anamajelo afanayo awahlali ehlala efana nenani leminyaka.
Ezinye izakhi zofuzo ziyanceda kwaye zandisa ixesha elide. Ngokomzekelo, i-gene eyasiza umntu ukuba asebenzise i- cholesterol inganciphisa umngcipheko wesifo senhliziyo.
Ezinye izigulo zemizimba zizuze ilifa, kwaye zinganciphisa ubomi. Nangona kunjalo, utshintsho olwenzekayo lungenzeka emva kokuzalwa , ekubeni ukuchayeka kwiibhox, i- radicals ezamahala kunye ne-radiation ingabangela ukuguquka komzimba. (Iinguqu zeGenes ezifunyenwe emva kokuzalwa zibhekiswa njengezinto ezifunyenwe okanye ezithintekayo zoguquko.) Uninzi lweenguqu alubi kuwe, kwaye ezinye zinokunceda. Kungenxa yokuba ukuguquka kwemfuyo kudala ukuhlukahluka kwemfuyo, okugcina abantu bephilile. Olunye utshintsho, olubizwa ngokuba lutshintsho oluthile, alinamphumo kumzimba nhlobo.
Ezinye izakhi zofuzo, xa ziguqulwa ziyingozi, njengalezo zandisa ingozi yomhlaza. Abantu abaninzi baqhelanise ne-BRCA1 kunye ne-BRCA2 iinguqu ezenza umdlavuza webele. Ezi jeni zibizwa ngokuba yi- tumor suppressor jeni ekhowudi yeeprotheni ezilawula ukulungiswa kwe-DNA eyonakalisiweyo (okanye ukupheliswa kweeseli ngeDNA ewonakele xa ukulungiswa akunakwenzeka.)
Izifo ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye neemeko ezinxulumene nokuguqulwa kwezinto eziphathekayo ezinokuthi zitshintshe zikwazi ukuchaphazela ngqo ubomi. Ezi ziquka i- cystic fibrosis , i- sickle cell anemia , isifo seTay-Sachs nesifo sikaHuntington , ukubiza ngambalwa.
Iingcamango eziphambili kwiingcamango ze-Genetic of Age
Iingcamango ezisisiseko kwimfuza kunye nokuguga ziquka iingcamango ezibalulekileyo kunye neengcamango ezivela kwi-telomere ekunciphiseleni iingcamango malunga nenxaxheba yeeseli ezinamabala ekuguga.
I-Telomeres - Ekupheleni kwee-chromosomes zethu nganye ziqhekeza "i-Junk" ye-DNA ebizwa ngokuba yi- telomeres . I-Telomeres ayifaki ikhowudi kuyo nayiphina iiprotheyini kodwa ibonakala ibinomsebenzi wokukhusela, igcina iiphelo ze-DNA ekuthinteni kwezinye izicwangciso zeDNA okanye ukwenza isangqa. Njalo ixesha iseli lihlula i-telemore encinci. Ekugqibeleni. ayikho enye ye-JNA engenakucala, kwaye ukunyuka okunye kungawonakalisa i-chromosomes kunye namajeni ukuze iseli ife.
Ngokubanzi, iseli eliphakathi liyakwazi ukwahlula amaxesha angama-50 ngaphambi kokuba i-telomere isetyenziswe phezulu (umda weHayflick). Iiseli zeCanscer ziye zenza indlela yokungashenxiswa, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zongeza kwi-telomere. Ukongezelela, ezinye iiseli ezifana neeseli ezimhlophe zegazi azihambelani nale nkqubo ye- telomere ifutshane . Kubonakala ukuba ngelixa iizakhi zeseli kuzo zonke iiseli zethu zinegama lekhodi ye-enzyme telomerase evimbela ukuba i-telomere ifutshane kwaye mhlawumbi ibe nemiphumo yokwandisa, i-gene iguqulwe "okanye" ibonakaliswe "njengezityalo zemfuyo zithi, kwiiseli ezinjengezimhlophe iiseli zegazi kunye namaseli omhlaza. Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zachaza ukuba ukuba le telomerase ingayifakelwa ngandlela-thile kwezinye iiseli (kodwa kungekho kangako ukuba ukukhula kwabo kuya kuhamba njengama-cell cell).
Izifundo ziye zafumanisa ukuba ezinye izimo ezingapheliyo ezifana nokunyuswa kwengcinezelo yegazi zinxulumene nomsebenzi ongaphantsi kwe-telomerase kanti ukutya okunempilo kunye nokuzilolonga kunxulumene neetelomeres ezide. Ukugqithisa kakhulu kunxulumene neetelomere ezimfutshane.
Izakhi zemizimba yobude obude - Ubudala bezakhi zofuzo zizakhi zohlobo oluthile oludibene nokuphila ixesha elide. Iimbini ezimbini zegciwane ezixhomekeke ngqo kwixesha elide li-SIRT1 (i-sirtruin 1) ne-SIRT2. Izazinzulu zikhangele iqela labantu abangaphezu kwama-800 ubudala abaneminyaka eyi-100 okanye ngaphezulu, bafumana iintlukwano ezintathu ezibalulekileyo kwiijesi ezinxulumene nokuguga.
Ubukhulu beselula - Ukwehliswa kwe- Cell kubhekisele kwinkqubo eyenziwa yiloli kwixesha. Oku kunxulumene nokunciphisa i-telomeres, okanye inkqubo ye-apoptosis (okanye i-cell suicide) apho iiseli ezindala okanye ezilimele zisuswe.
Iiseli zesitembu - Ii-cell ze-Pluripotent ze-stem ziiseli ezincinci ezinokuthi zibe yinoma yiluphi uhlobo lweseli emzimbeni. Kucatshulwa ukuba ukuguga kunokunxulumana nokuba kupheliswa kweeseli ezinamalahle okanye ukulahleka kwamandla eeseli ezinamabala okuzahlula okanye aqokelele kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba le ngqungquthela ibhekisela kwiiseli ezincinci ze-stem, kungekhona amangqamuzana angama-embryonic. Ngokungafani neeseli ze-embryonic stem, amangqamuzana angama-adult stem akakwazi ukuhluthwa kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lweselula kodwa kunoko kuphela inani elithile leentlobo zeeseli. Uninzi lweeseli ezisemzimbeni zethu ziyahlukana, okanye zivuthiwe ngokugcwele, kunye neeseli ezinamabala kuphela kwinani elincinane leeseli ezikhoyo emzimbeni.
Umzekelo woluhlobo lwesisu apho ukuhlaziywa kwakhona kunokwenzeka ngelo ndlela kubona isibindi. Oku kuhambelani neethambo zengqondo eziqhelekileyo ezingenakukwazi ukuhlaziywa kwakhona. Kukho ubungqina bokuba ama-cell stem achaphazelekayo kwinkqubo yokuguga, kodwa ezi ngcamango zifana ne-inkukhu kunye neqanda. Akuqinisekanga ngokuguga kubangelwa ngenxa yenguqu kwiiseli ezinamabala, okanye ukuba, endaweni yoko, utshintsho kwiiseli ezixhamlayo zibangelwa kwinkqubo yokuguga.
I-Epigenetics - i-Epigenetics ibhekisela kumbonakaliso lwamajethi. Ngamanye amagama, i-gene ingaba khona kodwa ingavulelwa okanye icime. Siyazi ukuba kukho iigesi ezithile emzimbeni ovuliwe kuphela ixesha elithile. Intsimi ye-epigenetics iyakunceda oosonzululwazi baqonde indlela izinto ezingqongileyo zingasebenza ngayo kwiimithintelo ze-genetics ukuba zikhusele okanye zifake izifo kwisifo.
Iingqungquthela zeNtathu zokuGcina eziPhambili
Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, kukho ubungqina obubalulekileyo obubukela ukubaluleka kwamajeni kulondolozo olulindelekileyo. Xa ukhangela iimbono zezofuzo, ezi zidibeneyo zibe zizikolo eziprayimari ezintathu zokucinga.
- Inkolelo yokuqala ithi ukuguga kuhambelana nokuguquka okumalunga nokuphila kwangexesha elide nokuba ukuguga kuhambelana nokuqokelela kwezitshintsho zezofuzo ezingalungiswanga.
- Enye ingcamango kukuba ukuguga kuhambelana nemiphumo emiselweyo yeejethi ezithile, kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yi-pleiotropic antagonism.
- Kanti enye inkolelo, ephakanyiswe ngokusekelwe kwindlela yokuphila kwi-opossums, kukuba indawo engabangela ingozi yokuphazamisa ukulindela ubomi kuya kubangela ukwanda kwamalungu atshintshe inkqubo yokuguga.
Ubungqina obusemva kweNkolelo
Kukho iindlela ezininzi zobungqina obuxhasa i-theory yokuguga, ubuncinane inxalenye.
Mhlawumbi ubungqina obuqineleyo bokuxhasa i-theory yezofuzo ziintlobo ezibonakalayo-zintlukwano ezithile kwi-survival maximal, kunye nezinye iintlobo (njengama-butterflies) ezinempilo emfutshane, kunye nezinye, ezifana nezindlovu nemikhomo, zifana neyethu. Kwintlobo enye, ukusinda kufana noko, kodwa ukusinda kunokuhluka kakhulu phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini ezifana nenye ngobukhulu.
Izifundo zamabhinqa nazo zixhasa i-genetic component, njengamawele afanayo (amawele e-monozygotic) afana kakhulu nangokwexesha lobomi kunamawele angenawo afanayo okanye ama-dizygotic. Ukuphonononga amawele afanayo aphakanyisiwe kunye kwaye ahluke oku kunye namawele afanayo aphakanyiswayo anganceda ukuhlukanisa iziganeko zokuziphatha ezifana nokutya kunye neminye imikhwa yokuphila njengobangela wentsapho yexesha elide.
Ububungqina obuninzi kwizinga elibanzi sele lifunyenwe ngokujonga umphumo wokuguquka kwemfuyo kwezinye izilwanyana. Kwezinye iimbongo kunye nezinye iigundane, ukuguquka kwesiginci esisodwa kungaze kwandiswe ngokusinda ngama-50 ekhulwini.
Ukongezelela, sifumana ubungqina bezinye iindlela ezithile ezibandakanyekayo kwi-theory. Ukulinganisa ngokukhawuleza kobude be-telomere kubonise ukuba i-telomeres inobungozi kwimimandla yezofuzo ezinokukhawulezisa izinga lokuguga.
Ubungqina Bama-Genetic Theories of Age
Enye yeengxabano ezinamandla ngokuchasene nemfundiso yokuguga okanye "ixesha lokuphila" elivela kwimvelaphi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kutheni kubekho ubomi obucacileyo ngaphezu kokuzaliswa? Ngamanye amagama, yiyiphi "injongo" ebomini emva kokuba umntu ekhulile kwaye sele ephila ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukukhulisa inzala yakhe ibe ngumdala?
Kucacile noko sikuyazi malunga nendlela yokuphila kunye nezifo ezininzi ezinye izinto ekuguga. Amawele angamazwi angaba neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphila ngokuxhomekeke ekuchazeni kwabo, izinto zabo zokuphila (ezifana nokubhema) kunye neendlela zokusebenza zomzimba.
Ngaphantsi
Kuqikelelwe ukuba iizakhi ziyakwazi ukuchaza ubuninzi beepesenti ezingama-35 zobomi, kodwa kusekho okungakumbi ukuba asiyiqondi ngokuguga kunokuba siyiqonda. Ngokubanzi, mhlawumbi ukuguga kuyinkqubo yokwenza izinto ezininzi, oku kuthetha ukuba mhlawumbi idibeneyo yeendidi ezininzi. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iingcamango ezixoxwa apha azihlangani ngokuthe ngqo. Ingcamango ye-epigenetics, nokuba ingaba i-gene ikhona "ingabonakaliswa" inokuyidaka ngakumbi ingqiqo yethu.
Ukongeza kwimizimba ye-genetics, kukho ezinye iimpawu zokuguga ezifana nokuziphatha kwethu, ukunyanzeliswa, kunye nenhlanhla nje. Awuyi kutshabalaliswa xa amalungu akho entsapho ehlala eselula, kwaye awukwazi ukuwutyeshela impilo yakho nangona amalungu entsapho akholelwa ukuhlala ixesha elide.
Yintoni Ongayenza Ukuze unciphise "Ukuguga" kweeSeli zakho?
Sifundiswa ukuba sidle ukutya okunempilo kwaye sisebenze kwaye le miba yokuphila ibonakala ibaluleke kakhulu kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-genetics yethu ibandakanyeka kangakanani ekuguga. Iinkqubo ezifanayo ezibonakala zigcina izitho kunye nezicubu zomzimba wethu ziyimpilo ziyakwazi ukugcina amagciwane ethu kunye nama-chromosomes aphilileyo.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba zeziphi izizathu zokuguga, kunokukwenza umehluko kwi:
- Ukuzivocavoca - Izifundo ziye zafumanisa ukuba umsebenzi wokusebenza awusebenzi nje kakuhle intliziyo yakho kunye nemiphunga kakuhle, kodwa uqeqesho luyandisa ielomere.
- Yidla ukutya okunempilo - Ukutya okuphezulu kwiziqhamo kunye nemifuno kuhambelana nomsebenzi omkhulu we-telomerase (ekunokwenzeka, ukunciphisa okuncinci kweetomomere kwiiseli zakho). Ukutya okuphezulu kwi-omega-3-fatty acids kudibene neetelomeres ezide kodwa ukutya okuphezulu kwi-omega-6-fatty acids kuhambelana kwaye kuhambelana neetelomere ezimfutshane. Ukongeza, ukondla i-soda pop kudibene neetelomere ezimfutshane. I-Reservatrol, isithako esinoxanduva lokuzonwabisa ngokusela iwayini ebomvu (kodwa kwakhona ifunyenwe kwijusi ebomvu engeyiyo inxila) ibonakala ukuba isebenze iprotein ye-long life SIRT
- Ukunciphisa uxinzelelo
- Gwema i-carcinogens
- Gcina isisindo esifanelekileyo - Kungekhona kuphela ukukhuluphala okunxulumene nezinye zeendlela zofuzo ezinxulumene nokuguga okukhankanywe ngasentla (njengokunciphisa ukunciphisa i-telomeres), kodwa uphando oluphindaphindiweyo lufumene iingenelo ezide ezinxulumene nokukhawulelana kwekhalori. Umgaqo wokuqala kwimpilo yokuthintela umdlavuza eyenziwa yi-American Institute for Research on Cancer-ukuba inyanzelekile kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokuba ungaphantsi komzimba-inokudlala indima ekupheleleni ixesha elide kunye nokukhuselwa komhlaza kunye nokuthintela ukukhuselwa komhlaza.
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Jin, K. IiNkcazo zeMveli zeBhiliyo ze-Aging. Ukuguga kunye nezifo . 2010. 1 (2): 72-74.
UKasper, uDennis, u-Anthony Fauci, uStephen Hauser, uDan Longo, noJameson. Iinqununu zeHarrison zeMithi yoPhakathi. ENew York: iMacGraw-Hill Education, 2015. Phrinta.
Kumar, Vinay, Abul K. Abbas, uJon C. Aster, noJames A. Perkins. IiRobbins kunye neCotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier / Saunders, 2015. Print.
Leung, C., Laraia, B., Needham, B. et al. I-Soda ne-Cell Aging: Iintlangano Phakathi kwesisombululo esiphucukisiwe seTyhure kunye neLeukocyte iTelomere Ubude beeNtsholongwane eziMpilo ezivela kwi-National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. I-American Journal yeMpilo kaRhulumente . 2014. 104 (12): 2425-31.
USmith, J., noRiel Daniel. Iiseli zesitembu kunye nokuguga: Ingqungquthela yenkukhu-okanye-ye-Egg Issue ?. Ukuguga kunye nezifo . 2012. 3 (3): 260-267.