Inkcazo, iMbali, ukuBaluleka kunye neNdaba ezimnandi malunga ne-Microbiology
Iyintoni inkcazo ye-microbiology? Iyintoni imbali kwaye kutheni kubaluleke kakhulu kumachiza? Yintoni inokumangalisa ngayo inyaniso malunga nama microorganism?
Isifundo seMicrobibiology - Inkcazo
I-Microbiology ichazwa nje nje ngokuba kufundisisa i-microorganism, nge "micro" esho nto encinci, kunye "ne-biology," ngokubhekisela kwizifundo eziphilayo. Iingqungquthela ezifundiswayo ziyahluka ngokubanzi kwaye intsimi ye-microbiology idilizwe kwiindawo ezincinci zokufunda.
Intsimi ye-microbiology ibaluleke kakhulu kubantu, kungekhona kuphela ngenxa yezifo ezithathelwanayo ezibangelwa yi-microbes kodwa kuba "ezintle" ezincinci ziyimfuneko ukuba siphile emhlabeni. Xa sicinga ukuba iibhaktheriya kunye kunye nemizimba yethu iphezulu kakhulu kwiiseli zethu, le ntsimi yokufunda ingaqwalaselwa njengenye yeyona ndawo ebaluleke kakhulu kwimimandla yolwazi nokufunda.
Iintlobo zeMicorganms - Ukwahlula
Ii-microorganisms, okanye "microbes" zizinto ezincinci eziphilayo. Ininzi yale mizimba ayinakubonwa ngeso iso, kwaye kude kube yilapho kuveliswa i-microscope kunye ne-germory theory, sasingazi ukuba zininzi kangakanani.
Imichiza ifunyanwa phantse naphi na emhlabeni. Zifumaneka kumachibi amanzi abilayo eJongstone nasezikhungweni zentaba-mlilo kwiindawo eziphantsi kwezilwandle. Basenokuhlala kwiityule zetyuwa kwaye abanye bavelise ngamanzi etyuwa (okuninzi ukusebenzisa ityuwa njengogcino .) Abanye badinga i-oksijeni ukuba ikhule kwaye abanye abayithandi.
I-microorganism yehlabathi "ezinzima kakhulu" yi-bhakteriya ebizwa ngokuba yi- Deinococcus yerediyo , ibhaktheriya enokumelana nokukhanya kwemitha kwiqondo eliqhelekileyo njengoko igama libhekisela, kodwa linokuphila ngaphandle kwamanzi, xa libonakala kwi-acids ezinamandla, nangona zifakwe kwi-vacuum.
Ukwabiwa kweMicorganisms kwi Microbiology
Zininzi iindlela ezahlukileyo apho izazinzulu ziye zahlulwa, kwaye ngokwenza njalo uzama ukuqonda, kwezigidi ze-microbes phakathi kwethu.
I-Multicellular vs i-unicellular vs i-acellular - Enye yeendlela iindlela ezincinci ezihlelwe ngayo kukuba ngaba okanye zingenayo iiseli, nokuba kunjalo, zingaphi. Amancinci angabakho:
- I-Multicellular - Iqulethe enye yeseli.
- Unicellular - Ukuba nesisele enye.
- I-Acellular - Ukungabi namaseli, afana ne-virus kunye neebhononi. (Kuye kwaba neengxoxo malunga nokuba iintsholongwane ziphila ngokwenene, njengoko zingenakuphila ngaphandle komkhosi, kwaye iibhononi zibizwa ngokuba "ziziprotheni ezithathelwanayo" kunokuba ziyi-microbes.)
I-Eukaryotes vs iprokaryotes Enye indlela ama-microorganisms ahlelwa ngayo ayenxulumene nohlobo lweseli. Ezi ziquka i-eukaryote kunye neprokariyiti:
- I-Eukaryota iindawo ezincinci "ezinjengeeseli eziyinkimbinkimbi" ezineenucleus zangempela kunye ne-membrane bondings organings. Imizekelo ye-eukaryoti iquka i-helminths (iimbungu, i- protozoa , i-algae, i-fungus, kunye nama-yeasts.
- Iiprokaryotes ziyi-microbes 'ezinjengeeseli ezilula' ezingenayo i-nucleus yangempela kunye nokungabikho kwamalungu e-membrane. Imizekelo ibandakanya ibhaktheriya.
Iindidi eziphambili ze-microorganisms ziquka - Iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-microbes nazo zingaphulwa zibe:
- Izidumbu - Izidumbu zambi ngamanye amaxhala kunamanye ama-microorganisms, ubuncinane xa zingabonwa ngamehlo. Ama-parasites afaka i-helminths (iimbongolo,) i-fluke, i-protozoa, kunye nokunye. Imizekelo yezifo ezithintekayo ziquka i- malaria , i- giardia kunye nokugula kwe-Afrika. I-Ascariasis (i-roundworms) yilabo abachaphazela abantu abayizigidi ezigidi emhlabeni jikelele.
- Iifungi (kunye namadye) - Iifungi ziyi-microorganisms eziziindlela ezithile zifana nezityalo. Ukuba uye waba nabadlali beenyawo okanye isifo sovulo, uyazi kakuhle izifo ezifayo . Eli candelo libandakanya ama-mushroom kunye nezibumba. Njengeebhaktheriya, sinabo "ezininzi iifungi" ezihlala emizimbeni yethu kwaye zingabangeli izifo.
- Ibhaktheriya - Sinebhaktheriya ngaphezulu kunye nasemzimbeni yethu kunezisele zomntu, kodwa ininzi yale bhaktheriya "ibhaktheriya enempilo." Ziya kusikhusela ekusulelekeni kwiintsholongwane ezimbi okanye eziphathekayo kwaye zidlala indima ekudleni ukutya kwethu. Imizekelo yezifo ezibangelwa yiibhaktheriya ziquka isifo sofuba kunye ne-Strep throat.
- Iintsholongwane - IiNtsholongwane zininzi ngokwemvelo, nangona abantu abaninzi baqhelana nabo yizo ezibangela izifo zabantu. Iintsholongwane zingaphinda zichaphazele ezinye ii-microorganisms ezifana neebhaktheriya, kunye nezityalo. Ukugonywa kwehla kuye kwancipha ingozi yezifo ezithile, kodwa ezinye, ezinjenge- Ebola kunye ne- Zika virus , sisikhumbuza ukuba asikaqalanga ukunqoba le mijelo encinane.
- Iingxowa - ezininzi iinzululwazi ngelo xesha aziyizihlomelo zamanqanaba ezincinci, kodwa kunoko "njengeiprotheni ezithathelanayo." Oko kwathiwa, bavame ukufundiswa ngabadlali be-virologists, i-Prions ngokuyinxalenye isiqhekeza seprotheni ephosiweyo, kwaye ingenakubonakala iyethusa ekuqaleni. Kodwa izifo ze-prion ezifana nezifo zenkomo ezidengeleyo zizinye zezifo ezithintekayo.
Imbali ye Microbiology
Oko esiyaziyo ngoku malunga nama-microorganism kwaye kuya kuxoxwa ngezantsi ngaphantsi kwimeko emitsha kwimbali. Masiqwalasele emfutshane imbali ye-microbiology:
I-microscope yokuqala / ii-microorganisms zokuqala eziboniswayo - Isinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekileyo kwi-microbiology sagqiba xa i-van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) yakha i-lens microscope yokuqala. Ngokusebenzisa i-lens eyayinokukhushulwa kwama-300X, wakwazi ukujonga ngephicteria okokuqala (ukusuka kwamathambo akhe.)
Ukuphuhliswa kweNtsholongwane yeGermany - Umzimba womntu waqatshelwa njengowesisifo sentsholongwane ngabasosayensi abathathu:.
- UDkt. Oliver Wendall Holmes ufumene ukuba abafazi ababeletha ekhaya babengenakukwazi ukufumana izifo kunokungeniswa kwabo esibhedlele.
- UDkt. Ignaz Semmelweis uhlalutyo olunezigulane kunye noogqirha abaye bahamba ngqo ukusuka kwigumbi le-autopsy ukuya kwiwadi yokubeletha ngaphandle kokuhlamba izandla.
- UJoseph Lister wazisa iindlela ze-aseptic, kuquka ukuhlamba izandla kunye nokusebenzisa ubushushu bokubangela inzalo.
Intsholongwane yeGermany - Abantu ababini abavakaliswe ngokuvuma i-germory theory kwakunguLouis Pasteur noRobert Koch:
- ULouis Pasteur (1822-1895) - U-Pasteur ubizwa ngokuthi yi-biogenesis, ebonisa ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo zivela kwinto kunokuboniswa kweso sihlandlo. Wayechaza ukuba izifo ezininzi zibangelwa yimilwanyana (kungekhona ngesono, umsindo kaThixo, kunye nezinye izizathu ezinokubangela.) Wabonisa ukuba ii-microorganisms zinoxanduva lokuvumba kunye nokuphuhliswa kwendlela ebizwa ngokuba yi-pasteurization isasetyenziswa namhlanje. Kwakhona waba neempatho ze-rabies kunye ne-anthrax.
- URobert Koch (1843-1910) - uKoch ungumlobi we "Koch's postulates" uluhlu lwezenzululwazi lwamanyathelo abonakalisa intsholongwane yegciwane kwaye isetyenziswe kwizifundo zesayensi ukususela (kunye nokunye ukuhlaziywa.) Wachaza imbangela yesifo sofuba, i-anthrax kunye nekholera.
Ukususela ngelo xesha, amanqaku ambalwa aquka:
- 1892 - UDmitri Iosifovich Ivanoski ufumene intsholongwane yokuqala.
- Ngo-1928 - uAlexander Flemming wathola ipenicillin.
- 1995 - Ukulandelelaniswa kokuqala kwe-microbial genomic kwanyatheliswa.
Microorganmsms
Xa sicinga ngezinto ezincinci, abaninzi bethu bacinga ngezifo, nangona le "zimbulu" zincinci zinokuthi zisincede kunokusilimaza. (Qinisekisa ukuba ufunde nge "microbes good" apha ngezantsi.)
Kuze kube ngaphantsi kwekhulu leminyaka edlulileyo, kwaye ngoku, kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, ukusuleleka kwezifo ezincinci kubangelwa yimbangela yokufa. Ukulindela ubomi eUnited States kuphuculwe ngokugqithisileyo ngenkulungwane yokugqibela kungekhona nje ngokuba siphila ixesha elide, kodwa ngenxa yokuba kubalwa abantwana abaswele ebuntwaneni.
EUnited States, isifo senhliziyo kunye nomhlaza ngoku kungokuqala kunye nesibini ezibangela ukufa. Ehlabathini lonke, ke, izifo ezithathelwanayo. Ngokwe-World Health Organisation, kumazwe aphantsi koqoqosho kwihlabathi jikelele, imbangela ebangela ukuba ukufa kuphelelwe yintsholongwane yokuphefumula, ilandelwa zizifo zokuhambisa isifo.
Ukufika kwezigulana kunye ne-antibiotics, kunye nokubaluleke kakhulu kubalulekile ukucoceka kwamanzi, kuye kwanciphisa ukukhathazeka kwethu ngenxa yezilwanyana ezithathelwanayo, kodwa kuya kuba nzima ukuzikhukhumeza. Ngexesha langoku, asijongene nezifo ezithintekayo kuphela, kodwa iintsholongwane ezininzi zivakalelwa ukuba sihlala ixesha elide ngenxa yesifo esizayo.
Iimpawu ezincinci eziNcedo kubantu - "Iimveliso ezintle"
Nangona singakhulumi ngokukhawuleza ngawo, iimbonakaliso azilona nje zincedo kodwa ziyimfuneko malunga phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bethu. Imibonakalo ibalulekile:
- Ukukhusela imizimba yethu ngokuchasene ne "micro" microbes.
- Ukwenza ukutya - Ukusuka kwi-yogurt ukuya kwiiyobisi, ukuvuthwa yindlela ekukhuliseni ngayo ukuba i-microbes isetyenziswe ukudala ukutya. Lo ngumzekelo omnye, nangona kunjalo, ii-microbes ziphantsi kokutya kokutya ngenxa yobomi obuninzi
- Ukuphazamiseka kwezinto ezinobungozi emhlabathini kunye nokuvuselelwa kweegesi eziphezulu ngasentla. Iibhaktheriya zinokukunceda nangenkunkuma ezinzima ezifana nokuchithwa kweoli kunye nenkunkuma yenyukliya.
- Iibhaktheriya emizimbeni yethu zinoxanduva lokuvelisa iivithamini ezinjengevithamini K kunye nezinye iivithamini B. Iibhaktheriya zibaluleke kakhulu ekutyeni.
- Intsimi ye-cryptography ibhekise nendlela iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa ngayo njenge-disk drive ukugcina ulwazi.
Akunakwenzeka kuphela ukuba iimbonakalo zenze imisebenzi emininzi-ziyinxalenye yethu. Kucingelwa ukuba ibhaktheriya kwaye kunye nemizimba yethu iphezulu kakhulu kwiiseli zethu ngumbandela we-10 ukuya ku-1.
Mhlawumbi uye wakuva ngokutsha ukutya okunonophelo. Ukongeza kokutya i-broccoli kunye ne-blueberries, ngoku siye saxelelwa ukuba sidle ukutya okunomsoco imihla ngemihla, okanye ubuncinane kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ngeibhaktheriya, bekungeyi kubakho ukuvumba.
Ekuzalweni, iintsana azizinayo ibhaktheriya emizimbeni yazo. Bafumana iibhaktheriya zabo zokuqala njengoko begqithisa ulawulo lokuzalwa. (Ukungabikho kokuthatha iibhakteria kwidalesi yokuzalwa kucingelwa ngabanye ukuba isizathu sokuba ukukhuluphala nokunyamezela kuqheleke kwiintsana ezinikwe yiC-section.)
Ukuba sele ufunde iindaba ezi zinto sele zitshintshile ukuba iibhaktheriya kwiindawo zethu zinoxanduva lwemihla yethu ngemihla. sifunde indlela yokuphilisa ama-bacterium . Ukufundwa kwe- microbiome ngoku kusetyenziswa ukuchaza izinto ezininzi, njengokuba kutheni i-antibiotics ingakhokelela ekuzuzeni ubunzima.
Iintsimi zeMicrobiology
Kukho imimandla eyahlukileyo kwimida ye-microbiology. Umzekelo wezinye zeenkalo eziphahliweyo ngohlobo lwendalo ziquka:
- I-Parasitology - Ukufunda nge-parasitology
- I-Mycology - Ukufundwa kweefungi
- I-bacteriology - Ukufunda ibhaktheriya
- I-Virology - Ukufundwa kwegciwane
- Iprotozoology - Ukufundelwa kweprotozoa
- I-Phycology - Uphononongo lwe-algae
- Immunology - Ukufunda ngesistim somzimba
Iintsimi ze-microbiology nazo zingaphulwa ngokubanzi ukubandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lwezihloko. Imizekelo embalwa phakathi kwezi ziquka:
- I-microbial physiology (ukukhula, i-metabolism, kunye nesakhiwo se-microbes)
- Microbial genetics
- Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo
- Environmental Microbiology
- I-microbiology yezoshishino (umzekelo, unyango lwamanzi angcolileyo)
- I-Microbiology yokutya (ukuvumba)
- Biotechnology
- Ukuhlaziywa kwezinto.
Ikusasa leMicrobiology
Intsimi ye-microbiology iyamangalisa kwaye kukho okungakumbi esingayaziyo. Oko sikufumene ngolwazi oluninzi kwintsimi kukuba kukho okungaphezulu kokufunda.
Akunakwenzeka kuphela ukuba izidakamizwa zibangele izifo, kodwa zingasetyenziswa ukuphuhlisa izidakamizwa ukulwa nezinye izilwanyana (umzekelo, i-penicillin.) Ezinye iintsholongwane zibonakala zibangelwa ngumhlaza, ngelixa ezinye zihlolwa njengendlela yokulwa nomhlaza.
Esinye sezizathu ezibalulekileyo zabantu ukuba bafunde nge-microbiology kukuhlonela ezi "zidalwa" ezingaphezu kwethu. Kucingelwa ukuba ukulwa nokulwa ne-antibiotic kwandiswe ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kakubi kungekhona kuphela yamachiza okulwa ne-antibacterial soaps. Yaye yileyo kuphela xa sijonga i-microbes esiyiqondayo ngoku. Ngezifo ezithathelwanayo ezikhulayo, kunye nokukwazi kwethu ukuhamba kwindawo ephakamileyo kwiindiza ezintathu, kukho imfuno enkulu yokuba i-microbiologist ifundiswe kwaye ilungiselelwe.
> Imithombo
- > Kasper, uDennis L .., u-Anthony S. Fauci, noStephen L .. Hauser. Iinqununu zeHarrison zeMithi yoPhakathi. ENew York: iMac Graw-Hill Education, 2015. Phrinta.
- > Smolinska S., Groeger, D., noL. O'Mahony. I-Biology ye-Microbiome 1: Ukusebenzisana neMpendulo ye-Immune Response. Iiklinikhi zeGastroenterology zaseNyakatho Melika . 2017. 4691): 19-35.