Ngokuxhomekeke kwimvelaphi, ngo-1928 okanye ngo-1929, uSirks Alexander Fleming wafumanisa ukuba "i-mold juice" yayingabulala ibhaktheriya kwiitya zikaPetri. UFleming kunye nabanye kwiYunivesithi yaseOxford ke bahlala belahla i-penicillin kule juisi yobumba. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iBritish ayikwazanga ukuvelisa i-penicillin ngokwaneleyo, ngoko iUnited States ithathe umveliso kwaye yenza ipenicillin ibe khona.
Ngaphambi kokusasazwa kwee-antibiotics kwiminyaka ye-1940, abantu babehlala befa nge-pneumonia, i-septicemia (i-blood infections), i- gonorrhea kunye nokunye. Ukuqaliswa kwe-penicillin kwatshatyalaliswa iminyaka yobudala.
Yintoni i-Penicillin?
I-penicillins yintlobo yendalo okanye i-semisynthetic ehlanganiswe ne-β-lactam (beta-lactam) iqhosha elixhunyiwe kwindowuma ye-thiazolidine. I-penicillins nayo inamacangci amacandelo okubunjwa. Ezi mpahla zecala zenza umsebenzi we-antibacterial ngamnye we-penicillin.
Kukho iinkalo ezintlanu zeepenicillin:
- I-penicillin yemvelo (i-Penicillin G)
- Aminopenicillins (ampicillin)
- I-penicillin engamelana ne-Penicillinase (cinga i-cloxacillin ne-nafcillin)
- Antipseudomonal penicillins (cinga i-ticarcillin)
- I-penicillins eyongeziweyo-cinga i-piperacillin)
Indlela yokuSebenza
Ngokona buninzi, i-penicillins i- bactericidal (ngokuchasene ne- bacteriostatic ) kwaye ibulale amabhaktheriya ngqo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukuvelisa.
Ngako oko, i-penicillins ingakwazi ukubulala ngokukhawuleza ibhaktheriya.
Ngokukodwa, iipenicillins zibophelela kwiiprotini ezibopha i-penicillin (i-PBPs) ezi-peptidases (i-enzymes) kwiindonga zeebhaktheriya. Xa i-penicillin inobumbano obuphezulu kwi-PBP ye-bhakteriya, isebenza ngcono.
Ngokuzibophezela kwi-PBPs, i-penicillin inqanda intlanganiso ye-peptidoglycan kwaye idibanisa kwaye idibanise isakhiwo sobuncinci beselfowuni.
Ezi kinks kwibhanti yecellterial wall eyenza iibhaktheriya zizenzele ukutshabalalisa (ukuzenzekelayo).
Ubuninzi bhubheli bubulawa ngexesha lokukhula okubonakalayo kubakteria ukuveliswa.
Ngokona buninzi, i-penicillin isebenza kuphela kwiibhaktriya ezinesigama. Iibrteria ezingenayo i-Gram-negative ine-layer yopopolysaccharide okanye i-membrane yangaphandle eyenza kube nzima kuma-penicillin ukuba aphule udonga lweseli kwaye afinyelele kwi-PBPs.
Ukuze usebenze nonke, i-penicillin beta-lactam ring ishiyiwe. Njengeendlela eziphambili zokuchasana, ezininzi iintsholongwane ziguqukile ukuvelisa i-beta-lactames, i-enzyme eyenza i-penicillin beta-lactam yangxowuni kwaye iguqule into engento.
Unyango
Iipenicillins ziyafumaneka njengamacwecwe, iipsulules, kunye nezisombululo zokujola. Iipenicillins ngokuqhelekileyo zixutywe kwi-tract static tract kwaye zisasazwa kuwo wonke umzimba. Ngokona buninzi, i-penicillin idityaniswe kumchamo.
Nangona iipateni zokumelana neebhaktheriya ziyakuthintela kakhulu ukuphumelela kweepenicillin, kwiimeko ezininzi, iipenicillin zingasetyenziselwa ukunyanga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezifo ezibandakanya:
- Izifo eziphezulu zokuphefumula ezifana ne-pneumonia
- Izifo zogqirha
- Septicemia
- Izifo kunye nezifo
- Meningitis
- Izifo zesisu esiswini
- Izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi ezifana ne-gonorrhea kunye ne-syphilis
Ingqalelo, i-penicillins isetyenzisiwe ngaphandle kwileyibhile yokuphatha isifo se-typhoid nesifo seLyme.
Iziphumo ezimbi
Iziphumo eziqhelekileyo ezichaphazelekayo ze-penicillin ziquka ukurhuca, ukuhlanza, intloko kunye nesidlo sesisu. Ngamanye amaxesha, i-penicillin ingabangela ukugqithisa, ukuvuthwa, kunye ne-hypersensitivity engathandabuzekiyo okanye iimpendulo ezinjenge-anaphylaxis kunye nephritis ye-interstitial interstitial.
Unyango olungcono kunyango lwe-penicillin ukungabikho komzimba kukugwema i-penicillin. Ukuba ufumana imiphumo emibi ekusebenziseni i-penicillin, nceda uxele ugqirha wakho ngaphambi kokuba acwangcise loo mayeza.
Nangona inyaniso ye-penicillin yokungabikho komzimba eyenza ukuba i-anaphylaxis ingabonakali-ivela kwiimeko ezili-1 ukuya kwezingama-10 kwiimeko ezili-10 ze-penicillin unyango-kuba i-cephalosporins ibelana nesimo samachiza esifanayo kunye ne-penicillin, abantu abaphikisayo kuma-penicillin abaqhelekanga ukuba bafumane i-cephalosporins kunye nangoko.
Ngowe-1940-engaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-10 emva kokufumanisa kwayo-iqela le-penicillin elinamncedisi ekufumaneni i-chiza liye labona ukuba iibhaktheriya ebhodini yabo yayisicatshulwa ukuba ingakwazi ukumelana nama-penicillin kwaye sele sele ivelise i-penicillinase (beta-lactamase). Gcina ukhumbule ukuba ukuxhatshazwa kwamagciwane kukudala kunye nexesha elidlulileyo ukufunyanwa kwee-antibiotics.
Namhlanje, ukuchasana nokulwa nokulwa neentlobo ze-antibiotic yinkxalabo enkulu yonyango yoluntu kwaye yinto esinokukunceda ukukhusela. Ngokomzekelo, kubalulekile ukuba sonke siqaphele ukuba i-antibiotics iphezulu, kodwa ayilwe nxamnye nezifo-ngokuthe ngqo kwizifo zentsholongwane. Ukongezelela, ukuba umiselwe unyango ngogqirha wakho, nceda uqedele yonke inkqubo yokonyango.
Imithombo:
Aoki FY. Isahluko 45. Imigaqo ye-Armedicrobial Therapy kunye ne-Clinical Pharmacology ye-Antimicrobial Drugs. Ku: IHolo JB, iSmmidt GA, i-Wood LH. eds. Iimigaqo zoKhathalelo oluBalulekileyo, 3e . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005.
I-Mosby ye-Drug Reference ye-Health Professionals, i- Second Edition eyapapashwa ngu-Elsevier ngo-2010.