Ukusetyenziswa kweHeroin kuye kwavela e-US; ukusuleleka.
Ixabiso le-heroin ukusetshenziswa liye lakhuphuka e-US kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo. I-Heroin idlula ukufa kwabantu iye yanda malunga ne-4. I-8000 ifa e-US ukusuka kwi-overdoses ngonyaka. Amaxabiso okusetyenziswa gadalala aphindwe kabini phakathi kwabasetyhini kwaye avuke ama-50% phakathi kwamadoda ase-US.
Iingxelo zeNtsholongwane ngenxa yengozi enkulu.
Ngaphandle kokufa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-overdoses, ukusetyenziswa kwe-heroin kudibaniswa nezifo ezinokuthi-ngokuchanekileyo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo - zichaphazela abantu ixesha elide emva kokuba isicatshulwa sisisuse inkqubo.
Unyango lwe-addiction unganciphisa umngcipheko wokugqithisa, kodwa ezinye iintsholongwane zingasala ngoxa ezinye zidale izikrakra zolu hlobo.
Inyaniso yokuba i-heroin ihlala ijojowe yeso sizathu sokuba kubangelwa izifo ukusabalala. Abanye bangase baqale ngokusebenzisa kakubi izidakamizwa ngaphambi kokuba bathuthele basebenzisa i-heroin engabizi. Oku kuhamba kunokuba phakathi kweziyobisi ezingenayo inject kunye neziyobisi.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa zonyango kuphela kuyingozi, kunjalo. 44 bafa e-US ngosuku ngenxa yesigxina sokugqithisa iziyobisi. Phantse i-10 ngosuku ifa ngenxa ye-heroin.
Kukho iindlela ezi-3 eziphambili apho i-heroin inokukhokelela kulezi zifo
a) iinaliti ezibelwanayo kunye nezinye izixhobo zokusebenza zokufaka injini-ezikhokelela kwizifo ezithwala igazi
b) iindlela zokungenayo ezingenayo oyinyumba - ezikhokelela kwizifo ezivela kwiibhaktheriya esikhumbeni
c) i-heroin engcolileyo-ekhokelela kwezinye izifo ezingaqhelekanga
Izifo eziSasazekayo ngeMpahla yokuHlalwa koMbane
I-Hepatitis C
I-Hepatitis C yintsholongwane ebangela ukulimala kwesibindi. Inokuthi ifumaneke ngethuba elikhuphayo elithumela abo bathelelekileyo esibhedlele, kodwa abaninzi abanentsholongwane banokusuleleka kwizifo ezingapheliyo abayaziqaphela ukuba isifo sesibindi siphumelele. Kukho unyango olutsha olwenza isithembiso esitsha sokunyangwa kwesi sifo.
Esi sifo sisoloko sisasazwa ngezixhobo zokuxhatshazwa ezikwabelwanayo - ezifana neenaliti ezabelwana ngazo. Kucingwa emhlabeni jikelele ukuba malunga ne-90% ye-Hepatitis C yokutheleleka kuhlobene nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, nakuba isiqingatha (54%) samatyala ase-US. Iimeko ze-Hepatitis C ziye zavuka kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo. Malunga no-2000 kuphuhliswa izifo ezitsha, izifo eziphazamisayo kunyaka ngamnye e-US kwaye ngaphantsi kwe-30,000 kucatshangelwa ukuba kuphuhliswe intsholongwane ngamnye ngonyaka (njengoko amaninzi amaninzi ayathuli kwaye ayilona uphawu xa eqala ukuqala). Kukho amacala angama-2.7 yezigidi ze-Hepatitis C engapheliyo e-US. Uninzi lwasuleleka kwii-1970 kunye no-1980 kwaye luqhubeka, njengoko kuphela i-15-25% icacise intsholongwane kwaye ayiyi kuba ne-HIV. Kucatshangwa 1 kwi-3 yabasebenzisi abasebenzisa iziyobisi ezincinci (ii-IDU) (abaneminyaka eyi-18-30) abanesifo, ngelixa i-70-90% yabantu abadala okanye abangama-IDU ayenesifo.
I-hepatitis B
I-Hepatitis B yintsholongwane engabandakanyekanga ne-hepatitis C, kodwa leyo idluliselwa ngokwabelana ngamaliti kwaye ibangela ukulimala kwesibindi. Usulelo lwe-Hepatitis B (HBV) kwi-IDU lwabikwa ukuba luphakamileyo kuma-20 e-United States ngo-2010
HIV
Intsholongwane kaGawulayo ingasasazeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo-ngokusebenzisa isondo, ukuzalwa, ukumpontshelwa igazi, kunye nezilingo ezabelwana kunye nezinye izixhobo zokusebenza.
Ehlabathini lonke, kucingelwa malunga ne-30% ye- HIV yokutheleleka nge-HIV ngaphandle kwe-Afrika ephantsi kwe-Sahara.
Ngokufanayo, i-HTLV kunye ne-Malaria, apho ikhoyo khona, inokusasazeka nge-IVDU.
Izifo Zisasazeka Ngokungabikho kobugcisa obunobumba
Kukho inani losuleleko olusasazekayo ngenxa yokuba iinaliti, nangona zingabelwanga, zisetyenzisiwe ngaphandle kobuchule obunobumba. Ukusetyenziswa kweenaliti kudinga ukuziqhelanisa kunye neenkqubo zokukhusela ukusabalalisa izifo, njengoko ootitshala bezempilo befunda. Bahlaba ngesikhumba esivame ukugqitywa kwiibhaktheriya, ukuthatha ibhaktheriya phantsi kwesikhumba kwaye mhlawumbi ibe segazini.
Oko kukuthi, ulusu lwethu lufakwe kwiibhaktheriya ngokuqhelekileyo, njengenxalenye ye- microbiome yethu.
MRSA
Enye yeebhaktheriya eziqhelekileyo zisasazeka ngale ndlela yiStaph Aureus, kubandakanya i- MRSA (leyo ifom ye-Staph Aureus). Kukho ezinye izifo ezibangelwa yi-bhakteriya efana neqela le-streptococci (i-GAS ikhonjiswe kwinani lezonyango ) - ezinokubangela izifo ezingenayo. Nangona kunjalo, umphambili oyintloko ngumasipala we-MRSA (nakwimilinganiselo ethile ye-MSSA, iStaph Aureus engaxhatshali kwii-antibiotics ezibalulekileyo ezi-MRSA).
Izifo ezibangelwa yi-bhakteria zinokusasazeka ngokukhupha isikhumba, apho iinaliti zisasaza iibhaktheriya ngaphantsi kwesikhumba, ukudala izifo, ezifana nezifo zesikhumba, njenge- cellulitis , okanye iipokotshi ezincinci, njengama-furuncle (okanye amathumba), okanye iipokotshi ezininzi njengezikhumba. Ezinye iintlobo ze-cellulitis zingaba zincinci, kanti ezinye zikhokelela kwizifo eziluhlaza kunye nezifo zentsholongwane kunye nezifo ezinzulu ezifana ne-fasciitis . Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ze-IV kungathumela izidakamizwa, ngoko ke iibhaktheriya, ngqo kwigazi. Oku kunokubangela ukusuleleka kwigazi, okukhokelela kwisifo sepsis kunye nesifo esibi kuncike kwiibhaktheriya. Ibhaktheriya inokusasazeka kwigazi kunye nembewu kwezinye iinxalenye zomzimba eziquka iipilvesti zentliziyo (endocarditis), amathambo (i-osteomyelitis), amaqumrhu (i- septic arthritis ), kunye nama-abscesses ngaphakathi, njengesibindi. Ezi zintsholongwane zingakhokelela ekulimaleni kwimihla ngemihla, njengomonakalo wentliziyo ye-valve engakhokelela ekusileleni kwintliziyo okanye ukuphazamiseka okusisigxina kunye namanxeba.
Unyango lwe-MRSA - kunye neengxaki ezininzi ezinzulu, ezifana ne-endocarditis, oko kubangele, ngokuqhelekileyo kufuna ukuba unyango lwe-IV lude. Oku kunokuba yingozi kakhulu kulabo abanomlutha kwiziyobisi ze-IV.
Izifo ezibangelwa ziziTywala kwiiDrugs ezisetyenzisiweyo
Izidakamizwa ezijoyiweyo aziqhelekanga 'zicocekileyo' kodwa ngokubanzi zixutywe nezinye izinto. Ngamayeza asetyenziswa kwizibhedlele, naziphi na iziyobisi ezijojelwe kwizigulane kufuneka zibe neengxube ziqinisekiswe ukuba zizinyumba. Nangona kunjalo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, izinto ezixutywe nezidakamizwa zingabandakanya inani lamanye ama-microorganisms anokubachaphazela abo bafaka iziyobisi.
Ezi zintsholongwane zingenziwa ngenxa yeebhaktheriya ezingavamile ezingabonakali kwibala. Zininzi zezi zifo zibangelwa yizinhlamvu ezinokuhlala ixesha elide.
Abanye banokudibanisa iziyobisi ngamanzi ompompo, ongeyinyumba, ekhokelela kwizifo ezivela kumachiza amanzi (njengePseudomonas). Iikholoni ezingavamile zingaphinde zenzeke, ingakumbi kwikota ekufutshane, ezikhokelela kwizifo ezingalindelekanga kwigazi, okungekho i-toxinogenic Corynebacterium diphtheria.
Botulism
I-Botulism yintsholongwane engabonakaliyo ebhaktheriya enokuba yingozi kodwa ngoku ayibonwa ngoku ngenxa yeendlela zokukhusela ukutya kunye nokulungiselela. I-Clostridium botulinum spores ingonakalisa i-heroin, ingakumbi "i-heroin ye-tar". Ingasasazeka ngokukhupha isikhumba okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa ze-IV ezikhokelela kwizifo zamanxeba kwiindawo ezingenayo. Ingabangela ubuthathaka, iinkophe ezinqabileyo, umbono ongenangqondo, kunye nobunzima bokuthetha nokugwinya. Ngenxa yokuba isifo esingaqabile kwaye abo basebenzisa iziyobisi ze-IV banokulibaziseka ukufuna ukunakekelwa, ukuxilongwa kungase kubambezeleka. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba i-spores ingangcolisa ibheji ye-heroin ngaphambi kokuba ihanjiswe ingakhokelela kwiimeko ezininzi ekugqibeleni phakathi kwabo basebenzisa ibhakeni elifanayo le-heroin.
ITetanus
I-tetanus spores ingangcolisa i-heroin injection-nokuba yimizuzu yokuvelisa nokusabalalisa okanye ngexesha lokujova. I-clostridium tetani ifumaneka ngokwemvelo kwimeko engcolileyo okanye kwizixhobo ezinogqabi. E-US, malunga ne-15% yeziganeko ze-tetanus zenzeka ngonyaka ngamnye kubantu abafaka iziyobisi, njenge heroin. E-UK, ukuphuma ngokukhawuleza kweetetus kwenzeka, kudibene ne-heroin injection kubantu abangama-25 ngo-2003-2004.
I-Tetanus ikhuseleka ngokubanzi ngegciwane elipheleleyo le-tetanus (ama-shots ama-5) kunye nokunyusa yonke iminyaka eyi-10 okanye i-booster ephindaphinda xa kubonakala (ukulimala kakhulu kwingozi) kwaye akukho nonyango yokukhusela iminyaka emi-5.
Anthrax
Nangona i- anthrax ivame ukuvelisa umfanekiso we-bioterrorism, i-spores ebangela i-anthrax ingafumaneka ngokwemvelo kwiindawo ezithile. Kwakukho iimeko ezingama-82 ze-Bacillus anthracis (i-anthrax) eScotland ngo-2009-2010 phakathi kwabantu abasebenzisa i-heroin. Uninzi lwaluba nezifo ezincinci zesifo kodwa ezinye zazinobungozi obukhulu.
Amanye ama-spores izifo ezibangelwa yi-spores nazo zibikwe-Bacillus cereus (isihlobo se-Bacillus anthracis) kunye neClostridum sordellii (isihlobo sikaClostridium botulinum kunye neClostridium tetani)
Abanye banokuthi banokuphuhliswa kwamanye amagciwane, njengesifo sofuba, ngenxa yeemeko zokuphila ezincinci kwaye ngenxa yokuba i-TB inokusasazeka ngokulula xa kuninzi ukungabikho komzimba, okufana ne-HIV okanye ukungondleki.
Ukufumana ulwazi ngoncedo ekujonganeni nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-heroin, i-CDC incoma ukubiza ngokuthi: 1-800-662-NCEDA okanye funa ulwazi kwiSizwe seSizwe soLwaphulo-mthetho lweZilawulo lweDrak .