Ngethuba lokuqala ndixelelwa ukuba ndibone i-anthrax, andizange ndiyiqaphele. Wayenomqondiso engalo yakhe eyayibumnyama kunesikhumba sakhe. Akuzange kuvelele.
Wayeza kubonwa ngugqirha ngesinye isizathu esasiyingozi kakhulu. Uphawu alizange lonakalise. Amaphethelo alo aphakanyisiwe. Olunye utywala, ingxaki yokugula engahambelani nayo yayicinezela kwaye yangoko ingozi yayo.
Kodwa wayesazi ukuba ngubani umnyama omnyama. Wathi ilizwi. Kwakuthetha amalahle okanye amalahle ngolwimi lwakhe. Ndiyazi igama njengelahle okanye amalahle ukusuka kwelinye ulwimi, i-Greek Greek - Anthrax.
Oku kwakuyi-anthrax. Ingakhokelela ekufeni, kodwa amaninzi amaninzi awanakho. Ukuba ungakhange uxoxwe, u-1 kwi-5 unokufa. Ngonyango lwe-antibiotics, ngaphantsi kwe-1% ifa ngenxa ye-anthrax.
Kukho ezinye iintlobo zeAnthrax, kuxhomekeke ekuhleni. Ezinye iifom ziyabulala. Nangona kunjalo, i-anthrax enqabileyo yinto eqhelekileyo kwihlabathi jikelele; I-95% -99% yalabo abanesifo se-anthrax banesimo esincinci.
Uninzi lweziganeko ze-anthrax emhlabeni jikelele zihluke kakhulu kunesifo esichazwe kumajelo. Siyisifo abadla ngaso amafama. Iinqwelo ze-Anthrax zingadlulela kwindalo ixesha elide.
Uloyiko kukuba i-anthrax ingasasazeka emoyeni njenge-aerosol (okanye ithunyelwe ngeposi) isenokusetyenziswa njengezixhobo. Ngenxa yoko, ibhaktheriya iye yaphazamisa kwiintloko kwixesha elidlulileyo.
Ibali elilawulwe kwinqaku ngo-2001 xa iileta eziqulethe i-anthrax zamukelwe ngeposi ngeentengiso zeendaba kunye nabangama-2 base-US, okubangelwa ukufa kwe-5 kunye nokusulela abanye abangu-17. Kwakhona kwenzelwa i-headlines xa ibhanti yamabutho yase-US inokwenzeka ukuba ithumele iisampula zokuphila ze-anthrax kwiindawo ezili-100 zase-US nakwamanye amazwe kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-10 de ifumene ngo-2015.
Ngubani ofumana iAnthrax?
I-Anthrax, ke, isifo esingafumaneka kuwo wonke umhlaba, ngokubanzi kwimimandla yezolimo ukusuka eHaiti ukuya eZimbabwe eSiberia. Kufunyenwe kwiindawo eziMbindi neMzantsi Melika, iiCaribbean, iAfrika, iinxalenye zeAsia, ezantsi nasempumalanga yeYurophu. Kule mimandla, ezinye izilwanyana, ngokukodwa izilwanyana zasefama ezifana neenkomo, izimvu, iibhokhwe, i-antelope kunye ne-deer ziyakuthathaka. I-Anthrax ngokwenene ibhaktheriya eyenziwa ngokwemvelo efumaneka emhlabathini kwaye ichaphazela izilwanyana zasendle kunye nabaphakanyiswa ukutya. Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, ukuqhagamshelana nezi zilwanyana okanye iimveliso zezilwanyana kunokukhokelela ekukhuselweni kwabantu. Ukuphatha okanye ukuhlaselwa kwezilwanyana kunokukhokelela kwizifo ezithintekayo; ukudlala iidrama ezenziwe ngamacaka okanye ngokunye ukuphatha izidumbu kunokukhokelela kwizifo.
Abo basengozini kakhulu ngabagqirha bezilwanyana, abacuki, nabalimi, abadubhu, abaqeqeshi bebhabhi, kunye nabasemagunyeni okanye abathumeli beposi kwiimeko ze-bioterrorism.
Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, usulelo luya kutsalwa, njenge-heroin esebenzisa iziyobisi.
Ziziphi iintlobo ze-Anthrax infections?
Izifo ezahlukeneyo zibangelwa yi-anthrax spores ezifanayo kodwa kuxhomekeke kwindlela yokuhambisa.
Amathumbu angabanjwa ngokutya inyama kwisilwanyana esetyholweyo (okanye kwiimeko ezinqabileyo zamanzi ezingcoliswe yiibhaktheriya).
Umfuyo ugonywa e-US ukuphepha oku. Abanye banokugwinya nje oko bakuphefumlelweyo, njengokuba beya kumthendeleko wokugubha kunye nomdumba ongcolileyo.
Ingabangela imbangela yomkhuhlane, ukubola, ukuvuvukala kwentamo, intlungu yomlomo, intlungu yokugwinya, ukuthetha nzima, ukunyamezela, nokuhlanza ikakhulukazi ngegazi, isifo sohudo ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngegazi, intlungu yesisu, ukuvuvuka kwesisu kunye nentloko. Akukhona nje ukusuleleka kwesisu, kodwa kunoko kunokuba nokukhukhumeza kwentamo evelele kwaye eyingozi.
Ukufa ku-25-75%.
Inhalation ifunyenwe ngokukhupha izibilini emoyeni (i-aeroosolized) njengento ephazamisa i-spores kwizilwanyana okanye kwiindawo ezifihlayo, ezifana nokucubungula ubusi, ukufihla, inyama, okanye kwimbambano yokugubha ingqungquthela engcolileyo.
Olu luhlobo oluyingozi kwaye lubulalayo.
Inhalation i-anthrax ibangelwa ngumkhuhlane, ukukhawuleza, ukuphefumula, ukudibanisa, ukukhwehlela, ukukhwehlela isicathulo, ukuhlanza, isisu, isisu, ukuxubha, ukukhathala, i-acry body, kunye ne-aches.
Abo bafa kuyo banamanzi amaninzi emiphakeni yabo, ukuvuvukala kwengqondo yabo, kunye nokuvuvukala entliziyweni yabo (i-pericardial effusion) kunye nesisu (ascites). Abanye bahlaselwa (petechial). I-lymph nodes (mediastinal) kunye ne-pleen ingaba nezicubu ezifile kunye nokuphuma kwegazi.
Ukufa ku-80%. Ngaphandle kokonyango, ukufa kufumaneka ku-100%.
I-cutaneous ifunyenwe xa i-spores ihlaba umhlaba kwesikhumba kwaye ingena kwi-cut cut. Kubangela amancinci, mhlawumbi ama-blister ahlaselayo, mhlawumbi ahlanganiswe ndawonye. Kungase kube nesilonda esingenabuhlungu kunye neziko elimnyama, ngokuvuvukala ejikeleze emaphethelweni, rhoqo kwiintloko, intamo, iingalo, okanye izandla.
Injoza ingafumaneka kwi- injection ye-anthrax-izinto ezingcolileyo, ezifana ne-heroin . Kufana ne-anthrax enqamlekileyo kodwa isifo singasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngoko kube yingozi.
Luhlobo luni lwebhaktheriya?
Ubangelwa ibhaktheriya enesigama ebizwa ngokuba nguBillillus anthracis. Yintoni engavamile ukuba ichaphazela nge-spores. Ezi zixhobo zingapheli ixesha elide, nokuba lilishumi, emhlabathini okanye kwisilwanyana zifihla kwaye zichaphazele ngokungalindelekanga. Izifo ziyakwazi ukusasazeka xa kwakungaziwa i-anthrax.
Kuphathwa njani?
Ezinye iziza-antibiotics zisetyenzisiweyo. Ngaphezu kweyodwa kunokukhethwa ngenxa yezinto ezinokubangela ukuxhatshazwa.
Kukho uluhlu oluninzi lwee-antibiotics ezingasetyenziselwa nganye kwiCDC. Unyango lunokuba nevofloxacin, moxifloxacin, okanye ciprofloxacin. I-Carbapenems ingasetyenziselwa kunye namayeza okunciphisa, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuveliswa kwempepho njenge linezolid okanye i-clindamycin. I-Chloramphenicol ingasebenza kwakhona. Maxa wambi kusetyenziswa i-Doxycycline.
Abanye baya kufuna i-intubation kunye ne-hewa ukuze bavumele ukuphefumula ngoncedo lomshini. Uninzi luya kufuna uncedo oluvela kumachiza ukugcina uxinzelelo lwegazi luphantsi kakhulu.
I-Steroids inconywa yi-CDC kulabo abagula kakhulu (ukutshitshisa ukukhanyela kwi-pressors), imbali yokusetyenziswa kwe-steroid, ukuvuvukala ngokukodwa kwentloko okanye intamo, i-meningitis.
Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukugula?
I-anthrax okanye i-anthrax injection ingenzeka ngokukhawuleza emva komhla emva kokuvelela. Inhalation i-anthrax inokuthatha iintsuku ezingama-7 okanye ngaphezulu, kodwa kungekho ngaphezu kweentsuku ezingama-60.
Kuthekani ukuba uye wavezwa?
Kukho i-antibiotics-prophylaxis-ukuba ungathatha nje xa imeko phantsi kwe-supervision provider yakho yokunciphisa amathuba okugula. Oku kuquka iProfrofloxacin, levofloxacin, kunye ne-doxycycline, ezivunyelwe i-FDA, kunye nezinye i-antibiotics, njenge-moxifloxacin; i-amoxicillin, i-penicillin clindamycin. Ezi antibiotics zivame ukunikezelwa iintsuku ezingama-60 kunye nezihlunu ezi-3 zokugonya.
Ngoko, kukho isitofu?
Kukho isitofu sokugonya kodwa asifumaneki kuluntu jikelele. Itholakale kumaqela athile atyingozi-emkhosini, oogqirha bezilwanyana, abasebenzi abathile bokulima. I-Anthrax I-Adsorbed (AVA) okanye i-BioThraxTM ayinayo i-Anthrax kwaye ayikwazi ukubangela i-anthrax. Esi sigxina sicingelwa ukuba sikhusele ukukhulelwa komzimba kunye nokusuleleka komzimba nangona kukho ulwaphulo lwedatha. Yavunywe yi-FDA yokugonywa kwangaphambili kwaye ilayisenisi ukususela ngo-1970.
Umfuyo ugonywa e-US.
Ngaba ndingayifumana kumntu ogulayo?
Mhlawumbi akunjalo. Izigulane ze-Anthrax azidingi naziphi izicwangciso ngaphezu kwesinye isigulane. Izibhedlele azidingeki ukuba zihlukanise izigulana ezilitshutshisayo. Ababoneleli ngeenkonzo zezempilo kufuneka basebenzise izicwangciso eziqhelekileyo .
Kukho umngcipheko omncinci ukuba umntu onesifo esiyinqumleko, mhlawumbi sisisigxina esithintekayo, angathintela omnye umntu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ungathinti nayiphi na amanxeba. Ngoko ungathinti i-anthrax enqamlekileyo ngezandla zakho.
Uvavanywa njani?
Iinkonzo zokubaluleka ezikhethekileyo e-US zinokukunceda. Iimvavanyo zeLebhu, ukuba zithathwe phambi kwee-antibiotics, zingabonisa ibhaktheriya kwisampuli ye-sputum, i-lumbar puncture, i-draw draw, i-sampuli ye-skin lesion. Ama-antibodies egazini angabuye ahlolwe. Isifuba se-X-Ra okanye i-Cat singabonisa "ukwandiswa kwe-mediastinal" enganceda ukufumanisa i-anthrax ye-inhalation.